COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF AVL S 1065 COMPLIANT GASEOUS PEMS

Transcription

1 COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF AVL S 1065 COMPLIANT GASEOUS PEMS 22 th CRC Real World Emissions Workshop March Presented By: Kent Johnson Co-Authors: Tanfeng Cao, Thomas D. Durbin, Karl Oberguggenberger, Roland Wanker, Thomas Schimpl, and Volker Pointner University of California, Riverside Bourns College of Engineering Center for Environmental Research and Technology 1

2 Motivation Was to Characterize AVL s New Gaseous PEMS for 1065 Compliance Laboratory Audits (required) Engine Dyno Audits (required) In-Use Correlation (added) It is important to know PEMS accuracies relative to the reference CVS method: How do new PEMS compare to the reference method? Are PEMS measurements getting more accurate? Are PEMS capable of making good in-use measurements? 2

3 All 1065 Laboratory Audits Successful 1065 Ref # Description 1065 Limit Status 305 Verifications for accuracy, repeatability, and noise. < % 1 PASSED 307 Linearity verification < 1.0% SEE 2 PASSED Continuous gas analyzer system-response and 309 updating-recording verification for gas analyzers continuously compensated for other gas species. Rise/Fall Time < 10 sec PASSED 315 Pressure, temperature, and dewpoint calibration See PASSED 342 Sample dryer verification T dew,meas < T dew,spec C PASSED 345 Vacuum-side leak verification < 0.5 % PASSED 350 H 2 O interference verification for CO 2 NDIR analyzers 0 ± 0.02% PASSED 355 H 2 O and CO 2 interference verification for CO NDIR 0 ± 1.0% of Std PASSED 360 FID optimization and verification 0 ± 5.0% of CH 4 RF 3 PASSED 362 Non-stoichiometric raw exhaust FID O 2 interference 0 ± 2.0% of Ref PASSED 372 NDUV analyzer HC and H 2 O interference verification 0 ± 1.0% of Std PASSED 376 Chiller NO 2 penetration Penetration > 95.0% PASSED 1 Accuracy 2.0% of pt., repeatability 1.0% of pt., Noise 1.0% of Max 2 more linearization parameters apply 4 previously determined methane (CH 4 )RF 3

4 Evaluated with Engine Dyno and In-Use Testing (b) Test Units PEMS Test Platform Test Engine Power Torque ATS NO x CERT g/hp-h NO. NTE Points 1 Engine Lab 2006 Cummins ISM 10.8L 370 hp 1450 ft-lb EGR In-Use 2000 Caterpillar C L 475 hp 1650 ft-lb CRT retrofit In-Use 2011 Cummins ISX 11.9L 425 hp 1650 ft-lb OEM DOC, DPF, SCR Acronyms PEMS AVL portable emission measurement system OEM Original Equipment Manufacture DPF Diesel Particulate Filter DOC Diesel Oxidation Catalyst SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction ATS Aftertreatment System CRT Continuous Regenerative Trap (Diesel Net) 4

5 Correlations Performed with UCR Mobile Emissions Laboratory (MEL) (Cocker 2004) 5

6 The Same Test Routes Used For The Measurement Allowance Program UCR 2000 Caterpillar C15 Route Temperature Humidity Elevation (F) (RH %) (Ft) Cummins ISX Route Temperature (F) Humidity (RH %) Elevation (Ft) CRC 6

7 PEMS Installation Were On the Frame Out of Cab Engine Dyno to fulfill (b) In-Use CAT C15 (extra) Study 3b In-Use CUM ISX (extra) 7

8 Temperature (C) Up Hill In-Use Ambient Temperatures Are 5/08/2008 Temperature Deviations Depending on PEMS Location Not All the Same Trailer Door Cab ATIS_00 ATIS_01 ATIS_02 ATIS_03 ATIS_04 Ambient down hill 60 lunch (engine off) F ATIS_04 ATIS_03 ATIS_02 ATIS_01 ATIS_00 ATIS_ :00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 Time (hh:mm) 8

9 Brake Specific NOx Analysis 9

10 (AVL-MEL) bsnox (g/kwhr) Engine Dyno Tests Shows All NOx NTE s Pass (g/kwhr basis) 2006 CUM Method 1 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) 10

11 (AVL-MEL)/AVL bsnox (%) Engine Dyno Tests Shows NOx Averaging + 5% (percentile basis) 2006 CUM % 45% 35% 25% 15% 5% -5% -15% -25% Method 1 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) 11

12 (AVL-MEL)/AVL bsnox (%) 2000 CAT In-Use Tests Also Shows +5% (percentile basis) 2006 CUM CAT 15 55% 45% 35% 25% 15% 5% -5% -15% -25% Method 1 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) 12

13 (AVL-MEL)/AVL bsnox (%) 2011 Cummins In-Use Tests Also Shows Good Correl. (percentile basis) 2011 CUM CUM CAT 15 55% 45% 35% 25% 15% 5% -5% -15% -25% Method 1 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) bsnox error is less than 10% at 0.15 g/kwhr (0.11 g/hp-h) bsnox error appears constant from 0.15 to 7 g/hp-h 13

14 (AVL-MEL) bsnox (g/kwhr) All Engine and In-Use Tests Show Passing Results (g/kwhr basis) 2011 CUM CUM CAT Method 1 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) 14

15 (AVL-MEL) bsnox (g/kwhr) Method 3 Calculation Shows Lower Deviation (g/kwhr basis) 2011 CUM CUM CAT Method 3 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) 15

16 Brake Specific CO, THC and CO 2 Analysis 16

17 Concentrations Low for CO and THC Deviations Not Meaningful Emissions Concentration Vehicle Test NOx ppm 1 CO ppm THC ppm CO2 % 2011 CUM AVL CUM MEL CUM AVL CUM MEL CAT AVL CAT MEL bsemissions (g/kwhr) Vehicle Test NOx CO NMHC CO CUM AVL CUM MEL CUM AVL CUM MEL CAT AVL CAT MEL NO x measurements varied from 0.4 ppm to 30 ppm for the MEL and 22 to 152 for the PEMS on the 2011 Cummins engine. Ambient NO x was 0.05 to 0.1 ppm during these tests. 17

18 bsco2 (AVL-MEL)/MEL bsco 2 Shows a Slight Positive and Neg Bias (percentile basis) 2011 CUM CUM CAT 15 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% MEL bsco 2 (g/kwh) 18

19 Successes/Problems Out of the crate linearity, engine dyno, and two in-use tests in two weeks Auto warm up timer had PEMS ready in the morning Fuse on heated circuit tripped slowed down one startup day Lost network a few times and had to restart PEMS 24 volt gaseous PEMS on a 12 volt vehicle (not a big deal) 19

20 Exhaust Flow (scfm) Exh Flow (AVL-MEL)/MEL (%) Exhaust Flow was A Problem but Corrected Using Steady State Engine Dyno and CVS Calibration AVL MEL % error to MEL % 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% -30% -40% -50% Cycle Time (sec) 20

21 Carbon emission (g/s) Carbon Balance Shows Similar Trend as Exhaust Flow MEL AVL HDD Cycle time (sec) 21

22 Conclusions AVL s Gaseous MOVE s PEMS passed all 1065 laboratory and engine dynamometer requirements thus making it an approved PEMS The MOVE s PEMS showed an allowance of around 10% at the bsnox 0.2 g/hp-h emissions level Exhaust flow is significant factor for pre-2010 vehicles, but concentration may be more important with post-2010 vehicles 22

23 Acknowledgements Technical Staff Don Pacocha Eddie O Neil Joe Valdez Kurt Bumiller Faculty/Researchers Dr. David R. Cocker III Dr. J. Wayne Miller Undergraduate Students Rachael Hirst 23