Jay Gundlach AIAA EDUCATION SERIES. Manassas, Virginia. Joseph A. Schetz, Editor-in-Chief. Blacksburg, Virginia. Aurora Flight Sciences

Transcription

1 Jay Gundlach Aurora Flight Sciences Manassas, Virginia AIAA EDUCATION SERIES Joseph A. Schetz, Editor-in-Chief Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc Aiexander Bell Drive, Reston, Virginia

2 CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments Nomenclature Acronyms xv xix xxi xli Chapter 1 Overview of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Introduction Denning an Unmanned Aircraft Motivation for Employment of Unmanned Aircraft Distinction Between Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Moral, Ethical, and Legal Issues for UASs Brief History of Unmanned Aircraft Introduction to System Elements and Architectures 21 References 22 Problems 23 Chapter 2 Unmanned Aircraft Categories Introduction Micro Air Vehicles Small Unmanned Aircraft Small Tactical Unmanned Aircraft Systems Tactical Unmanned Aircraft Systems Medium-Altitude Long Endurance High-Altitude Long Endurance Ultra Long Endurance Uninhabited Combat Aerial Vehicles Manned Aircraft Conversions Air-Launched Unmanned Aircraft Targets Rotorcraft Other Vertical Takeoff and Landing Solar-Powered Aircraft 50 vii

3 viii Designing Unmanned Aircraft Systems: A Comprehensive Approach 2.16 Planetary Aircraft Lighter Than Air Research Unmanned Aircraft 54 References 55 Problems 56 Chapter 3 Initial Unmanned-Aircraft Sizing Introduction Simple Weight Relationships Flight Performance Simple Aerodynamics Methods Initial UA Sizing Process Examples 79 References 83 Problems 83 Chapter 4 Unmanned-Aircraft Geometry and Configurations Introduction Aircraft Geometry Relationships Configuration Drivers Wing System Configurations Tail Configurations Fuselage System Configurations Propulsion Integration Launch and Recovery System Integration Survivability Impacts on Configuration Transportability and Storage Impacts on Configuration In-Flight Reconfiguration Modularity and Airframe Growth Manufacturing Configuration Drivers Rotorcraft Configurations 148 References 148 Problems 149 Chapter 5 Aerodynamics Introduction Flight Regime Boundary Layers Coordinate Systems and Aerodynamic Coefficients Airfoils Three-Dimensional Lift Distribution Methods 161

4 Contents ix 5.7 Pitching Moment Drag Miscellaneous Drag 183 References 183 Problems 184 Chapter 6 Mass Properties Introduction Mass Properties Throughout the Aircraft Life Cycle Conceptual Design Weight Estimation Methods Weight Management Weight Engineering of Other System Elements 230 References 231 Problems 231 Chapter 7 Structures Introduction Structural Concepts Materials Unmanned Aircraft Loads Shell Structure Analysis Wing Sizing Fuselage Analysis and Sizing Structures Manufacturing 282 References 285 Problems 286 Chapter 8 Propulsion Systems Introduction Propellers Reciprocating Engines Turbofans and Turbojets Turboshafts and Turboprops Electric Motors Batteries Fuel Cells Solar Power Hybrid Electric Pulsejets Rockets Gliders 343

5 x Designing Unmanned Aircraft Systems: A Comprehensive Approach 8.14 High-Altitude Propulsion Miscellaneous Propulsion Types 347 References 350 Problems 350 Chapter 9 Flight Performance Introduction Operating Environment Mission Profiles Constraint Analysis Flight Performance Analysis 361 Reference 378 Problems 378 Chapter 10 Avionics, Flight Software, and Subsystems Introduction Avionics Flight Software Subsystems 408 References 417 Problems 417 Chapter 11 Launch and Recovery Introduction Physics of UA Launch and Recovery Conventional Launch and Recovery Vertical Takeoff and Landing Rail Launchers Rocket Launch Air Launch Hand Launch Tensioned Line Launch Gun Launch Ground-Vehicle Launch Skid and Belly Recovery Net Recovery Cable-Assisted Recovery Parachutes Deep Stall 458

6 Contents xi UA Impact Attenuation Nonrecoverable Water Launch and Recovery Other Launch and Recovery Techniques 464 References 467 Problems 467 Chapter 12 Communication Systems Introduction Radio-Frequency Physics Elements of Communication Systems Link Budget Analysis Antennas Antenna Integration Communication System Types Modulation Techniques Interception, Detection, and Jamming RF Performance Simulation Line-of-Sight Communications Beyond Line-of-Sight Communications Frequency Management 512 References 514 Problems 514 Chapter 13 Physics of Remote Sensing and in Situ Measurement Introduction Electromagnetic Spectrum Characteristics Aerial Remote Sensing Optical Systems Radar Synthetic Aperture Radar Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) In Situ Measurements 552 References 552 Problems 553 Chapter 14 Missions and Payloads Introduction Military Missions Science and Research Missions 590

7 xii Designing Unmanned Aircraft Systems: A Comprehensive Approach 14.4 Commercial and Civil Missions 595 References 600 Problems 601 Chapter 15 Mission Systems Integration Introduction Optical Payload Assembly Layout, Actuation, and Stabilization Sizing for Performance Field-of-Regard Requirements Payload Placement and UA Configuration for Field of Regard RF Payload Integration Airframe Mechanical Integration Imagery Products Software Integration Avionics and Power Interfaces Payload Data Management Ground Element Integration Payload Interface Control Payload Modularity 635 References 635 Problems 636 Chapter 16 Command, Control, Tasking, Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination Introduction Control Element Functions and Personnel Roles Mission Planning and Execution Overview of Ground Element Types Portable Ground Control Stations Remote Viewing Terminals Launch and Recovery Elements Mission Control Elements Tasking, Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination (TPED) Hardware Training Interoperability 662 References 664 Problems 664

8 Contents xiii Chapter 17 Reliability, Maintainability, Supportability, and Transportability Introduction Reliability Availability Maintainability Supportability Footprint Logistics and Transportability Organization, Training, and Personnel Facilities System Responsiveness 692 References 694 Problems 694 Chapter 18 System Synthesis and Mission Effectiveness Introduction Balancing the System System Architecture Selection System Performance Metrics Operations Analysis Modeling Survivability Systems Engineering Optimization Design Environments 719 References 726 Problems 726 Chapter 19 Cost Analysis Introduction Cost Modeling Life-Cycle Cost Approach Program Influences on Cost UAS Cost Data Preacquisition Costs Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Cost Production Cost Operations Cost Commercial Development Services Contracts 764

9 xiv Designing Unmanned Aircraft Systems: A Comprehensive Approach UAS Company Startups and Investments 765 References 766 Problems 766 Chapter 20 Product Definition and Requirements Development Introduction Market Surveys and Competitive Analysis Customer Requirements Generation Developer Product Definition Government Acquisition 782 References 784 Problems 785 Index 787 Supporting Materials 807