Comparison of Source/Reservoir Rock to Produced Petroleum Composition. Daniel M. Jarvie Worldwide Geochemistry et Energy Institute at TCU
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1 1 Comparison of Source/Reservoir Rock to Produced Petroleum Composition Daniel M. Jarvie Worldwide Geochemistry et Energy Institute at TCU Talk Outline Introduction: goal of thermal maturity Background: terminology Results and Discussion: Secondary cracking Affect on API gravity, GOR Differences between source rock and produced crude oil Summary DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June2015 2
2 2 Thermal Maturity Purpose In general, is oil or gas likely to be generated? Common measurements: Vitrinite reflectance Rock-Eval Tmax Color indices Excellent method: using between 8-31 aromatic hydrocarbons But now need to relate to more specific properties Is it black oil, volatile oil, condensate, NGLs, dry gas What is the quality (API, GOR) and producibility? DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Petroleum Terminology The nomenclature and scientific classification of petroleum are in a state of uncertainty and confusion. Geologists, chemists, lawyers, refiners, and engineers have all made attempts to define the naturally occurring forms, but for one reason or another, few of their definitions have gained widespread acceptance. (Levorsen, 1954, Geology of Petroleum Chapter 1, 2 nd Paragraph) DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June2015 4
3 3 Bitumen: a definition A smelly but useful substance Hirst, 2015, archaeology expert DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Petroleum is bitumen. (Momper, 1975) Corollary Bitumen is petroleum. and Any residue from petroleum cracking is prechar (more commonly, but not necessarily as pyrobitumen). DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June2015 6
4 4 Why are these distinctions important? DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Special HAWK Thermal Analysis shows abundance of SARA components but in special cases show pyrobitumen DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June2015 8
5 Tmax Values of a SARA Distribution Daniel M. Jarvie 2015 AAPG National Convention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Cotton Valley Sands Occluded by Pyrobitumen Pyrobitumen Quartz Shale Fragment (Chaouche, 2007) Daniel M. Jarvie 2015 AAPG National Convention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June
6 6 Chemical Description of Bitumen Organic Matter or Kerogen Early catagenesis Hydrocarbons: Saturates Aromatics Non-Hydrocarbons: Resins Asphaltenes DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Secondary Cracking (focus on Resins, partial description) Saturates Kerogen Petroleum (Bitumen) Aromatics Resins Asphaltenes Resins Resins-2 Resins-3 DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June
7 7 Affinity Coefficients Ritter 1997 DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Comparison of %Resins to: (1) Saturates yield, (2) API gravity Saturates (%) y = x R² = Resins (%) API Gravity Data from Han et al y = x R² = Resins (%) DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June
8 Change in SARA Composition Source Rock SARA (least to most mature) Produced Oil SARA (lowest to highest API) Data from Santamaria, 1992 Daniel M. Jarvie 2015 AAPG National Convention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June AAPG National Convention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Bay of Campeche Tithonian Source Rock Saturate/Resin Ratio vs. Thermal Maturity Oil Saturate/Resin Ratio vs. API Gravity Data from Santamaria, 1992 Daniel M. Jarvie
9 9 Secondary Cracking Petroleum (Bitumen) H 2 O CO 2 H 2 S ( %Ro) Bitumen Phase ( %Ro) Black Oil Phase ( %Ro) Volatile Oil Phase ( %Ro) Condensate Phase Gas Sats Gas Gas Gas Aros Sats Aros Resins Sats Sats Resins Aros Aros Resins Resins Asphaltenes Asphs Asphaltenes Pyrobitumen Pyrobitumen Biomarkers Biomarkers Biomarkers ( %Ro) NGL Phase Gas Sats Aros Pyrobitumen ( %Ro) Gas Sats Aros Pyrobitumen H 2 S DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June There can be dramatic differences between reservoir and surface API gravity (unless subsurface properties correlated to surface properties) Produced DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June
10 10 GC fingerprint shows paraffin cracking, With increasing maturity increasing light hydrocarbons, diminishing extended alkanes i.e., change in slope when mole % are properly fitted DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Exponential fit of Mole % n-alkanes (part of saturates) in unaltered crude oils or rock extracts is EXCELLENT (Holba et al. 2014) Holba et al. (2014) then use this calibration to very accurately predict API gravity DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June
11 11 Two Methods from GC Data to assess intrinsic GOR values n-c7 Autointegration Gas Mole % = A e -Bn MP 3MP 2MH 3MH Oil Intrinsic GOR from weight percentages of methylpentanes and methyhexanes Ref: Mango and Jarvie, 2001 Restored GOR calculated from restored yields of normal alkanes pre-exponential factor indicative of phase Light ends indicative of any alteration DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Intrinsic GOR predictions from rock extracts U. Bakken Shale-Parshall Field 380 L. Bakken Shale - Parshall Field 375 U. Bakken Shale - Sanish Field 820 L. Bakken Shale - Sanish Field 1200 Eagle Ford Shale 106 Eagle Ford Shale 1292 HaynesvilleShale - Harrison County 3840 HaynesvilleShale - Harrison County GOR (scf/stb) DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June
12 12 Reported GOR IP vs Intrinsic GOR: Eagle Ford oils C 6 -C 7 Calculated GOR Value (scf/bbl) y = x R² = Reported GOR Value (scf/bbl) Jarvie, 2007 DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Maturity, Oil Quality and Phase Predictions: Interpretive Factors Alteration? Dry Gas Ratio CTemp C7+ yield Post-exponential factor Intrinsic GOR Restored GOR Yield Tmax Vitrinite Reflectance Aromatic-derived maturity Production index Interpreted Maturity Window Early mature black oil Black oil Volatile oil Condensate NGL Dry Gas DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June
13 13 Summary Use standard definitions very carefully; rather, describe exactly what you mean There is expulsion, migration and production fractionation of petroleum Exponential fitting of normal-alkanes in a simple GC fingerprint can provide a means of assessing pre-drilling, pre-production as well as production API gravity, GOR Thermal maturity is a pointer, not a final solution to product expectations DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June Thank you! Questions? DanielM. Jarvie2015 AAPG NationalConvention, Denver, CO, 31 May-2 June
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