Changing Scene of Marine Fuel Quality

Transcription

1 Changing Scene of Marine Fuel Quality Fuel Management Heading Towards 2020 SNAME GREEK SECTION 1 st Technical Meeting, 24 Sep 2015 Working together for a safer world

2 Outline PART 1 Effective Fuel Management PART 2 Marine Fuel Quality Overview PART 3 PART 4 Use of Distillates Cold Flow Properties New Fuels Available

3 PART 1 Effective Fuel Management

4 Fuel Management Key Objectives Reduce operating costs and promote pollution free operations Ensure correct grade of fuel is supplied Ensure compliance to exhaust emission legislation Use the energy resources efficiently Ensure appropriate storage handling and treatment To avoid and mitigate disputes building of Evidence Portfolio

5 SOx emissions regulatory roadmap Running title <set on slide master>

6 Emissions Legislation impact on fuel quality Concerns about future supply availability of fuel Unavoidable changes to fuel manufacturing processes can alter fuel chemistry Increased number of available cutter stocks to reduce S levels adding totally unknown cutter stock chemistry Growing alternative sustainable fuel market - creating more complex fuel chemistry Low sulphur HFO possibly resulting in higher trends in abrasive cat fine content and density in some regions Marine fuel quality can be unpredictable, and growing in wider range of variability and formulations past statistics do not provide future assurance. Good fuel management practices are essential to mitigate risks Lloyd s Register Marine FOBAS

7 Marine fuels bunker standards and legislation Safety- Quality - Environment ISO 3170 Manual Sampling ISO 3171 Automatic Sampling ISO 13739:2010 Procedures for the transfer of bunkers to ships Gibraltar Bunker C.O.P. SS 600 (Singapore) Bunker C.O.P ISO 4259 Determination and Application of precision data in relation to methods of test ISO 8217:2010/12 Marine Fuel Specification ISO Classification of Marine Fuels EU Sulphur Directive 1999/32/EC amended 2012/33/EU IMO MARPOL Annex VI Appendix VI SOLAS (Flash point) Sampling Guidelines MEPC.182(59) CARB & other regional controls

8 A C P D Fuel procurement to exhaust management Ship specific Bunker requisition Respond to changes in data trends Apply corrective action Adjust machinery to optimise Add technology enhancements Collect evidence of problems Feedback and report Calibrate measuring equipment Act Plan Bunker and sampling procedures Storage capacity Handling, treatment Environment control Health & Safety Data capture arrangements Evidence Examine performance Identify good & bad trends Review and analyse reports Check Do Monitor performance Record measurements Implement Ops. procedures Crew training/awareness Machinery vs Fuel quality setup

9 PART 2 Marine Fuel Quality Overview

10 Fuel quality key concerns common issues past 30 years HFO - Catfines The importance of effective onboard treatment You can t manage what you can t measure Compatibility - Stability Commingling & segregation Unstable fuels Filter blocking tendency Distillates Storage life Biodiesel (FAME) Microbes Viscosity (min) Lubricity Flash Point Oxidation Combustion Efficiency Variable ignition delay and combustion profile between fuels Cylinder balancing Timing adjustments Chemical Contamination Rapid damage to fuel system and liner components Rare and incidental Evidence of use of fuel essential for claims + Most Reported Blocking Filters + Most Discussed Risk Catfines Engine Performance + Most Difficult to Determine Foreign Chemicals Filterability Fuel pump sticking

11 Present situation on Marine Fuel Quality Cross industry attention to quality concerns: control of fuel quality, fuel handling and use within marine industry On one hand there seems to be constant improvement: engineering advancement in designs of marine diesel engines, better concepts in bunker treatment plants, tighter ISO fuel specifications, stricter environmental regulations On the other hand there seems to be a crisis: fuel oil availability, energy sustainability, pollution control, emission reduction, bunker contamination, quality alerts, quality of bunkers rapidly getting worse and sophisticated testing demanded for every bunker stem Off Specification does not necessarily mean poor quality Challenges of new fuels of wider variations in formulations

12 Monthly Off Specification Incidents Off Spec 95% confidence limit as per ISO 8217: 2012 FOBAS Bi-weekly report provides off spec updates against ports From 4.8% in 2014 To 4.5% in 2015 (total bunkers delivered)

13 Off Specification Distribution Per Parameter 17.43% 16.34% 8.95% 7.29% 4.72% 2.22%

14 Summary of Off-Specification Trends Increasing Trend Pour Point Ash MCR (10% distillation bottoms) Viscosity (HFO) Lubricity Viscosity (MGO) MCR Decreasing Trend Al & Si (cat fines) Sulphur CCAI Density Vanadium Cetane Index

15 Off Specification Characteristics of Supplied Residuals Res idual Grade Characteris tic Percentage (as s upplied) Viscosity at 50 deg C 1.70% Water 1.01% Density at 15 deg C 0.48% Ash 0.39% Al & Si 0.35% Total Sediment Potential 0.24% Micro Carbon Residue 0.21% CCAI 0.16% Used Lubricating Oils 0.10% Sodium 0.09% Sulphur (3.50 % max) 0.05% Vanadium 0.05% Pour Point 0.02% Flash point 0.01% Increase of injection viscosity: - 38% increase 3-6 deg C - 14% increase >6 deg C - 9% higher than 2.00% v/v - 39% 80 mg/kg - 34% 80< and 100 mg/kg - 26% >100 mg/kg - Attention: wide test tolerance range - Approx. 1 in 4 elevated TSPs attributed to possibly unstable fuel

16 Off Specification Characteristics of Supplied Distillates Dis tillate Grade Characteris tic Percentage (as s upplied) Sulphur (0.10% max) 1.56% Pour Point 1.26% Micro Carbon Residue (10% distillation bottom) 0.37% Viscosity at 40 deg deg C (max) 0.26% Lubricity 0.22% Flash Point 0.20% Water 0.07% Viscosity at 40 deg C (min) 0.02% Cetane Index 0.02% Ash 0.02% Off- spec due to failure of compliance with ECA SOx 0.10% m/m limit Lubricity off specs doubled within Lower sulphur content? - Increased distillate demand? No 95% R confidence limit applied

17 Fit for Purpose? - FOBAS Experience Most fuels are fit for purpose if managed correctly Few fuels as loaded are simply unusable Approx. 5% of fuels exceeded at least one ISO 8217 parameter >95% of the fuels comply with ISO 8217:2012 table 1 or 2 >99.5% of cases standard analysis can predict sub-standard fuel quality. < 0.5% showed all results passed spec & yet operational problem experienced

18 FOBAS Investigation Cases 2014 / Nature of Problems s (%) filtration & sludging 45% Acid Number 25% fuel pumps & injectors ( 12% other 9% cylinder wear 5% combustion 5% fuel/ sludge analysis results (%) other 33% incompatible fuel mix, asphaltenes and/or open 19% water 15% TSP/ stability 13% tall oil 12% aromatic compounds (phenols,benzenes) 4% polymers 3% Nature of Problems (%) Acid Number 43% filtration & sludging 38% fuel pumps & injectors (seizures/ wear) 10% other 10% fuel and/ or sludge analysis (%) incompatible fuel mix, asphaltenes and/or open 35% other 35% fatty acids 17% TSP/ stability 9% water 4%

19 Summary on Off Specification and Quality Off Specification Trend is dropping slightly on the whole but more or less flat over 10 years with peaks of incidents About % of fuels exceeded at least one ISO 8217 parameter requirement in any one month Quality concerns remain < 0.5%: all results within specification but some operational problem experienced < 0.1%: characteristics that could cause serious operational difficulties <0.01% of bunkers linked to serious operation consequences

20 PART 3 Use of Distillates Cold Flow Properties

21 Distillate Systems Technical Considerations Steam Heating CLO System Lubrication Ignition & Combustion profile MGO Bunker Line Capacity Steam valve leakage/ isolation overheating fuel? Excess steam capacity management reduce energy losses CLO type and feed rates for extended 0.1% S operations (2 types of CLO?) Fuel dilution of 4-stroke system oils monitoring protocol Change in ignition delay and combustion characteristics Monitoring, balancing, ignition delay timing Segregated from HFO and sufficient size to cope with larger bunker loads Engine / Boiler Fuel System Viscosity & Lubricity Limitations Probable Presence of FAME Actions to consider Fuel pumps and injectors condition burner set up Carry out start / stop and high load scenarios in safe waters Viscosity at point = hydrodynamic film Lubricity: boundary lubrication Unit tanks Lifeboats, Emergency Fire Pumps etc Effective Tank water drainage 4-6 months shelf life Recondition / renew point sensitive components FUEL APPROACH Raise min viscosity + coolers / chillers

22 Distillate Systems - Operational Considerations Potential for Cross Contamination Separate Fuel Systems S at 0.10% has no tolerance to high sulphur fuel oil Produced to limit no mixing margin during storage/transfer Booster and transfer pumps Fuel return lines - HFO to HFO MGO to MGO Sampling Points Dedicated for fuel in use Changeover HFO / MGO Segregated Storage/ Settling/ Service Tank Capacity Required change over plan and flushing time Thermal shock protection - Auto switch For extended ECA operations capacity convert HFO to MGO?

23 How are Cold Flow Properties Defined? Cloud point: temperature where the wax of the fuel begins to solidify (cloudy appearance). Specified in ISO8217 for DMX only Cold filter plugging point (CFPP): lowest temperature where given fuel volume can pass through standardized filtration device in a specified time (relative index). Pour point: temperature where fuel becomes semi solid and loses flow characteristics. Specified in ISO8217 Source: Laboratory of Fuel and Lubricants Technology - NTUA

24 Pour Point Cold Filter Plugging Point Cloud Point Cold flow properties depend on paraffinic compounds in the fuel PP< CFPP < CP PP - CFPP - CP: no other statistical correlation PP alone cannot fully define Cold Flow Properties Ask for CFPP?

25 Addressing Cold Flow Properties Requirements Pre bunkering Vessel heating capacity & arrangements Trading scheme & anticipated ambient temperatures Additional cold flow properties requirements when ordering new bunkers if needed Investigate fuel cold flow properties profile in specific ports (statistics) Post bunkering Verification of PP and CFPP by analysis Use of additives? On-board Handling Storage tank temperatures: 10 deg C above PP, or 1 deg C above CFPP Filters heating ATTENTION: Overheating resulting to viscosity below 2 cst should be avoided

26 PART 4 New Fuels Available

27 New Fuels Available the so- called Hybrids BP Lukoil Neste Fast Bunkering Argos Philipps 66 Gazprom Exxonmobil CEPSA Trefoil Bominflot Stena Oil Caltex Shell

28 Fuel Typicals and Comparison against ISO Fuel Grades FO (Chemoil) Gulf of Mexico/ Houston DMA HDME 50 DMB (Chemoil) FO (Chemoil) Shell haracteristics Unit (ISO /12) (EXXONMOBIL) Los Angeles/ Long Beach New York /Savannah ULSFO BP 0.1 RMD inematic viscosity at 40 C mm2/s to to inematic viscosity at 50 C mm2/s 25 to ensity at 15 C kg/m to etane index 40 N/A 40 CAI N/A 795 to RMD 80 (ISO 8217:2010/12) ulphur mass % <0.1 < Statutory requirements lash point C 60.0 >70 >79 70 >66 > ydrogen sulfide mg/kg 2.00 <1 < cid number mg KOH/g 0.5 < < otal sediment existent mass % < otal sediment aged mass % xidation stability g/m3 25 N/A arbon residue: micro method- 10 % vol distillation residue mass % arbon residue: micro method mass % <0.30 < loud point C our point (upper) W C to S C 0 15 to brown/ green - ppearance clear and bright opaque Not clear and bright Not clear and bright Not clear and bright ater volume % sh mass % < ubricity, (wsd 1,4) at 60 C µm 520 <320 anadium mg/kg <1 < odium mg/kg < l & Si mg/kg <0.3 <3 < alcium mg/kg < Free of ULO free of ULO inc mg/kg <1 2 <1 free of ULO

29 Analysis Results to Hand (1/3)

30 Analysis Results to Hand (2/3) K Viscosity at 50oC (cst) Net Specific Energy (MJ/kj) Gross Specific Energy (MJ/kg) Calcium (mg/kg) ARGOS BP MARINE DELTA EXXONMOBIL FAST BUNKERING GS CALTEX LUKOIL MAERSK OIL TRADING (CHEMOIL) OILCHART SHELL SK TRADING INTERNATIONAL STENA OIL CO

31 Analysis Results to Hand (3/3)

32 Storage and Handling of Hybrid Fuels High paraffinic content compromised cold flow properties CHECK: Pour Point CHECK: Ask for CFPP (Cold Filter Plugging Point) CHECK: Sufficient heating arrangements on board High paraffinic content - elevated flash point Solvent action CHECK: Load in clean tanks CHECK: Filter loading/ pressure difference Purification: Select appropriate gravity disc Recommended operational settings

33 Storage and handling of hybrid fuels Compatibility and Stability Individual stability satisfactory Oxidation stability (where applicable) satisfactory Total Sediments (where applicable) satisfactory But thermal loading? Fuel aging? High risk of incompatibility with conventional HFOs Load in empty tanks Carry out compatibility test Always monitor filter loading during change over

34 Investigation of Compatibility HDME50 and IFO 380 HSFO (FOBAS lab tests)

35 Viscosity and Lubricity Elevated viscosity Appropriate for use in heated fuel systems Reduced risk of thermal shock during changeover ATTENTION: Heating capacity of distillate systems sufficient? CHECK: Viscosity controller correctly functioning Generally sufficient lubricity Coupled with elevated viscosity -> system fuel lubrication appears not to be a concern

36 Combustion Cetane Index (CI) not applicable if fuel not clear and bright Blended fuels so Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index (CCAI) not always applicable BUT high paraffinic content known to enhance ignition/ combustion profile When/ if further investigation required FIA 100/ FCA test

37 Procurement Confirm fuel in line with engine manufacturer recommendations Ensure suitability for use (vessel operational constraints) Order as per ISO 8217 quality standard stating exceptions and special requirements

38 Concluding Make informed decisions Deck Engine room Ship management

39 Sophia Themelarou FOBAS Specialist E sophia.themelarou@lr.org M T Hellenic Lloyd s S.A., 87, Akti Miaouli, , Piraeus, Greece Working together for a safer world Lloyd s Register and variants of it are trading names of Lloyd s Register Group Limited, its subsidiaries and affiliates. Copyright Lloyd s Register Group Limited A member of the Lloyd s Register group.