TWO WHEELER IN LPG [1] INTRODUCTION [2] LITERATURE REVIEW. M.Prabhu*,C.Elavarasan1, K.Gunasekaran2, K.Veeramani3, G.Venkatesan4

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1 TWO WHEELER IN LPG M.Prabhu*,C.Elavarasan1, K.Gunasekaran2, K.Veeramani3, G.Venkatesan4 *Assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering in Gnanamani college of technology, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India [1,2,3,4] B.E Mechanical Engineering student, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Abstract An attempt has been made in this paper to use alternative fuel in four stroke Gasoline engine. Our fore most aim in selecting this paper is to use non conventional fuel against conventional fuel which is becoming scarce and costly now days. With this air is less polluted than conventional fuels. It is also good with regard to economical considerations. In our paper we have installed LPG fuel system to four stroke vehicles, where in we can use both gasoline and LPG.LPG from storage tank comes to the adjustable regulator through a primary delivery valve fitted at the mouth of the LPG cylinder. [1] INTRODUCTION LPG fitted bike runs both petrol as well as on LPG. With the increasing prices of petrol so as to give relief to the common people from the high cost of petrol the use of LPG in a bike is beneficial one. To get the system working, we assembled the LPG cylinder to a stand, which had been welded to the grill placed in front of bike. The LPG converter was fixed to the rear seat hand grip, and the inlet pipe connected to inlet of the carburetor, and finally a vacuum pipe to the inlet manifold. Later on we test rode the bike for about 5 KMs during which we found hardly any difference in the performance and handling with that of a petrol bike. Meanwhile, he also told me that the bike can give mileage of up to 135 KM per kg of LPG. In case LPG gets over we can switch over to petrol. Since LPG costs Rs 65 per KG, the KM cost of this bike is 25 paisa per KM. assuming a mileage of 60 KMPL and petrol cost of RS 70, the equivalent cost for petrol is Rs This means that the LPG running cost of this bike is a whopping 80% cheaper than with petrol. LPG on two wheeler will be a great development for the world. As the two wheeler runs quite smoothly in LPG and in fact as good as petrol, this seems like a very good invention. Except the starting problems, this is technology is perfectly usable. The LPG means Liquefied Petroleum Gas. It is also called as by bottled gas (or) Refinery gas. It is obtained either form cracking or from CNG (Compressed Natural gas) is dehydrated, desulphurised or traces of organic sulphide (Mercaptans) are added to give warning of gas leak. It is then filled in cylinder and compressed to that extend the fuel gas in liquid state and supplied under the trade Name like INDANE-BURSHANE, and many other such suppliers. The calorific valve is Kae/map proximately. Natural gas technology I.C engines beats the current emission standards for hydro carbons (HC) and nitrous oxide (NO) by more than two treads and level for carbon dioxide (CO) by more half. LPG consists of Hydrocarbons of such volatility that they can exist as gas under atmospheric pressure but can be readily liquefied under pressure. Air pollution is fast becoming a serious urban as well as global problem with the increasing population and its subsequent demand. Finding an alternative to conventional fuels would help to reduced it. Vehicles running on cleaner fuels produce fewer harmful emissions, and can offer some savings on fuel cost, compared with petrol or diesel. [2] LITERATURE REVIEW Shinichi Go to is investigated to study the present status of LPG engine performance and combustion characteristics he has been carried out to investigate the effect of various piston cavities and swirl ratio on combustion characteristics as well effect of fuel composition on engine performance with a single cylinder research engine (Nissan Diesel Co. FD1L.From the results he found that Lean burn operation of an LPG SI engine resulted in improved fuel consumption for both the full and half load cases. Vijaybalan and Nagarajan have tried to minimize pollutant emission by using a glow plug inside the combustion chamber. Simultaneously, they have also injected LPG in the air manifold. Diesel was injected through injector in usual manner. Page 88

2 It achieved reduction in smoke and NOX. However, its suffered from induction in brake thermal efficiency, high hydrocarbon and CO emission at lower loads without glow plug. A 3% improvement in brake thermal efficiency was attained using glow plug. Rao, et.al has studied the performance of diesel engine with diesel and LPG. They have used the LPG carburetor on the intake side of the engine. The performance has been evaluated at the constant speed of 1500 rpm, under varying load for different proportion of LPG energy. They observe better engine performance on pure diesel up to engine load of about 35%. At higher engine load, they have found superior performance in respect of power and emission both. Several researchers have investigated the use of LPG in SI engine. Scientists and researchers have done numerous experimental and theoretical investigations on SI engine fueled with LPG at different operating parameters and conditions and promising results have been obtained with regard to thermal efficiency, fuel economy and exhaust emission point of view. In studies carried out it was found that at the range of lean to stoichio metric equivalence ratios, the flame propagation speed of LPG is faster than of gasoline but at rich mixture gasoline has the higher flame speed. Due to the high flame propagation speed of LPG at lean mixture, combustion characteristics of LPG are superior to that of gasoline in lean burn engines. [3] LPG (LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS) LPG (LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS) is a naturally occurring fuel and it is also produced through the cracking or refining process for other hydrocarbons. LPG if compressed or refrigerated can be stores as liquid or at ambient temperatures it can be stored in containers as a liquid under slight pressures. LPG is the name given to the mixtures of commercial butane and propane. The LPG is normally composed of Propane and Butane mixed in different proportions. The formulas of Propane and Butane are; Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10 As mentioned above the composition of LPG at the pump (around the world) can be found in many mixtures ranging from pure Propane through various ratios of Propane and Butane to pure Butane. Table lists the physical and chemical characteristics of butane and propane. I. MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF LPG One of the main characteristics of butane and propane, and the one which determines its use, is their vapour pressure i.e. the pressure of the vapour in equilibrium with the liquid in a closed environment. For example; the vapour pressure of butane is 0.5 kpa at 0 C and 80 kpa at 15 C, while the vapour of propane is 400 kpa and kpa respectively. This data constitutes a considerable differences in the pressure of the mixture as the proportions of butane and propane vary. The pressure increases as the temperature increases and thus results into large variations in the volume of the L.P.G. in the liquid state. Therefore, if a reservoir is completely full of L.P.G., in its liquid state, and in the case of temperature rise it will results in a rapid increase in pressure. Creating a situation of high danger. In the worst case, it may even cause the container to burst. Therefore, it is essential to limit the filling with LPG of the reservoir (tank) to 80% of its total volume. Another important characteristic that differentiates the two gases, butane and propane, is their boiling point. i.e. the temperature at which they pass from a liquid state to a gaseous state are; Propane will liquefy at -43 C. Butane will liquefy at 0 C. In cold climates, the mixtures of the both gases at relatively high proportions of propane will facilitate its gasification properties. In and around the world, however, the climate can differ appreciably from country to country, therefore, LPG for use in internal combustion engines must be mixed in order to give good combustion results in all possible conditions. It is important to note that LPG can deform natural rubber. Consequently, the hoses and piping used in all LPG Page 89

3 system must be made from synthetic materials or metals with an appropriate quality. II. CHARACTERISTICS FUELS OF THE PRINCIPAL From the above tables it is clear that petrol fuel compared to LPG have a higher boiling point. Because of this characteristic of LPG it must be stored at a certain higher pressure. The pressure, however, is relatively low, just kpa. Although the boiling point of petrol is in theory above the ambient temperature and since it is equally subject to evaporation. Therefore, in today s vehicles it is stored in pressurised fuel tanks. Taking note on the research octane number (R.O.N.) and motor octane number (M.O.N.) it is clearly evident that L.P.G. has a superior anti detonation power to premium petrol. If compared to the diesel fuel and petrol, L.P.G. has a better calorific power. Vehicle fuel consumption, when comparing the fuels, it is clear that LPG has a slightly greater consumption when compared to diesel and petrol. This, however, is true when comparing the fuels in terms of volume. The "coefficient of theoretical equivalence" is defined as the volume of combustible substances that contains the same quantity of energy as the low heat value of petrol. The "coefficient of equivalence" is defined as the actual ratio of the consumption of engines. Experimental tests have shown that specific LPG engines have a better performance when compared to engines fuelled with petrol. It is also to note that since LPG in its gaseous state it mixes with air much better than if compared to petrol. The air-gas mixture passes easily through the intake, resulting in the engine better performance. In the case of diesel engines, however, it is difficult to define the coefficient of equivalence. For the reason that it is hardly comparable; in practice, ratios vary from engine to engine. III. Coefficients of equivalence The above coefficients are obtained by calculating the ratio of the low heat value of petrol and the low heat value of LPG. Power of the engine, according to lab tests, in must petrol engines converted to LPG show a power loss of approximately 9%. If the same is compared to diesel engine we find a maximum loss of 30%. This fact, is true because diesel vehicles are equipped with larger capacity engines when compared to the corresponding petrol or supercharged versions. It is also known that exhaust gases generating from LPG engines are less polluting when compared to diesel or petrol engines. It is a fact that LPG does not emit fumes, particulates, sulphur oxides, lead, lesser carbon dioxides, nitrogen oxides and fewer unburned hydrocarbons. Furthermore, unburned hydrocarbons emitted after LPG combustion does not contain benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and other aromatic polymers which are contained in green petrol. No need to underline that these substances are dangerous and extremely carcinogens. IV. OCTANE RATING OF LPG The octane rating of LPG is higher than the octane rating of petrol, the difference is of about 15 octane number. A higher octane number signifies that LPG has a good antiknock characteristics and a higher compression ratio. A higher compression ration means an optimise engine providing higher engine efficiency and power to weight ratios. V. ENGINE LIFE AND ENGINE WEAR The cleaner burning characteristics of LPG are considered to reduce maintenance requirements. The advantages offered also include increased oil change intervals, increased spark plug life and generally extended engine life. In sparkignition engines LPG has shown to reduce the soot formation relative to gasoline, therefore reducing abrasion and chemical degradetion of the engine oil. Furthermore LPG does not delute the lubricating oil film on the cylinder wal which is important during cooled starts. It is also important to note that the useage of LPG significantly reduces the engine noise level. VI. HOW CONVENIENT IS LPG When buying a vehicle it is a good practice to analyze your choice in terms of costs. But, If you also include the ecological advantages of the vehicle to be chosen the preference is LPG. The economic analysis can be calculated then we should calculate as follows: Y= Page 90

4 Y kilometre cost ($ per Km); P total cost of the car (including extra cost of diesel or gas system) ($); K annual mileage (Km/year); B road tax ($ per Year); A coefficient of equivalence (table 2.2); L fuel cost ($ per litre); Cb car petrol consumption (Km per litre of fuel); N years of use; A. BLOCK DIAGRAM The above formula is composed of three addends: 1) purchase cost of the car related to Km; 2) cost of road tax for the car related to Km; 3) fuel cost related to Km; The application of the above formula will result in the cost in $ per kilometer. The above Formula does not take into consideration the interests on the capital financed, insurance costs, and maintenance and repair costs. [4] LPG ASSEMBLY OF ENGINE The LPG means Liquefied Petroleum Gas. It is also called as bottled gas (or) Refinery gas. It is obtained as a byproduct during cracking of heavy crude oils or from directly obtained natural gas. The LPG obtained either from cracking or from CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is dehydrated, desulphurised and traces of organic sulphide (Mercaptans) are added to give warning of gas leak. It is then filled in cylinders and compressed to that extend the fuel gas in liquid state and supplied under the trade name like INDANE-BURSHANE, and many other such suppliers. The calorific value is 11,900 Kcal/kg approximately. Natural gas technology I.C engines beats the current emission standards for hydro carbons (HC) and nitrous oxide (NO) by more than two thirds and level for carbon dioxide (CO) by more half. LPG consists of Hydrocarbons of such volatility that they can exist as gas under atmospheric pressure but can be readily liquefied under pressure. Fig1. LPG System Assembly to Engine B. COMPONENTS OF LPG SYSTEM 1. Dike /Housing 2. Bracket Assay 3. Drainer Assay 4. Gasified Assay 5. Solenoid valve 6. Control Circuit & Wiring 7. Container / Cylinder Assay 8. Regulator Assay 9. Pipe Assy. / Cylinder Belt 10. Nozzle / Venture Assay 11. Gas Filling Attachment Assay 12. RVO Power Enhancer 13. Electronic PWR 2T-Oil System 14. Mechanical Oil Pump C. LOW PRESSURE GASSIFIRE The New LPG vacuum reducer has been designed to be installed in all carburetor vehicles. As for the electronic reducer the liquid LPG arriving from the LPG solenoid through a copper pipe enters the LPG Pressure reducer, to its 1st stage vaporization-reduction chamber. In the first stage LPG is firstly vaporized and successively reduced in pressure. The second stage chamber is very sensible to the vacuum pressure. The vacuum pressure causes the flow of LPG to the engine to increase or decrease depending on the pressure difference. Any pressure difference is transferred to the second stage chamber and the membrane will allows for a greater flow of gas to enter the engine. The small coil mounted on top of the second stage cover is used for the Page 91

5 function of choke allowing small quantities of LPG at the time of engine start. D. LPG Solenoid Valve The LPG Solenoid Valve is an electromagnetic device that stops the flow of LPG when the engine is stopped or operated with petrol. The solenoid LPG Valve is composed of: 1. NBR seals to guarantee absolute safety 2. High thermal induction coil wire to render its working life virtually unlimited 3. Self extinguishing coil covering resin 4. Gas filter made with a fine filter paper material. 5. Vibration resistance. 6. Multiple fitting positions. Fig 3. LPG Solenoid Valve E. Petrol Solenoid Valve The Petrol Solenoid Valve is an electromagnetic device widely used in carburetor vehicles. Its function is to stop the flow of Petrol when vehicle is running with LPG and vice versa when the vehicle is operated with Petrol. The petrol Solenoid valve is installed in the line of Petrol fuel near the engine compartment. The Petrol Solenoid valve is normally closed when electricity is switched off. It is basically composed of a shutter operated by a magnetic coil and two nipples. It is also equipped with an emergency device to manually reset the petrol flow in case of a break down in the electrical system. LPG Solenoid Valve and it will open the Petrol Solenoid Valve and vice versa. The Mid position of the switch (third position) is use to maintain the LPG and the Petrol Solenoid valves in the OFF position until the carburetor uses the small Petrol reserve. With a carburetor engine gas switching is always done manually. The switch for carburetor engines also has a safety feature; it stops the gas flow to the engine when engine accidentally stops. G. Mixers with Carburetors The mixer with carburetor has an extremely importance. The right AIR- FUEL ration depends on the mixer and this is the reason for the existence of so many versions bearing so many shapes. The mixer for vehicles equipped with a carburetor may be manufactured with a specific Venture or by implanting a nozzle in the proximity of the carburetor's original Venture. The nozzle system type mixer can perform very well if executed with care and knowledge. In any way, is good to remember, that this system is not always possible to adapt to all carburetors and if not properly installed it may create irreversible damages to the carburetor. H. Tanks: Available in 18 different approved sizes to suit most vehicles in India. The two variant available are called 1. Cylindrical type 2. Toroidal type The tank also has different capacity variants. Fig6. LPG Filler Tank with Regulator Fig 4. Petrol Solenoid Valve F. Petrol-LPG Changeover Switch This is a three position electronic switch, the first position is PETROL and the second is LPG. Obviously when positioning the switch on petrol the switch will close the I. RVO Power Enhancer This supersaver Reed Valve Operated device specially developed to work in tandem with the gassifire does not allow any fuel wastage by the kit and enhances the power output of the engine, for example: - if an engine has a top speed of 100 Km. /hour on petrol then on gas system with this device, ensures that the engine will give a top speed of 105 Km/hour. Emitting pollution levels also comes to near zero. Page 92

6 J. Mechanical Oil Pump This is a mechanical vacuum operated 2T-Oil Pump and is a alternate, direct replacement to electronic PWR 2T oil system. Safest gas system of the world.lpg kits function on lean burn system and operates at extremely low pressure. There by maximizing fuel efficiency and overall system safety. Gassifire releases gas only when the piston of the vehicle generates a stroke, as soon as engines stops for any reason the gas supply to engine cuts of automatically. K. Oil and Dirt Separator LPG kits consist of a special filtration system, which enhances the performance of the total system. Protect system from all metallic impurities / rust particle in fuel. Increases the life of the gas cylinder and the total system. It prevents any fuel Line choking, Meter jamming etc. This system also separates the wax [Scent chemical: - ethyl me captor, C2H5SH)] - out of gas hence increasing the life of gassfire components manifolds [no periodic cleaning]. [5] FUEL INJECTION VEHICLES On vehicles with electronic MPI (Multi Point Injection) and SPI (Single Point Injection) can use the traditional mixers and plate mixers. These mixers can be installed between the mono injector and the throttle body. The Purpose of the mixer is to guarantee a constant LPG-AIR ratio in order to ensure efficient combustion. In order to achieve the above functions it is necessary; to measure the flow of air and to provide the exact quantity of fuel. The formula used to established the air flow is the following: Air Flow = K x (.P xañ) where: Ka = Air constant of proportionality P = pressure drop in the narrow section of the Venturi tube A = air density The second function, comes about when the pressure drop in the Venturi tube draws a flow of gas related to the pressure drop: Gas Flow = Kg x (dp x mg) where: Kg = Gas constant of proportionality G = Gas density Making R the gas-air ratio: R = Ka (A ) / Kg (G ) [6] ACCESORIES Copper Pipes: Copper piping is normally accepted as the most suitable high pressure piping to convoy liquid LPG. Cooper pipe 8x1mm is used to connect te filler valve, to the Multivale and 6x1mm copper pipe is used to connect the Multivalve to the LPG solenoid valve, and from the LPG solenoid valve to the LPG Pressure Reducer. Copper pipe is certified to withstand a working pressure of 3 MPa. During its installation, copper pipe can be handled easily. Rubber hose: Rubber hoses are always installed in conditions of low pressure part of the system. Usually, installed on the vacuum part of the system. The rubber hoses are used to connect the LPG pressure reducer to the step motor and from the step motor to the Mixer. The sizes of the rubber hoses can vary depending on the type of mixer used. Vent Hose; Vent hoses are used to connect the Gas Tight housing to the external of the vehicle. Normally it is used 30mm diameter. Other accessories are requested but very specific for each and every conversion and the details can be found in the instructions of each lo. Gas kit or box. [7] METHODOLOGY The LPG kit, pressure valve and regulator are assembled with each other as per the shown in the experimental setup. ON the LPG cylinder regulator. Before start the engine ensure any leakages in the set up. LPG supply to the engine is controlled by a regulator or vaporizer. This converts the LPG into a vapor. The vapor is fed into a mixer located near the intake manifold. Where it is mixed with filtered air before being drawn into the combustion chamber. When we apply load on rope dynamometer it will get heated up. So we will continually supply coolant water. At different load conditions we will take shaft speed in RPM with the help of tachometer, using different fuels.i.e. Gasoline, LPG. Time collection of 30cubic capacity of fuel consumption for Gasoline and 16g LPG consumption using at different load condition Page 93

7 From the results we will calculate Torque (T), Brake power (BP) and Break Thermal Efficiency. [8] EMISSION CHECK OF LPG I. ALTERNATIVE FUEL In the automobile field now the fuel used is known as petrol and fuel oil (Diesel). Petrol is a volatile fuel which is used in spark ignition engines and fuel oil which is used in compression ignition engine. Basically both the fuels petrol and diesel is obtained from the crude oil (i.e. petroleum). Now the problem is, its availability is decreasing day by day in bulk and insufficient for future decades. Hence an alternative fuel is essential to fight against scarcity. In term of long sight some alternative fuels are suggested and experimented by various manufacturing units with technicians, such alternative fuels are Methyl alcohol, Compressed Natural gas (CNG), Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG), In this project we have installed LPG as alternative fuel in two stroke Gasoline engine. II. NECESSITY OF USING ALTERNATIVE FUEL In the automobile field now the fuel used is known as petrol and Diesel. Basically both the fuels petrol and diesel is obtained from the crude oil (i.e.) petroleum. Now the problem is its availability is decreasing day by day in bulk and insufficient for future decades. Hence an alternative fuel is essential to fight against scarcity. In term of long sight some alternative fuels are suggested and experimented by various manufacturing units with technicians, such alternative fuels are as follows: Methyl alcohol Compressed Natural gas (CNG) Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG) In this project we have installed LPG as alternative fuel in four stroke Gasoline engine III. EMISSION FROM LPG AND GASOLINE On an energy basis LPG has lower carbon content than gasoline or diesel fuel. When used in spark-ignition engines, LPG produces near-zero particulate emissions, very little CO and moderate HC emissions. Variations in the concentration of different hydrocarbons in LPG can affect the species composition and reactivity of HC exhaust emissions. CO2 emissions typically are also somewhat lower than those for gasoline due to the lower carbon-energy ratio and the higher octane quality of LPG. NOx emissions are similar to those from gasoline vehicles, and can be effectively controlled using three-way catalysts. The higher CR of an engine, the more efficient is the engine and more is the power generated with given amount of the fuel. LPG has high octane rating of 110+ that allows CR to be high up to 15:1, which is in the range of 8:1 to 9.5:1 for gasoline engines. IV. ASSEMBLY OF GAS BIKE In this section we discuss that how we use the LPG as a fuel in our 4 stroke bike. To get the system working, we put the LPG cylinder into a bag, and hanged it on the rear side of bike. The LPG converter was fixed under the fuel tank, right side of the bike. The inlet gas pipe is connected to inlet of the carburetor, and a vacuum pipe is connected to the inlet manifold of cylinder. It is interesting to know that the methods we have used are very systematic and involve a lot of practical application of auto technology. We use the bike of following specification: V. Major Component Used In Bike 1. Gas Cylinder 2. Low Pressure Gassifire 3. Carburetor Figure5.1: Shows Gas Cylinder The figure no.5.1 shows the top view of the gas cylinder positioned in our bike. The connection of the gas supply pipe and regulator is shown in the figure no. 1. LPG cylinder Fuel Pipe Page 94

8 S. No Emission Rates of Pollutants Emissions Gasoline CO (gm/km) HC (gm/km) NOX (gm/km) LPG VII. Brake Power vs HC-Emission Figure 5.2: Shows Low Pressure Gassifire Figure no Show the front view of gassifire. In this view the connections of gas supply from cylinder to gassifire and from gassifire to carburetor is shown. An another connection of vacuum pipe from cylinder inlet manifold to gassifire is also shown. Graph.1HC-Emission From Graph no. 5.1 it is found that as the compression ratio increases, speed and HC emission increase. Maximum HC emission for LPG is 230 ppm at BP 1 KW, 500 ppm at BP 2.5 KW, and with petrol, 1835 ppm at 2.5 KW. VIII. Brake Power vs CO2 Emission Figure 5.3: Shows Carburetor connections Figure no. 5.3 shows the gas fuel inlet in the carburetor throttle and vacuum pipe connected in the cylinder inlet manifold. In this figure the modification in the carburetor throttle is shown which is made for gas fuel supply. VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION After attaching LPG equipment with our model of TVS Fiero F2 we found the following advantages of LPG over the Gasoline. We check the emission of our bike by Multi Gas Analyzer Model no. PEA 205.The obtained data tabulated in table no.3 Graph.2 CO2 Emission Graph no. 5.2 shows that Maximum CO2 emission for LPG is 15% at BP 2.5 KW, and with petrol 20% at 2.5 KW, CO2 Page 95

9 emission increases w ith incomplete combustion of fuel and it is higher for petrol when compared with LPG. IX. Brake Power vs Mass of Fuel Consumption Graph no.3- Fuel consumption Graph no. 5.3 indicate that the mass of fuel consumption gradually increasing w.r.t. increasing the Brake Power. The maximum mass of fuel consumption with LPG is kg/hr at KW. And maximum mass of fuel consumption with petrol is kg/hr at KW. It s clear from above graph that LPG increases mass of fuel consumption of the engine in comparison with petrol. [9] ADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS LIMITATIONS AND ADVANTAGES Reducing the running cost of the vehicle by using cheaper fuel in the engine. Avoiding emission of the engine by burning a clean fuel in the engine. Increasing engine running life Preventing scarcity of Non-regenerative fuels by reducing their uses. LIMITATIONS Less LPG refueling stations. Rural areas don t have Natural gas filling stations. Small LPG tank. Cost for conversion of bike is high. APPLICATIONS LPG for automobile using in engines. In the LPG is industrial also using there. Its also home applications are applicable. [10] CONCLUSION It s concluded that the LPG represents a good fuel alternative for gasoline and therefore must be taken into consideration in the future for transport purpose. Apart from the fuel storage and delivery mechanism, LPG engines similar to petrol engines, and deliver nearly similar performance and good in combustion characteristics than Gasoline. In the short term, LPG as an alternative fuels reviewed could displace 10 per cent of current usage of oil, or bring significant reductions in CO, CO2 emissions and help to reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions. In the next five to ten years, LPG will be more widely available and gaining market share across vehicle ranges. REFERENCES 1. S. D.Meghare, N. R. Kannake, S. S. Sontakke, Experimental Investigation on LPG as Alternative Fuel for Two Wheelers, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 1, July Cao, J, Bian, Y, Qi, D, Cheng, Q, Wu, T, Comparative investigation of diesel and mixed liquefied petroleum gas/diesel injection engine, Proceedings of the IMECHE Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering, (2004). 218(5), (9). 3. Bayraktar, H. and Durgun, O., Theoretical Investigation of Using LPG in Spark Ignition Engines, The first Aegean Energy Symposium and Exhibition,Denizli, Turkey, , Hakan Bayraktar, Orhan Durgun Investigating the effects of LPG on spark ignition engine combustion and performance, Energy Conversion and Management, 46 (2005) C.Homeyer, G.H.Choi, J.H.Kim, Effects of different LPG fuel systems on performances of variable compression ratio single cylinder engine, ASME International Combustion Engine Division, 39 (2002) K F Mustafa, H W Gitano-Briggs, Effect of variation in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) proportions in spark ignition engine Emissions, Proceedings of the IMECHE Part H Journal of Automobile Engineering, K.F.Mustafa, H.W.Gitano-Briggs, LPG as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engine, vol. 24, Proceedings of the IMECHE Part E Journal of Automobile Engineering, pp ,2004. Page 96

10 8. M.Ihsan Karamangil, Development of the Auto Gas and LPG powered vehicle sector in Turkey A stastistical case study of the sector for Bursa Vol 35 Issue1. pp , V.Ganeshan, I.C.Engine volume 4(Alternative Fuels) ISBN-13: ISBN Improving the performance of dual fuel engine... Renewable Energy.Ren, J, Wang, Z, Zhong, H, Hao, S, Xian, (2000). Influence of performance characteristic of a gaseous fuel supply system on hydrocarbon emissions of a dual-fuel engine. Proceedings of the I MECHE Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering, 214 (8), (5). 11. Cao, J, Bian, Y, Qi, D, Cheng, Q, Wu, T, (2004). Comparative investigation of diesel and mixed liquefied petroleum gas/diesel injection engines. Proceedings of the IMECHE Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering, 218(5), (9). 12. Chunhua Zhang, YaozhangBian, Lizeng Si, Junzhi Liao, Odbileg, N., Xi an, (2005). A study on an electronically controlled liquefied petroleum gas diesel dual-fuel automobile. Proc. IMechE. Automobile Engineering D01604 IMechE, Kurviawan, W.H., Abdullah, S., (2005). CFD prediction and Analysis of air motion flow characteristics for Internal Combustion Engine. Indonesia Student Association in Malaysia, Paksi Journal. Page 97