Ship Energy Efficiency and Air Pollution. Ernestos Tzannatos Department of Maritime Studies University of Piraeus

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1 Ship Energy Efficiency and Air Pollution Ernestos Tzannatos Department of Maritime Studies University of Piraeus

2 Today s agenda Introduction: Drivers for improved energy efficiency Ship Energy Efficiency: EEDI and EEOI definition EEDI and EEOI for competing fuels Air pollution for competing fuels Q+A

3 Drivers for Ship Energy Efficiency Reduction of fuel costs Environmental legislation Selection Criteria of Measures for Ship Energy Efficiency Affordability Environmental friendliness Availability Safety

4 Marine Fuel Consumption (mil. tons) Source: 3 rd IMO GHG Study 2014.

5 Marine Fuel International Consumption (mil. tons) Source: 3 rd IMO GHG Study 2014.

6 Marine Fuel Consumption (mil. tons) Source: IEA (2013) World Energy Statistics (top-down approach).

7 Maximising Ship Energy Efficiency

8 Minimising GHG (CO 2 ) Emissions Source: 2 nd IMO GHG Study

9 Shipping Contribution to Global Emissions Source: The International Council on Clean Transportation, 2007 Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ocean-going Ships: Impacts, Mitigation Options and Opportunities for Managing Growth.

10 Air Pollution Legislation: Emission Control Areas (ECAs)

11 Air Pollution Legislation: NO X and SO X Control

12 Air Pollution Legislation: NO X Control Specifications

13 NO X and SO X Pollution Control Options Low sulphur fossil oil fuels: Residual (LSFO) Distillate (MDO, MGO) Exhaust Gas Treatment of oil fuels: SO 2 scrubbers NO X SCR In-engine measures for NO X control (EGR, emulsified fuel, retarded injection etc). Liquid biofuels: Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Hydrogenation Derived Renewable Diesel (HDRD) Methanol Ethanol Dimethyl-Ether (DME) Bio-crude (pyrolysis oil) Gaseous Fuels: Biogas Natural gas (CNG, LNG) Petroleum gas (propane, butane)

14 Fuel System Option Advantages Disadvantages LSFO, MDO, MGO FO + Scrubber + SCR LNG Methanol Comparison of Alternative Marine Fuel Systems Conventional fuel storage & supply SO 2 compliant Safety Conventional fuel storage & supply Fuel availability SO 2 compliant NO X (Tier III) compliant SO 2 and NO X (Tier III) compliant Low CO 2 Engine availability (DF and G only) Conventional fuel storage & supply SO 2 and NO X (Tier III) compliant Fuel & Engine Availability Very low CO 2 Cost Fuel availability Cost (for limited ECA exposure) High CO 2 NO X irrelevant Evolving scrubber tech. Waste management High CO 2 Cost (for limited ECA exposure) Fuel availability (bunkering) Diverse fuel price High space requirement (x 3-4) Safety (cryogenic) Cost (for limited ECA exposure) High space requirement (x 2-3) Safety (low flash point) Toxic Corrosive

15 Cost (mil. USD) Scrubber Costs & Scrubber Payback Time 3,0 R² = 0,9495 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0, ME Power (MW) Source: McGill, R.; Remley, W.; Winther, A. Alternative fuels for marine applications. A report of the IEA-AMF organization, Annex 41, 2013.

16 Exhaust Emission Factors for Various Marine Fuels Source: 3 rd IMO GHG Study 2014.

17 Climate Change Legislation: Simplified EEDI Formula where, P ME is 75% of the rated installed power (MCR) for each main engine (ME), measured in kw. P AE is the auxiliary power in kw, required to supply normal maximum sea load, for: MCR > 10,000 kw: P AE = x MCR MCR < 10,000 kw: P AE = 0.05 x MCR SFC & C are the specific fuel consumption and carbon emission coefficient for main and auxiliary engines and fuels, respectively. Capacity refers to the maximum cargo capacity measured in dwt or gross tonnage or any other capacity unit appropriate for a specific ship type. V ref is service speed measured in knots.

18 EEDI Compliance Schedule

19 Towards EEDI Reduction Increasing DWT, because: Power DWT 2/3 Decreasing Speed, because: Power V 3 Introducing new technology without changing capacity or speed.

20 Carbon Content & CO 2 Emission Factors of Alternative Marine Fuels

21 EEDI for HFO & MDO MCR ME = kw ; Capacity = DWT ; V ref = 18 knots CF ME = ; CF AE = SFC ME = 190 g/kwh ; SFC AE = 215 g/kwh P ME = 0.75 x MCR ME = 0.75 x kw = kw P AE = (0.025 x MCR ME ) kw = 625 kw EEDI = [(P ME x CF ME x SFC ME ) + (P AE x CF AE x SFC AE )] / (V ref x Capacity) EEDI = [(11250 x x 190) + (625 x x 215)] / (18 x 25000) EEDI = g-co2/ton-nm

22 MCR ME = kw ; Capacity = DWT ; V ref = 18 knots CF Gas = ; CF Pilot fuel = SFC ME Pilot fuel = 6 g/kwh ; SFC ME Gas = 160 g/kwh SFC AE Pilot fuel = 7 g/kwh ; SFC AE Gas = 180 g/kwh P ME = 0.75 x MCR ME = 0.75 x kw = kw P AE = (0.025 x MCR ME ) kw = 625 kw EEDI for LNG & MDO Pilot EEDI = [(P ME x (CF Pilot fuel x SFC ME Pilot fuel + CF Gas x SFC ME Gas )) + (P AE x (CF Pilot fuel x SFC AE Pilot fuel + CF Gas x SFC AE Gas ))] / (V ref x Capacity) EEDI = [(11250 x (3.206 x x 160)) + (625 x (3.206 x x 180))] / (18 x 25000) EEDI = g-co2/ton-nm

23 EEOI & Alternative Marine Fuels

24 EEOI for Shanghai Rotterdam on HFO-MDO & LNG MDO Pilot Ship type = Container ship; MCR = 2 x kw; Payload = TEU x 9 ton/teu

25 EEOI for Shanghai Rotterdam on HFO-MDO & LNG MDO Pilot P ME = 0.75 x MCR ME = 0.75 x 2 x kw = kw P AE = (0.025 x MCR ME ) kw = 2109 kw V = 21 knots ; D non-eca = nm ; D ECA = 423 nm For sailing in non-eca SFC ME = 190 g/kwh ; CF ME = ; SFC AE = 215 g/kwh ; CF AE = For sailing in ECA CF Gas = ; CF Pilot fuel = ; SFC ME Pilot fuel = 6 g/kwh ; SFC ME Gas = 160 g/kwh SFC AE Pilot fuel = 7 g/kwh ; SFC AE Gas = 180 g/kwh

26 EEOI for Shanghai Rotterdam on HFO-MDO & LNG MDO Pilot ME CO 2 in non-eca = P ME x CF ME x SFC ME x (D non-eca /V) x 10-6 = x x 190 x 11088/21 x 10-6 = tons AE CO 2 in non-eca = P AE x CF AE x SFC AE x (D non-eca /V) x 10-6 = 2109 x x 215 x 11088/21 x 10-6 = 768 tons ME Pilot fuel CO 2 in ECA = P ME x CF Pilot fuel x SFC ME Pilot fuel x (D ECA /V) x 10-6 = x x 6 x 423/21 x 10-6 = 17 tons AE Pilot fuel CO 2 in ECA = P AE x CF Pilot fuel x SFC AE Pilot fuel ) x (D ECA /V) x 10-6 = 2109 x x 7 x 423/21 x 10-6 = 0.95 tons ME Gas CO 2 in ECA = P ME x CF Gas x SFC ME Gas x (D ECA /V) x 10-6 = x x 160 x 423/21 x 10-6 = 395 tons AE Gas CO 2 in ECA = P AE x CF Gas x SFC AE Gas x (D ECA /V) x 10-6 = 2109 x x 180 x 423/21 x 10-6 = 21 tons

27 EEOI for Shanghai Rotterdam on HFO-MDO & LNG MDO Pilot EEOI = Total CO 2 / Transport Work EEOI = ( ) / (18000 x 9 x 11511) = / EEOI = 8.1 x 10-6 ton-co 2 /ton-nm

28 Air Pollution: The case of ship-related air pollution at the Main Port of Piraeus

29 Ship-related air pollution in port-cities Sources: the engine exhausts of ships in arrival/departure & at berth. Main Pollutants: SO 2, NO X and PM ( 95% = PM 2.5 ) Causes (in general, a function of fuel consumption): SO 2 Sulphur content in fuel NO X High temperature combustion PM Fuel oil quality (inc. sulphur content) Consequences: SO 2 Acidification (damage to natural & built environment, human health) NO X Acidification, ground level ozone, global warming, eutrophication (damage to ecosystems and human health) PM Air quality (damage to human health)

30 Cruise ship Sea Cloud 7 port-calls during Time per call (hours) At Berth Maneuvering Fuel consumption per call = 0.29 tons One (1) TAXI* 24 hour operation * Note for Taxi: MERCEDES E200 DIESEL % engine load factor.

31 Ship Traffic at the Main Port of Piraeus ( ) FERRIES CRUISERS TOTAL ANNUAL CALLS DAILY MEAN CALLS DAILY MAX. CALLS Marine Engine Load Factors per In-port Ship Activity ME Man/ng AE Man/ng ME Berth AE Berth FERRIES CRUISERS Mean Time per In-port Ship Activity (hours) In Man/ng At Berth In-port FERRIES CRUISERS

32 600 Equivalent Number of Taxis for In-port Ship Traffic (24h taxi operation) DAILY MIN. DAILY MAX. DAILY MEAN Ferries Cruisers Total Note for Taxi: MERCEDES E200 DIESEL % engine load factor.

33 Mar-Diesel Vs Auto-Diesel Sulphur Control Mar-Diesel Sulphur 100 x Auto-Diesel Sulphur

34 SO X Equivalent Number of Taxis for In-port Vessel Traffic (24h taxi operation) DAILY MIN. DAILY MAX. DAILY MEAN Ferries Cruisers Total Note for Taxi: MERCEDES E200 DIESEL % engine load factor. 34

35 Ship Exhaust Main Port of Piraeus ( ) Source: Tzannatos, E Ship emissions and their externalities for the port of Piraeus - Greece. Atmospheric Environment 44,

36 Thank you.