CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
|
|
- Claude Fowler
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL Diesel engines are the primary power source of vehicles used in heavy duty applications. The heavy duty engine includes buses, large trucks, and off-highway construction and mining equipments. Furthermore, diesel engines are winning an increasing share of the light duty vehicle market worldwide. The popularity of the diesel engine revolves around its fuel efficiency, reliability, and durability. High compression ratios along with relatively high oxygen concentrations in the diesel combustion chambers are responsible for the good fuel efficiency and low CO and hydrocarbon emissions when contrasted to a comparable gasoline engine. The CO present in residual gas in diesel engine is also less compared with petrol engine. However, these same factors result in high NO x emissions. The various sources of NO x emission to the atmosphere are motor vehicles (49%), electric utilities (25%) and other commertial and residential sourses that burns fuel (19%). The main pollutants from diesel engines are NO x and particulate matter (PM). The particulate matter includes the soot and unburnt hydrocarbon. The mechanism of formations of NO x and PM in the combustion chamber of diesel engines are contradictory and the simultaneous reduction of both is very difficult.
2 2 In this section, the overview of emissions from diesel engines and their harmful effects, the emission norms in India and NO x control strategies are briefly introduced. 1.2 EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL ENGINES The emissions are due to the several non-ideal processes taking place in real combustion and are harmful both to the environment and human health (Timoney et al 2005). Automotive engines, both petrol and diesel, are the major source of urban air pollution. The exhaust gases from the automotive engines is a mixture of unburnt fuel (Hydrocarbon), the product of partial combustion (Hydrocarbon, particulate and carbon monoxide), the product of complete combustion (Carbon dioxide and water vapour), products of high temperatures and pressures generated during combustion (oxides of nitrogen) and the elements of the inlet air that undergo no change during combustion (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour) The components of the exhaust gas mixture which are hazardous to the human life and environment are hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and particulate matter (Smith et al 1998) Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon emission is the consequence of incomplete combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel. The level of unburned hydrocarbon in the exhaust gases is generally specified in terms of the total hydrocarbon concentration expressed in parts per million carbon atom. The fuel which escapes from normal combustion process leads to the emission of unburnt hydrocarbon. In diesel engines, the fuel can escape from combustion process due to two reasons; the fuel-air mixture is too lean or too rich to ignite or to support a propagating flame at the conditions prevailing inside the
3 3 combustion chamber of diesel engine. This fuel then can be consumed only by slower thermal oxidation reaction later in the expansion process. Thus, the hydrocarbon remains unconsumed and unburnt due to the incomplete mixture leads to hydrocarbon emission. The various reasons of HC emission are the fuel injected into the combustion chamber after the ignition delay period at low velocity which does not have enough time to react with oxygen molecule, the nozzle-hole sac volume and spray impingement on combustion chamber wall particularly in small size engines. The hydrocarbon emission indicates the combustion inefficiency and in diesel engine the combustion inefficiency is less than 2 percent Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen, both NO and NO 2 grouped as NO x, are formed at high temperature during the combustion process. The major source of nitrogen, to form NO x during the combustion in a diesel engine, is from the intake atmospheric air. Four different mechanisms lead to the formation of nitric oxide in combustion system, namely, thermal NO, prompt NO, fuel NO and N 2 O intermediate route. In diesel engines, the major fraction of NO is formed via the thermal path. In the total NO x concentration in diesel engine 80 to 95% is contributed by thermal mechanism and 5 to 20% is contributed by prompt mechanism. The fuel NO and N 2 O intermediate mechanisms contribute negligible amount of NO in diesel engines Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide is the product of incomplete combustion when the engine is operated with fuel rich equivalence ratio. CO is not only considered as undesirable emission, but also represents loss of chemical energy. The exhaust of typical spark ignition engine contains 0.2 to 5% CO
4 4 where as the diesel engine exhaust contains very low percentage of CO as the engine is normally operated at lean conditions Particulate matter Diesel particulates consist principally of combustion generated carbonaceous material (soot) on which some organic compounds has become absorbed. Most particulate matter emissions result from incomplete combustion of fuel hydrocarbons; some is contributed by the lubricating oil. The emission rates are typically 0.2 to 0.6 g/km for light duty diesels in an automobile. In larger direct injection engines, particulate emission rates are 0.5 to 1.5 g/kwh. The emission of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide is more in the spark ignition engine. On the other hand the diesel engine emits more nitric oxide and particulate matter. The mechanism of formation of the engine exhaust emission is governed by the combustion process and chemistry of combustion. The engine-out exhaust gas composition in volume fraction of diesel engine is depicted in Figure 1.1 and the volume fraction of pollutants of diesel engine is shown in Figure % 8.0% 0.2% 9.0% 73.8% N2 O2 H2O CO2 Pollutants Figure 1.1 Volume fractions of exhaust gases in diesel engine (Stiesch 2003)
5 5 85% 4% 4% 1%6% NOx HC CO Soot SO2 Figure 1.2 Volume fractions of pollutants in diesel engine (Stiesch 2003) Smoke emission Soot emissions from a diesel engine are manifested as a visible black smoke. Smoke emission increases with increase in engine load due to overall richer combustion, longer duration of diffusion combustion phase and reduced oxygen concentration. Smoke is measured by measurement of opacity of a column or plume of exhaust gas. 1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF EMISSIONS Diesel engines generate undesirable emissions during the combustion process. The emissions exhausted into surrounding pollute the atmosphere and causes the problems like global warming, acid rain, smog, odour and respiratory and other health hazards. The various health effects caused by the internal combustion engine emissions are (i) aggravate heart disorders (ii) affects central nervous system, (iii) reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood, (iv) Irritation of respiratory tract and coughing (v) eye irritation and (vi) Carcinogenic.
6 6 1.4 EMISSION NORMS IN INDIA Considering the harmful effects of emission from the diesel engines, stringent emission norms and standards are implemented all over the world. The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in These idle emission regulations were replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990 s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light duty and heavy duty vehicles. Emission standards for heavy duty and light duty engines are listed in Tables 1.1 and 1.2 respectively (Walsh 1999). Table 1.1 Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines g/kwh Year Reference CO HC NO x PM Euro I * 2005 Euro II Euro III *0.612 for engines below 85 kw Table 1.2 Emission Standard for Light Duty Diesel Engines, g/kwh Year Reference CO HC NO x PM Euro I * 2005 Euro II * for engines below 85 kw
7 7 emission in future. The emission standards will be tightened further to reach near zero 1.5 EMISSION CONTROL STRATEGIES To meet the future emission standard, the NO x and particulate emission from the diesel engine should be reduced significantly. There are three areas in which the research work have been carried out and still in progress are; in-cylinder control of fuel-air mixture preparation and combustion, study of alternate fuels and additives and post-treatment methods. The NO x formation in diesel engine combustion chamber is governed by two important parameters, the temperature of gases in the cylinder during combustion and the availability oxygen to oxidize the nitrogen into NO x. Any method which will reduce the temperature during combustion process and availability of oxygen in cylinder will effectively control the formation of NO x in diesel engines. The in-cylinder control of NO x formation includes: precise control of rate of fuel injection multiple injections of fuel injection time retard controlling the fuel injection pressure optimized air swirl optimized combustion chamber shape number of holes in fuel injector and its location optimum quantity of exhaust gas recirculation The injection of water in the form of diesel-water emulsion as alternate fuel is a possible way of reducing the NO x and PM simultaneously.
8 8 The presence of water in the engine cylinder during combustion reduces the flame temperature by absorbing heat of combustion and reduces the NO x emission. Exhaust gas treatment has the advantage relative to the combustion modification in NO x emissions and it can be retrofitted to existing plants. Exhaust gas treatment includes Selective Non Catalytic Reduction (SNR) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). The SCR process is more complicated and expensive which uses a surface to catalyze for nitric oxide removal. It requires high upstream pressure to force the flow through the catalyst. The SNR process relies on homogeneous gas phase reaction. The processes are simpler, only injection of the exhaust at a specified temperature. SNR process has shown significant NO removal at fraction of cost of SCR. Currently three processes are utilized for SNR removal of NO, viz., injection of ammonia, injection of urea and injection of cyanuric acid. 1.6 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF COMBUSTION AND EMISSION IN DIESEL ENGINE Performance and emission of diesel engine depends on the combustion behavior of fuel in the combustion chamber. Experimental investigation of the combustion process in a typical diesel engine is a complex, time consuming and costly affair. Mathematical models have been developed by various researchers to understand combustion and subsequently the performance and formation of pollutants. The various mathematical models proposed are Zero dimensional (Single Zone) model, Phenomenological (Multi zone) model and Multi dimensional (CFD) models. Zero dimensional models are based on first law of thermodynamics and are used to analyze performance characteristics of engines. The model computationally efficient but cannot provide insight into local processes such as fuel-air mixing and location of pollutant formation. The computing time is very less for the model. Phenomenological model is more complex than
9 9 thermodynamic model, because the combustion chamber is divided into numerous different zones that are characterized by different temperature and composition. Because of spatial resolution, important sub-process can be modeled and the prediction of heat release rate and exhaust emission as a function of characteristic engine parameters become possible. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model solves full set of differential equation for species mass, energy and momentum conservation on a relatively fine numerical mesh and also includes sub-models to account for the effect of turbulence. The computation time increases with the complexity of the model. Zero-dimensional model, based on first law of thermodynamics, is used to analyze performance characteristics and NO x formation of diesel engine in this research work. 1.7 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS The various chapters in the thesis are organized as follows: In chapter 1, the various emissions from diesel engine and their harmful effect on environment and human health, the emission norms in India, the various emission control strategies are presented. The modeling and simulation types and their relative significances are also briefly given. In chapter 2, the brief literature review on numerical and experimental study of various researchers on diesel engine combustion and emission using diesel-water emulsion are presented pertaining to the current research. In chapter 3, the scope and objective of this research is explained and the main focus of this research is the study of NO x formation during combustion in diesel engine using single zone model and the effect of engine speed, and compression ratio and water percentage in the diesel-water emulsion on NO x formation. The experimental study is conducted to study the
10 10 performance and emission of diesel engine using diesel-water emulsion as fuel at injection pressures 150, 200 and 250 bar. The effect of NanoXXL fuel additive is also experimentally studied on performance and emission. The effect of water emulsion on kinematic viscosity of lubricating oil is also studied. In chapter 4, the modeling and simulation procedure related to this thesis of various processes in diesel engine are explained with necessary correlations. The modeling of NO x formation for diesel-water emulsion is also developed and fit into the single zone diesel cycle simulation program. A computer program using C language has been developed to obtain the numerical results. In chapter 5, the details of experimental setup, the diesel engine and its instrumentation, the exhaust gas analyzer, and smoke meter are given in detail. The preparation of diesel-water emulsion and experimental procedure are also presented. In chapter 6, the results of computer simulation and experiments are given with exhaustive discussions pertaining to the objective of this research. In chapter 7, the conclusion is made along with the scope for the future work. Use of diesel-water emulsion in diesel engine has a potential to improve the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. Switching to emulsified fuel combustion does not require any engine modification or retrofitting.
Module 2:Genesis and Mechanism of Formation of Engine Emissions Lecture 3: Introduction to Pollutant Formation POLLUTANT FORMATION
Module 2:Genesis and Mechanism of Formation of Engine Emissions POLLUTANT FORMATION The Lecture Contains: Engine Emissions Typical Exhaust Emission Concentrations Emission Formation in SI Engines Emission
More informationME 74 AUTOMOTIVE POLLUTION AND CONTROL Automobile Engineering-vii sem Question Bank( )
ME 74 AUTOMOTIVE POLLUTION AND CONTROL Automobile Engineering-vii sem Question Bank(2013-2014) UNIT I INTRODUCTION 1. How the transient operation of S.I engine will cause CO formation? (may /June 2007)
More informationInternal Combustion Engines
Emissions & Air Pollution Lecture 3 1 Outline In this lecture we will discuss emission control strategies: Fuel modifications Engine technology Exhaust gas aftertreatment We will become particularly familiar
More informationFoundations of Thermodynamics and Chemistry. 1 Introduction Preface Model-Building Simulation... 5 References...
Contents Part I Foundations of Thermodynamics and Chemistry 1 Introduction... 3 1.1 Preface.... 3 1.2 Model-Building... 3 1.3 Simulation... 5 References..... 8 2 Reciprocating Engines... 9 2.1 Energy Conversion...
More informationEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BLENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BLENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE Haroun A. K. Shahad hakshahad@yahoo.com Department of mechanical
More informationEmission from gasoline powered vehicles are classified as 1. Exhaust emission 2. Crank case emission 3. Evaporative emission. Table 1.
Introduction: Main three types of automotive vehicle being used 1. Passenger cars powered by four stroke gasoline engines 2. Motor cycles, scooters and auto rickshaws powered mostly by small two stroke
More informationPERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF DIESEL ENGINE BY INJECTING DIETHYL ETHER WITH AND WITHOUT EGR USING DPF
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF DIESEL ENGINE BY INJECTING DIETHYL ETHER WITH AND WITHOUT EGR USING DPF PROJECT REFERENCE NO. : 37S1036 COLLEGE BRANCH GUIDES : KS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE
More informationModule 2:Genesis and Mechanism of Formation of Engine Emissions Lecture 9:Mechanisms of HC Formation in SI Engines... contd.
Mechanisms of HC Formation in SI Engines... contd. The Lecture Contains: HC from Lubricating Oil Film Combustion Chamber Deposits HC Mixture Quality and In-Cylinder Liquid Fuel HC from Misfired Combustion
More informationEngine Exhaust Emissions
Engine Exhaust Emissions 1 Exhaust Emission Control Particulates (very challenging) Chamber symmetry and shape Injection characteristics (mixing rates) Oil control Catalyst (soluble fraction) Particulate
More informationENGINE TECHNOLOGY. Bobcat Engine_B _ _EN_reworked.indd 1
ENGINE TECHNOLOGY Bobcat Engine_B4459500_01-2015_EN_reworked.indd 1 1/30/2015 10:07:51 AM A COMPANY THAT S GROWING WITH SOCIETY Bobcat prides itself on innovations that shape the future. For decades, we
More informationThe Prime Glass DeNOx solutions in the present scenario of the glass industry NOx containment technologies
Primary techniques for NOx containment in a sustainable glass industry The achievements of the Prime Glass Project The Prime Glass DeNOx solutions in the present scenario of the glass industry NOx containment
More informationState of the Art (SOTA) Manual for Internal Combustion Engines
State of the Art (SOTA) Manual for Internal Combustion Engines July 1997 State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Air Quality Permitting Program State of the Art (SOTA) Manual for Internal
More informationChapter 4 ANALYTICAL WORK: COMBUSTION MODELING
a 4.3.4 Effect of various parameters on combustion in IC engines: Compression ratio: A higher compression ratio increases the pressure and temperature of the working mixture which reduce the initial preparation
More informationLooking ahead to tier 4
Looking ahead to tier 4 Donora, PA For five days, a cloud of air pollution overtakes the industrial town of Donora, Pennsylvania, sickening 40% of the town. 20 die. 194 8 Where does tier 4 come from? All
More informationModule 3: Influence of Engine Design and Operating Parameters on Emissions Lecture 14:Effect of SI Engine Design and Operating Variables on Emissions
Module 3: Influence of Engine Design and Operating Parameters on Emissions Effect of SI Engine Design and Operating Variables on Emissions The Lecture Contains: SI Engine Variables and Emissions Compression
More informationPRODUCT INFORMATION SHEET
Page 1 of 18 31592 WYNN S DPF Cleaner & Regenerator WYNN S Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaner & Regenerator Product Number: 31592 12 x 325ml New technologies to reduce emissions with diesel engines The
More informationEdexcel GCSE Chemistry. Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science. Fuels. Notes.
Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science Fuels Notes 8.1 Recall that Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only 8.2 Describe crude oil as: A complex mixture of hydrocarbons
More informationModule7:Advanced Combustion Systems and Alternative Powerplants Lecture 32:Stratified Charge Engines
ADVANCED COMBUSTION SYSTEMS AND ALTERNATIVE POWERPLANTS The Lecture Contains: DIRECT INJECTION STRATIFIED CHARGE (DISC) ENGINES Historical Overview Potential Advantages of DISC Engines DISC Engine Combustion
More informationHERCULES-2 Project. Deliverable: D8.8
HERCULES-2 Project Fuel Flexible, Near Zero Emissions, Adaptive Performance Marine Engine Deliverable: D8.8 Study an alternative urea decomposition and mixer / SCR configuration and / or study in extended
More informationFOR EVERYONE. and new-source performance standards that strictly regulated emissions of a new source (e.g., automobiles, factories) entering an area.
CLEANER AIR FOR EVERYONE AN EVOLUTION OF CLEAN AIR IN NORTH AMERICA AND PART1HOW ENGINE EMISSION REGULATIONS AFFECT YOU One thing is clear the air we breathe is getting cleaner, thanks to years of work
More information4. With a neat sketch explain in detail about the different types of fuel injection system used in SI engines. (May 2016)
SYED AMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Approved by the AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Tamilnadu and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai) Established in 1998 - An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Institution Dr. E.M.Abdullah
More informationREDUCTION OF EMISSIONS BY ENHANCING AIR SWIRL IN A DIESEL ENGINE WITH GROOVED CYLINDER HEAD
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS BY ENHANCING AIR SWIRL IN A DIESEL ENGINE WITH GROOVED CYLINDER HEAD Dr.S.L.V. Prasad 1, Prof.V.Pandurangadu 2, Dr.P.Manoj Kumar 3, Dr G. Naga Malleshwara Rao 4 Dept.of Mechanical
More informationMarc ZELLAT, Driss ABOURI, Thierry CONTE and Riyad HECHAICHI CD-adapco
16 th International Multidimensional Engine User s Meeting at the SAE Congress 2006,April,06,2006 Detroit, MI RECENT ADVANCES IN SI ENGINE MODELING: A NEW MODEL FOR SPARK AND KNOCK USING A DETAILED CHEMISTRY
More informationLeading the World in Emissions Solutions
Leading the World in Emissions Solutions Solutions for Vehicle Emissions CDTI is a leading global manufacturer and distributor of heavy duty diesel and light duty vehicle emissions control systems and
More informationCase Study of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Engine Performance
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) e-issn: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727 PP 13-17 www.iosrjournals.org Case Study of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Engine Performance Jagadish M. Sirase 1, Roshan
More informationSTATE OF THE ART OF PLASMATRON FUEL REFORMERS FOR HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol. 3 (52) - 2010 Series I: Engineering Sciences STATE OF THE ART OF PLASMATRON FUEL REFORMERS FOR HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES R.
More informationA REVIEW ON EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEM IN IC ENGINES
A REVIEW ON EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEM IN IC ENGINES Jitender Singh 1, Vikas Bansal 2 1,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College of Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University,
More informationLearning Guide EMISSION SPECIALIST 5 GAS ANALYSIS COURSE NUMBER: E001-01
Learning Guide EMISSION SPECIALIST 5 GAS ANALYSIS COURSE NUMBER: E001-01 Notice Due to the wide range of vehicles makes and models, the information given during the class will be general in nature and
More informationInfluence of Fuel Injector Position of Port-fuel Injection Retrofit-kit to the Performances of Small Gasoline Engine
Influence of Fuel Injector Position of Port-fuel Injection Retrofit-kit to the Performances of Small Gasoline Engine M. F. Hushim a,*, A. J. Alimin a, L. A. Rashid a and M. F. Chamari a a Automotive Research
More informationThe influence of fuel injection pump malfunctions of a marine 4-stroke Diesel engine on composition of exhaust gases
Article citation info: LEWIŃSKA, J. The influence of fuel injection pump malfunctions of a marine 4-stroke Diesel engine on composition of exhaust gases. Combustion Engines. 2016, 167(4), 53-57. doi:10.19206/ce-2016-405
More informationLooking ahead to TIER 4
Looking ahead to TIER 4 Donora, PA For five days, a cloud of air pollution overtakes the industrial town of Donora, Pennsylvania, sickening 40% of the town. 20 die. 194 8 Where does TIER 4 come from? All
More informationENVIRONMENT. The Diesel Engine and the Environment
ENVIRONMENT The Diesel Engine and the Environment David Steffens Wartsila North America, Inc. Session Chair Wayne Cole, Cole Engineering September 16-17, 2003 Houston, Texas Introduction The diesel engine
More informationFigure 1: The spray of a direct-injecting four-stroke diesel engine
MIXTURE FORMATION AND COMBUSTION IN CI AND SI ENGINES 7.0 Mixture Formation in Diesel Engines Diesel engines can be operated both in the two-stroke and four-stroke process. Diesel engines that run at high
More informationANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEM
ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) SYSTEM,, ABSTRACT Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a way to control in-cylinder NOx and carbon production and is used on most modern high-speed direct injection
More informationTechnical Support Note
Title: Measuring Emissions from Diesel-Fueled Equipment TSN Number: 09 File:S:\Bridge_Analyzers\Customer_Service_Documentation\Technical_Support_Notes\ 09_Measuring_Emissions_from_Diesel_Fuel_Equipment.docx
More informationMarc ZELLAT, Driss ABOURI and Stefano DURANTI CD-adapco
17 th International Multidimensional Engine User s Meeting at the SAE Congress 2007,April,15,2007 Detroit, MI RECENT ADVANCES IN DIESEL COMBUSTION MODELING: THE ECFM- CLEH COMBUSTION MODEL: A NEW CAPABILITY
More informationDevelopment of In-Line Coldstart Emission Adsorber System (CSEAS) for Reducing Cold Start Emissions in 2 Stroke SI Engine
Development of In-Line Coldstart Emission Adsorber System (CSEAS) for Reducing Cold Start Emissions in 2 Stroke SI Engine Wing Commander M. Sekaran M.E. Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
More informationHydrocarbons 1 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016
Hydrocarbons 1 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Hydrocarbons 2 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are hydrocarbons? 3 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Some compounds only contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. They are
More informationOnboard Plasmatron Generation of Hydrogen Rich Gas for Diesel Engine Exhaust Aftertreatment and Other Applications.
PSFC/JA-02-30 Onboard Plasmatron Generation of Hydrogen Rich Gas for Diesel Engine Exhaust Aftertreatment and Other Applications L. Bromberg 1, D.R. Cohn 1, J. Heywood 2, A. Rabinovich 1 December 11, 2002
More informationIntroduction of Current Clean Diesel Technology and Subjects for Passenger Car, Application for Thailand
Introduction of Current Clean Diesel Technology and Subjects for Passenger Car, Application for Thailand Norio Suzuki Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology ABSTRACT Diesel emission regulations have become
More informationConversion of Naturally Aspirated Genset Engine to Meet III A Norms for Tractor Application by Using Turbocharger
Conversion of Naturally Aspirated Genset Engine to Meet III A Norms for Tractor Application by Using Turbocharger M. Karthik Ganesh, B. Arun kumar Simpson co ltd., Chennai, India ABSTRACT: The small power
More informationPRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.6 ALKANES (includes some questions from 1.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry)
PRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.6 ALKANES (includes some questions from 1.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry) 1. (a) Name the process used to separate petroleum into fractions....... Give the molecular
More informationNUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON COMPRESSIONIGNITION ENGINE EMISSIONS
ISSN (Online) : 2319-8753 ISSN (Print) : 2347-6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization, Volume 2, Special Issue
More informationImpact of Cold and Hot Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Diesel Engine
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Impact of Cold and Hot Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Diesel Engine P. Saichaitanya 1, K. Simhadri 2, G.Vamsidurgamohan 3 1, 2, 3 G M R Institute of Engineering and Technology,
More informationEFFECT OF INJECTION ORIENTATION ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN A DI DIESEL ENGINE: THROUGH CFD SIMULATION
EFFECT OF INJECTION ORIENTATION ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN A DI DIESEL ENGINE: THROUGH CFD SIMULATION *P. Manoj Kumar 1, V. Pandurangadu 2, V.V. Pratibha Bharathi 3 and V.V. Naga Deepthi 4 1 Department of
More informationFraction Distillation of Crude Oil
Fraction Distillation of Crude Oil Question Paper 2 Level A Level Subject Chemistry Exam Board AQA Module 3.3 Organic Chemistry Topic 3.3.2 Alkanes Sub-Topic 3.3.2.1 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
More informationNumerical Investigation of the Effect of Excess Air and Thermal Power Variation in a Liquid Fuelled Boiler
Proceedings of the World Congress on Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer (MHMT 16) Prague, Czech Republic April 4 5, 2016 Paper No. CSP 105 DOI: 10.11159/csp16.105 Numerical Investigation of the Effect of
More informationPOSIBILITIES TO IMPROVED HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, USING C.F.D. PROGRAM
POSIBILITIES TO IMPROVED HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, USING C.F.D. PROGRAM Alexandru-Bogdan Muntean *, Anghel,Chiru, Ruxandra-Cristina (Dica) Stanescu, Cristian Soimaru Transilvania
More informationEURO 4-5 Diesel Exhaust Pollutant. After-Threatment
EURO4-5 Common Rail EURO 4-5 Diesel Exhaust Pollutant After-Threatment 1 Exhaust gas recirculation EGR fundamentals: AFR: Air to Fuel Ratio. This parameter is used to define the ratio between fuel (petrol,
More informationFocus on Training Section: Unit 2
All Pump Types Page 1 1. Title Page Learning objectives Become familiar with the 4 stroke cycle Become familiar with diesel combustion process To understand how timing affects emissions To understand the
More informationEMISSION CONTROL EMISSION CONTROLS
EMISSION CONTROL EMISSION CONTROLS Emissions control systems on Land Rover vehicles work closely with fuel system controls to reduce airborne pollutants. Improper operation of these systems can lead to
More informationCase Study 1 - Reducing Exhaust Particulates from Buses
Case Study 1 - Reducing Exhaust Particulates from Buses 1. Context Hong Kong is a modern and bustling city. The economy owes much to the public transport services that bear people to and from work. One
More informationHomogeneous Charge Compression Ignition combustion and fuel composition
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition combustion and fuel composition This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by
More informationEFFECT OF EGR AND CYCLONIC SEPARATOR ON EMISSIONS IN DI DIESEL ENGINES
Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 27 (ICME27) 29-31 December 27, Dhaka, Bangladesh ICME7-TH-9 EFFECT OF EGR AND CYCLONIC SEPARATOR ON EMISSIONS IN DI DIESEL ENGINES
More informationRecent Advances in DI-Diesel Combustion Modeling in AVL FIRE A Validation Study
International Multidimensional Engine Modeling User s Group Meeting at the SAE Congress April 15, 2007 Detroit, MI Recent Advances in DI-Diesel Combustion Modeling in AVL FIRE A Validation Study R. Tatschl,
More informationInfluence of ANSYS FLUENT on Gas Engine Modeling
Influence of ANSYS FLUENT on Gas Engine Modeling George Martinas, Ovidiu Sorin Cupsa 1, Nicolae Buzbuchi, Andreea Arsenie 2 1 CERONAV 2 Constanta Maritime University Romania georgemartinas@ceronav.ro,
More informationEffect of Tangential Grooves on Piston Crown Of D.I. Diesel Engine with Retarded Injection Timing
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-issn: 2278-067X, p-issn : 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 5, Issue 10 (January 2013), PP. 01-06 Effect of Tangential Grooves on Piston Crown
More informationApplication Note Original Instructions Development of Gas Fuel Control Systems for Dry Low NOx (DLN) Aero-Derivative Gas Turbines
Application Note 83404 Original Instructions Development of Gas Fuel Control Systems for Dry Low NOx (DLN) Aero-Derivative Gas Turbines Woodward reserves the right to update any portion of this publication
More informationModule 5: Emission Control for SI Engines Lecture20:ADD-ON SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF ENGINE-OUT EMISSIONS
ADD-ON SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF ENGINE-OUT EMISSIONS The Lecture Contains: Crankcase Emission Control (PCV System) Evaporative Emission Control Exhaust Gas Recirculation Water Injection file:///c /...%20and%20Settings/iitkrana1/My%20Documents/Google%20Talk%20Received%20Files/engine_combustion/lecture20/20_1.htm[6/15/2012
More informationResearch Article. Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on NOx emission of a annona methyl ester operated diesel engine
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(5):723-728 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on NOx emission
More informationHot-film Air-mass Meter HFM 6
Service Training Self-study Programme 358 Hot-film Air-mass Meter HFM 6 Design and Function Due to the further development of standards and laws for exhaust emissions in vehicles, components with improved
More informationAcademia, Industry and Government: together for automotive engineering development
Academia, Industry and Government: together for automotive engineering development code: EAEC- 15 009B-FEP Paper title: CO2 EMISSION DETERMINATION IN ACCORD WITH EUROPEAN REGULATION FOR OLD AND TODAY CARS
More informationCEE 452/652. Week 6, Lecture 1 Mobile Sources. Dr. Dave DuBois Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute
CEE 452/652 Week 6, Lecture 1 Mobile Sources Dr. Dave DuBois Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute Today s topics Read chapter 18 Review of urban atmospheric chemistry What are mobile
More informationChapter 6. NOx Formation and Reduction in Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE)
Chapter 6 NOx Formation and Reduction in Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE) Editor s Note: Chapter 6 NOx Formation and Reduction in Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE) was written
More informationEffects of Dilution Flow Balance and Double-wall Liner on NOx Emission in Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Combustors
Effects of Dilution Flow Balance and Double-wall Liner on NOx Emission in Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Combustors 9 HIDEKI MORIAI *1 Environmental regulations on aircraft, including NOx emissions, have
More informationModelling Combustion in DI-SI using the G-equation Method and Detailed Chemistry: Emissions and knock. M.Zellat, D.Abouri, Y.Liang, C.
Modelling Combustion in DI-SI using the G-equation Method and Detailed Chemistry: Emissions and knock Realize innovation. M.Zellat, D.Abouri, Y.Liang, C.Kralj Main topics of the presentation 1. Context
More informationI. Ježek et al. Correspondence to: I. Ježek and G. Močnik
Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 1, 1 1, 01 http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/1/1/01/ doi:.1/acpd-1-1-01-supplement Author(s) 01. CC Attribution.0 License. Supplement of Black carbon, particle
More informationAppendix A.1 Calculations of Engine Exhaust Gas Composition...9
Foreword...xi Acknowledgments...xiii Introduction... xv Chapter 1 Engine Emissions...1 1.1 Characteristics of Engine Exhaust Gas...1 1.1.1 Major Components of Engine Exhaust Gas...1 1.1.2 Units Used for
More informationCOMBUSTION CHEMISTRY & EMISSION ANALYSIS
Section 3 COMBUSTION CHEMISTRY & EMISSION ANALYSIS Introduction to Combustion Chemistry The gasoline powered internal combustion engine takes air from the atmosphere and gasoline, a hydrocarbon fuel, and
More informationPOLLUTION CONTROL IN GASOLINE ENGINE USING METAL CATALYTIC CONVERTER
Volume 119 No. 7 2018, 1235-1242 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu ijpam.eu POLLUTION CONTROL IN GASOLINE ENGINE USING METAL CATALYTIC CONVERTER
More informationRESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FAILURES ON THE EXHAUST GAS CONTENT OF SHIP DIESEL ENGINE WORKING ON HEAVY FUEL OIL
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 16, No. 4 2009 RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FAILURES ON THE EXHAUST GAS CONTENT OF SHIP DIESEL ENGINE WORKING ON HEAVY FUEL OIL Kazimierz Witkowski
More informationINFLUENCE OF INTAKE AIR TEMPERATURE AND EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON HCCI COMBUSTION PROCESS USING BIOETHANOL
ENGINEERING FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT Jelgava, 2.-27..216. INFLUENCE OF INTAKE AIR TEMPERATURE AND EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON HCCI COMBUSTION PROCESS USING BIOETHANOL Kastytis Laurinaitis, Stasys Slavinskas
More informationAnalysis of Emission characteristics on Compression Ignition Engine using Dual Fuel Mode for Variable Speed
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-issn: 2278-067X, p-issn: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 4, Issue 3 (October 2012), PP. 23-27 Analysis of Emission characteristics on Compression
More informationPRINCIPLES OF COMBUSTION
PRINCIPLES OF COMBUSTION INTRODUCTION Combustion is a chemical reaction Rapid oxygenation/oxidation Compounds move from a high to a low energy state by releasing some energy Usually produces visible radiance
More informationCFD EFFECTIVENESS OF ARLA32 CRYSTALLIZATION PREDICTION IN SCR
CFD EFFECTIVENESS OF ARLA32 CRYSTALLIZATION PREDICTION IN SCR SYSTEMS Anderson de Almeida Souza, Leandro Seizo Glovaski and Roberto Carlos de Castro Silva. MWM Motores Diesel E-mails: anderson.souza@navistar.com.br,
More informationStudy of Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Two Stroke Si Engine Operated with Gasoline Manifold Injectionand Carburetion
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(37), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i37/101984, October 2016 ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 Study of Performance and Emission Characteristics
More informationEFFECT OF EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
EFFECT OF EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 1 Ajinkya B. Amritkar, 2 Nilesh Badge 1ajinkyaamritkar333@gmail.com, 2 badgenilesh6@gmail.com 1,2B.E.Student, Department of Mechanical
More informationC C A. Combustion Components Associates, Inc.
C C A Combustion Components Associates, Inc. www.cca-inc.net About CCA CCA is a global provider of combustion control technologies to reduce NOx, particulate matter (PM), unburned carbon and CO emissions
More informationUnit 7 Part 2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Crude Oil: Sources and Uses of Alkanes UNIT 7 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Unit 7 Part 2 Introduction to Organic hemistry rude Oil: Sources and Uses of Alkanes UNIT 7 INTRODUTION TO ORGANI EMISTRY PART 2 RUDE OIL: SOURES AND USES OF ALKANES ontents 1. rude Oil 2. ombustion of
More informationImproving The Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine by Using EGR at Different Cooling Rates
Improving The Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine by Using EGR at Different Cooling Rates G SujeevaRaju 1, G Naresh Babu 2 1M.Tech Student, Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering, Siddhartha Institute of
More informationGas exchange and fuel-air mixing simulations in a turbocharged gasoline engine with high compression ratio and VVA system
Third Two-Day Meeting on Internal Combustion Engine Simulations Using the OpenFOAM technology, Milan 22 nd -23 rd February 2018. Gas exchange and fuel-air mixing simulations in a turbocharged gasoline
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF THE EGR RATE ON A HCCI ENGINE MODEL CALCULATED WITH THE SINGLE ZONE HCCI METHOD
CONAT243 THE INFLUENCE OF THE EGR RATE ON A HCCI ENGINE MODEL CALCULATED WITH THE SINGLE ZONE HCCI METHOD KEYWORDS HCCI, EGR, heat release rate Radu Cosgarea *, Corneliu Cofaru, Mihai Aleonte Transilvania
More informationDevelopment of new combustion strategy for internal combustion engine fueled by pure ammonia
Development of new combustion strategy for internal combustion engine fueled by pure ammonia Dongeun Lee, Hyungeun Min, Hyunho park, Han Ho Song Seoul National University Department of Mechanical Engineering
More informationNormal vs Abnormal Combustion in SI engine. SI Combustion. Turbulent Combustion
Turbulent Combustion The motion of the charge in the engine cylinder is always turbulent, when it is reached by the flame front. The charge motion is usually composed by large vortexes, whose length scales
More informationOntario s Drive Clean A mandatory, vehicle emissions-testing program
Drive Clean makes a difference Ontario s Drive Clean program is reducing smog-causing pollutants from both light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. The program is helping us make smart choices about the way
More informationRecent enhancement to SI-ICE combustion models: Application to stratified combustion under large EGR rate and lean burn
Recent enhancement to SI-ICE combustion models: Application to stratified combustion under large EGR rate and lean burn G. Desoutter, A. Desportes, J. Hira, D. Abouri, K.Oberhumer, M. Zellat* TOPICS Introduction
More informationTheoretical Study of the effects of Ignition Delay on the Performance of DI Diesel Engine
Theoretical Study of the effects of Ignition Delay on the Performance of DI Diesel Engine Vivek Shankhdhar a, Neeraj Kumar b a M.Tech Scholar, Moradabad Institute of Technology, India b Asst. Proff. Mechanical
More informationACTUAL CYCLE. Actual engine cycle
1 ACTUAL CYCLE Actual engine cycle Introduction 2 Ideal Gas Cycle (Air Standard Cycle) Idealized processes Idealize working Fluid Fuel-Air Cycle Idealized Processes Accurate Working Fluid Model Actual
More information* Corresponding author
Characterization of Dual-Fuel PCCI Combustion in a Light-Duty Engine S. L. Kokjohn * and R. D. Reitz Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI 5376 USA Abstract.
More informationCatalytic Coatings for Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration
Catalytic Coatings for Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Authors: Dr. Claus F. Görsmann, Dr Andrew P. Walker Organization: Plc Mailing address: ECT, Orchard Road, Royston, Herts., SG8 5HE, United
More informationCHAPTER 8 EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBER GEOMETRIES
112 CHAPTER 8 EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBER GEOMETRIES 8.1 INTRODUCTION Energy conservation and emissions have become of increasing concern over the past few decades. More stringent emission laws along
More informationComprehensive Review of Three way Catalytic Converter
Comprehensive Review of Three way Catalytic Converter Kuldeep Kumar 1 Narender Kumar 2 Hardial Singh 3 1 Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Amity University Haryana, India 2 Assistant Professor,
More informationECONOMICALLY IMPLEMENTING
ECONOMICALLY IMPLEMENTING TIER 4 FINAL POWERPLANTS ON TELEHANDLERS Tier 4 Final Implementation Schedule Barry Greenaway, product manager at Skyjack Inc. highlights the major considerations in the company
More informationModeling and Optimization of Trajectory-based HCCI Combustion
018 CCEFP IEC Summit at the University of Minnesota Modeling and Optimization of Trajectory-based HCCI Combustion 018 CSSCI Spring Technical Meeting Chen Zhang Abhinav Tripathi Professor Zongxuan Sun Department
More informationConfirmation of paper submission
Dr. Marina Braun-Unkhoff Institute of Combustion Technology DLR - German Aerospace Centre Pfaffenwaldring 30-40 70569 Stuttgart 28. Mai 14 Confirmation of paper submission Name: Email: Co-author: 2nd co-author:
More informationINFLUENCE OF THE NUMBER OF NOZZLE HOLES ON THE UNBURNED FUEL IN DIESEL ENGINE
INFLUENCE OF THE NUMBER OF NOZZLE HOLES ON THE UNBURNED FUEL IN DIESEL ENGINE 1. UNIVERSITY OF RUSE, 8, STUDENTSKA STR., 7017 RUSE, BULGARIA 1. Simeon ILIEV ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to
More informationIntroduction to Particulate Emissions 1. Gasoline Engine Particulate Emissions Introduction 3. References 7 About the Authors 8
contents SECTION 1 Introduction to Particulate Emissions 1 CHAPTER 1 Gasoline Engine Particulate Emissions Introduction 3 References 7 About the Authors 8 CHAPTER 2 Health Impact of Particulates from Gasoline
More informationINFLUENCE OF FUEL TYPE AND INTAKE AIR PROPERTIES ON COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF HCCI ENGINE
ENGINEERING FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT Jelgava, 23.-24.5.213. INFLUENCE OF FUEL TYPE AND INTAKE AIR PROPERTIES ON COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF HCCI ENGINE Kastytis Laurinaitis, Stasys Slavinskas Aleksandras
More information3.2 The alkanes. Isomerism: Alkanes with 4 or more carbons show a type of structural isomerism called chain isomerism
3.2 The alkanes Prior knowledge: Types of formula general, empirical, molecular, structural, displayed and skeletal. Nomenclature Structural isomers chain and position isomers Free radicals Aliphatic Alkanes
More informationSaud Bin Juwair, Taib Iskandar Mohamad, Ahmed Almaleki, Abdullah Alkudsi, Ibrahim Alshunaifi
The effects of research octane number and fuel systems on the performance and emissions of a spark ignition engine: A study on Saudi Arabian RON91 and RON95 with port injection and direct injection systems
More information