About the Author... Preface... xvii Acknowledgments... 1 The Goal of One Hundred Knots... 1

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1 About the Author page xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments The Goal of One Hundred Knots A Brief Outline of the Key Types of Advanced Marine Vehicles Fundamental Types of Hydrofoils Fundamental Types of Air Cushion Craft Amphibious Air Cushion Craft Basic Form Non-Amphibious Air Cushion Craft Basic Form Aerodynamic Air Cushion Craft Basic Forms Category A: Wing-in-Ground Effect Category B: Ram Wing Category C: PAR Wing-in-Ground-Effect Category D: Channel Flow Wing-in-Ground-Effect Main Marine Vehicles considered by the US Navy for High Speed 25 2 History of High Speed Ship Development One Hundred Knots Under What Conditions? High Speed at Sea Brief History of Hydrofoils Brief History of Air Cushion Craft Modern Day Developments to Achieve One Hundred Knots Early Developments ( ) Douglas Warner s Captured Air Bubble (CAB) Boat (1929) Dr. William R. Bertelsen s Hovercraft (1958+) Sir Christopher Cockerell s Developments ( ) Hovercraft Development Ltd Sidewall Hovercraft (1963+) Saunders-Roe Developments ( ) US Navy Amphibious Air Cushion Craft Development (1965 today) US Navy Developments in Sidehull SES ( ) xxi vii in this web service

2 viii 2.13 The Joint MARAD and US Navy Program on Surface Effect Ships ( ) US Navy Surface Effect Ship Program Office Developments ( ) Postscript The First Surface Effect Ship Basic Theory of Channel Flow The MARAD Surface Effect Ship Columbia MARAD Test Craft VRC Bow Flap Center Channel Flap Rear Jet and Jet Flap Stability & Control Jets and Induced Drag Reduction Mechanism History of US Maritime Administration Large Surface Effect Ship Program Nuclear Ship N. S. Savannah MARAD Hydrofoil Ship Denison Program MARAD Aerodynamic Surface Effect Ship (Columbia and VRC-1) Program US Department of Commerce Surface Effect Ships for Ocean Commerce (SESOC) Study Hydroskimmer Captured Air Bubble (CAB) Hydrokeel VRC Channel Flow Weiland Craft Booz-Allen and MARAD Designs for Surface Effect Ships Booz-Allen Adjustments to Candidate Designs Conclusions and Recommendations of the SESOC Committee SESOC Conclusions and Recommendations on Channel Flow and CAB Concepts Aero-Hydro Dynamics and Control Panel Findings Speed, Resistance, and Seakeeping Panel Findings Propulsion Panel Findings Hull Panel Findings Operations Panel Findings SESOC Committee Conclusions and Recommendations Ongoing SES Experience While SESOC Committee Was Deliberating Amphibious Air Cushion Craft Non-Amphibious Air Cushion Craft British Sidewall Hovercraft Soviet Sidewall Craft Aerodynamic Air Cushion Craft Lippisch Wing-in-Ground-Effect Craft Soviet Ekranoplan Development MARAD Plans Post SESOC in this web service

3 ix 5 History of US Navy Large High Speed Surface Effect Ship Program MARAD and US Navy Schedules for 100 Knot SES Chronological History of 100 Knot SES Program Postscript SESPO s Designs for Larger SES in 50 knot Class US Navy Successfully Meets All Objectives of High Speed SES Summary of the Two Decades of Development SES-100A and SES 100B Test Craft and the THREE THOUSAND TON SES Evolution of Captured Air Bubble (CAB) and Sidehull SES Different Key Technologies of the SES-100A and SES-100B Sidewall, Sidehull and Sideboard Sidehull Shaping of SES-100A and SES-100B Some Additional Comments on Stability Lateral Stability Rules for Air Cushion Craft Seal System Differences SES-100A Rigid Planer Seal Design Pitch Stiffness of CAB Planer Seals on SES-100A Sidehull SES-100B Flexible Seal Design The Problem of Flagellation Structural Design Approach Engines and Their Arrangement Lift System and Ride Control Propulsion System Differences SES-100A Waterjet Propulsion System SES-100B Propulsion System Comment on the Key Technology Differences between the SES-100A and SES-100B Performance of the One Hundred Ton Test Craft Maximum Speeds of the SES-100A and SES-100B SES-100B Performance in Rough Water SES-100B Habitability Envelope SES-100B Lift Drag Ratio and Transport Efficiency Comment on Scaling SES-100B Range SES-100B Turning Performance SES-100B Acceleration Performance SES-100B Deceleration Performance SES-100B Successfully Meets All Program Objectives The Three Thousand Ton Surface Effect Ship Relationship of 3KSES to SES-100A and SES-100B Conclusion of the US Navy High Speed Large SES Program in this web service

4 x 7 Economic Considerations Declining American Marine Industry Direct Operating Costs Bréguet Range Equation The Three Bréguet Efficiencies for Economic Transport. 234 Propulsion Efficiency Aerodynamic Efficiency and Transport Efficiency Effective Lift-Drag Ratio Structural Design Efficiency What Price Speed? Transport Efficiency of Vehicles since The Problem Facing the High Speed Ship Designer Acquisition Cost of High Speed Marine Craft Inflation Indices and Cost Trends Over Time Weight and Cost Algorithms SWBS Group 100: Structure SWBS Group 200: Propulsion SWBS Group 500: Auxiliary Systems Cost Algorithms Cost of Follow-On Vehicles Detailed Cost Estimating Relationships Group 100 Structure Cost Estimating Relationship Group 200 Propulsion Cost Estimating Relationship Group 500 Auxiliary System Cost Estimating Relationship Frigate Sized SES Cost Example Conclusions of Economic Considerations Technical Considerations Drag of High Speed Air Cushion Craft Cushion Induced Wave Drag (D wave ) Aerodynamic Drag (D aero ) Momentum Drag (D mom ) Air Flow in Calm Water Air Flow in Rough Water Skirt or Seal Drag (D SK ) Calm Water Skirt Drag (D SK ) Rough Water Skirt Drag Sidehull Drag (D SH ) From Sideboard to Sidehull Sidehull Design for Lower Speeds Sidehull Shaping for Performance and Stability Sidehull Lift and Drag Lift and Drag Characteristics of Planing Hulls and Seaplanes 309 Flat Plate Planing Theory and Test Effect of Hull Deadrise on Lift Coefficient Application of Planing Hull Results to SES Hullforms in this web service

5 xi Sidehull Skin Friction Drag Sidehull Wavemaking Drag Total Drag Estimation Design Speeds for SES Speed for Maximum Lift-Drag Ratio (L/D) max Maximum Lift Drag Ratio Analysis of the Gabrielli-von Kármán Specific Resistance Curves. 336 Aerodynamic and Hydrodynamic Barriers Aerodynamic Barrier to Transport Efficiency Hydrodynamic Barrier to Transport Efficiency Comparing Vehicles on Design Speed or Maximum Speed Assessment of SES-100B Drag Theory and Test Sea States, Wave Heights and Wave Lengths Drag of SES-100B in Calm Seas Drag of SES-100B in High Sea States Drag of Sidehulls in Rough Seas SES-100B Skirt System Design for Rough Water Operation Fan and Cushion System Dynamics Dynamic Similitude and Scaling Laws Reynold s Number Froude Number Cavitation Number Cushion Density Pressure Number Flexible Structure Scaling Some Statistical Scaling Relationships Cushion Length and Cushion Pressure Design Trends Total Installed Power and Lift Power Design Trends Transport Efficiency Design Trends Scaling from SES-100B to Frigate Size SES Magnitude of Lift Drag Ratio Speed for Maximum Lift-Drag Ratio Scaling of Transport Efficiency Useful Load, Disposable Load and Empty Weight Design Efficiencies and Performance Measures Summary Navy Military Operations Considerations Speed and Amphibious Capability Amphibious Warfare: Past, Present and Possible Future Speed and Stealth Sea Shadow Stealth Ship The 100 knot Submarine Stealthy Surface Piercing Submarine Summary in this web service

6 xii 10 Advanced Naval Vehicles Concepts Evaluation (ANVCE) Project Types of Vehicles Considered The ANVCE Point Designs Common Combat Suites Point Designs Surface Vehicle Point Designs Air Vehicle Point Designs Summary of Technological Issues to be Resolved Selected Key Limiting Technologies in SES and Hovercraft 424 Structural Weight Rule of Thumb on Impact Pressures Structural Weights of ANVCE Point Design Surface Vehicles Lift Systems Technology for Air Cushion Craft Lift Fan Systems Flexible Skirt System State of the Art Ride Quality of High Speed Hydrofoils and Air Cushion Craft Ride Quality Criteria Motion Sickness Criteria Work Efficiency Criteria Ride Quality of SES-100B Variable Geometry Hydrofoil What Price Ride Quality? Other Novel Forms Evaluated by ANVCE Supercritical Planing Hull Double Propeller Transom Configuration Sidehull or No Sidehull? ANVCE Project Evaluation of Aerodynamic Air Cushion Craft The Vagaries of the Sea German School of WIG Craft Design Russian School of WIG Craft Design US Navy Design Philosophy for WIG Design WIG (H) Point Design WIG (S) Point Design WIG(O) Point Design Empty Weight Trends for Landplanes, Seaplanes and WIGs Techno-Economic Parameters Speed for Maximum Range Maximum Speed and Speed for Maximum Range Transport Efficiency Conclusions and Recommendations from ANVCE Final Report. 495 Surface Effect Ships Air Cushion Vehicles Hydrofoils Supercritical Planing Hulls Wing-in-Ground-Effect Vehicles Assessment of the ANVCE Project in this web service

7 xiii 11 Aerodynamic Air Cushion Craft Aerodynamic Underpinnings Lanchester-Prandtl Lifting Line Theory Modifications to Lifting Line Theory for Finite Wings Adaption of Lifting Line Theory to Wing-in-Ground- Effect (WIG) Simple Theory for Lift and Drag of Wings in Ground Effect (IGE) NASA Wind Tunnel Tests of Wing-in-Ground-Effect with No End Plates Effect of Aspect Ratio on Lift Curve Slope Effect of Aspect Ratio on Lift Drag Ratio in Ground Effect Lift and Drag in Ground Effect with End Plates Wings in Ground Effect with Air Seals Theory for Wings in Ground Effect with End Plates Available Experimental Evidence of WIG with End Plates Summary of Key Equations for Lift and Drag in Ground Effect Choosing Cruise Height for a WIG Craft Alternate Theories for Induced Drag in Ground Effect Transport Efficiency of Ekranoplan Alternate Forms of End Plates Impact of Wing Loading and Cushion Density on Craft Size Empty Weight of Aerodynamic Air Cushion Craft Military Operations for ekranoplan Aerodynamic Air Cushion or Aerostatic Air Cushion? Mother Nature Knows Best Variable Geometry Wing in Ground Effect with Wing-Tip Jet Blowing Bréguet Range for Jet Engine Powered Craft Summary of Aerodynamic Air Cushion Craft Lessons Learned and Where to Next? The Size-Speed-Mission Triad Lessons Learned Domains of High Speed Marine Craft Outgrowths of High Speed Marine Craft Development High Speed Hydrofoils High Speed and Stealth Variable Geometry Craft Recommended Avenues to Pursue Large Ocean Going High Speed Ships (Next Step) Aerodynamic Air Cushion Craft (Next Step) Summary Index in this web service