ULSFO (0.10) and RM (VLSFO) Category Potential future trends

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1 ULSFO (0.10) and RM (VLSFO) Category Potential future trends Douglas Raitt Regional Marine Consultancy Manager Working together for a safer world

2 Revised MARPOL Annex VI - Methods for compliance SOx NOx Primary Secondary (HFO+) Primary Secondary Distillates Wet scrubber LNG SCR New fuel blends Open loop (seawater) EGR LNG Closed-loop (freshwater & chemical) Common rail Bio fuels/gases Hybrid (open/closed switchable) Variable inlet closing Methanol/ DMEe Dry scrubber Fuel emulsification., air humidification, direct water injection Other? Non-thermal plasma Other? Source: sea-cargo.no Other?

Reducing Marine SOx Emissions: An Inter-Industry challenge Refineries need significant investment to fully deliver compliant fuel post 2020/2025 Up to 2015 Fuels been delivered with the conventional

3 Reducing Marine SOx Emissions: An Inter-Industry challenge Refineries need significant investment to fully deliver compliant fuel post 2020/2025 Up to 2015 Fuels been delivered with the conventional production methods Post 1 Jan 2015 and up to 2020/2025 Increasing pressures on supply Competition with land based distillate pool New refinery streams for 0.10% RM grades From 2020/2025 VLSFO 0.50% RM grades of fuel, price and quality Outlet for residual fuels EGCS uptake S>3.5% to be monitored

Increase demand for Distillates and ULSF Residuals Source: Marine and Energy Consulting Limited Global emissions legislation resulting in increased demand for distillates between now and 2020 The

4 Increase demand for Distillates and ULSF Residuals Source: Marine and Energy Consulting Limited Global emissions legislation resulting in increased demand for distillates between now and 2020 The grades demanded are ISO 8217 for sulphur content of 0.10%: DMA/Z DMB RMA The scope for new RM grades was not fully realised until 2014: The engines most impacted burn residual fuel All that is required is: S 0.10% and RMG /K compliant fuel 2018?

Heavy distillates, fuels with low metal content but with higher viscosity than conventional DMA CIMAC Working Group 7 - Fuels

5 2015 ULSFO (<0.10%) - 5 Categories 1. Ultra Low Sulphur Residual Fuel Oil 2. Blends of Distillate + small amounts of residual fuel oil 3. Heavy distillates, fuels with low metal content but with higher viscosity than conventional DMA CIMAC Working Group 7 - Fuels (International Council on Combustion Engines) Convention for low sulphur fuel oils: LSFO = 1.0% VLSFO = 0.50% ULSFO = 0.10% Each may include any of the 5 categories of fuel composition 4. Distillates DMB and DMA 5. Alternative fuels and power sources

6 ULSFO Typical Given Specifications from October 2012 Supplier Product Name / Characteris tic Vis cos ity 50 C (40C) Unit Exxon Chemoil Ceps a BP CHemoil Chemoil Shell Lukoil Mobil 0.10% S 0.10% S 0.10% S DMB BP 0.1 Mexico/ New York Shell DMB LS 0.1% RMD Hous ton /Savannah ULSFO Eco Marine HDME-50 Fuel (DMB) (RMD80) (RMG380) Exxon SK ISO 8217 ISO 8217 ISO 8217 Mobil Energy AFME SK DMB RMD 80 RMG ULSFO cst (10.5) (11) (max) (11) /(2) Dens ity 15 C Kg/m³ Sulphur mass% < < CCAI Cetane Index Flash Point C > > H2S mass% Acid Number mgkoh/g < TSA (TSE) mass% (0.1) Carbon Residue mass% < < Pour point C (max) Water volume% < Ash mass% < Vanadium mass% 50 <1 < Sodium mass% Aluminium mass% <1 <5 15 Silicon mass% 2 < to Al +Si mass% < Calcium mass% < Zinc mass% 2 <1 15 < Phosphorus mass% 7 < Lubricity (WSD) µm GSE MJ/Kg 45.2 Appearance Not C and B Not C and B Not C and B Black

7 ULSMFO - Characteristics - DM to RM Grades (FOBAS global data May March 2015 ) Categories Test Units Min Ave Max Diff. DEN15 kg/l KV50 cst KV40 cst 11.3 ASH % m/m < Sulphur % m/m < Water % V/V Pour Point oc Micro Carbon Residue % m/m Net Calorific Value Mj/kg CCAI N/A Silicon + Aluminium mg/kg Calcium mg/kg Vanadium mg/kg Nickel Lloyd s Register GMT Ltd - FOBAS mg/kg Key Operational Properties Viscosity + Density Ignition quality Catfines and sediment Compatibility and stability Pour Point / Cold Flow Sulphur Lubricity(DM) NCV

8 ULSFO New Dimension of fuels - FOBAS Test Data Compatibility concerns Segregation Cold Flow properties Heating requirements Varying characteristics K Viscosity at 50oC Micro Carbon Residue Net Specific Energy Gross Specific Energy Sulphur Content Pour Point Aluminium + Silicon 0 Running title <set on slide master>

9 Hybrid fuels - Cold Flow properties High paraffinic content compromised cold flow properties Pour Point only is not enough Ask for CFPP / Cloud Point operational constraints? Pour Point vs CFPP

discharge port Heated to 28 deg C Ambient 24 deg C

10 Distillate Cloud Point and Cold Filter Plugging Point Case Ship reported MGO purifier sludge build up at discharge port Heated to 28 deg C Ambient 24 deg C Cloudy Crystals Heated to 28 deg C Clear Pour Point -19 deg C

11 Compatibility and Stability Operations Individual stability generally satisfactory High risk of incompatibility with other RFOs Oxidation stability (where applicable) satisfactory (DM) Total Sediments (where applicable) satisfactory But thermal loading? Fuel ageing? Load in empty tanks Carry out compatibility test Always monitor filter loading during change over Lloyd s Register GMT Ltd - FOBAS

12 Investigation of compatibility HDME50 and IFO 380 HSFO (FOBAS lab tests) - Avoid mixing - If mixing is unavoidable then percentage of HDME-50 should be kept below 10% Unstable fuel oil Lloyd s Register GMT Ltd - FOBAS

org Working together for a safer world Lloyd s Register and variants of it are trading names of

13 Thank you Questions? Douglas Raitt Regional Consultancy Manager Lloyd s Register Asia T E douglas.raitt@lr.org Working together for a safer world Lloyd s Register and variants of it are trading names of Lloyd s Register Group Limited, its subsidiaries and affiliates. Copyright Lloyd s Register Lloyd s GMT Register Ltd - FOBAS Group Limited A member of the Lloyd s Register group.

LSFO (0.10%) Chris Fisher Mobile: Brookes Bell Group

LSFO (0.10%) Chris Fisher Mobile: 07717872095 Email: chris.fisher@brookesbell.com Brookes Bell Group Marine scientific and technical consultants and surveyors Providing comprehensive services in the marine