ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS BUREAU OF EXPLOSIVES

Transcription

1 ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS BUREAU OF EXPLOSIVES ANNUAL REPORT OF NON-ACCIDENT RELEASES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTED BY RAIL 2016 (United States & Canada) Published August 2017 Report BOE 16-2

2 ANNUAL REPORT OF NON-ACCIDENT RELEASES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTED BY RAIL CALENDAR YEAR 2016 Table of Contents Page Executive Summary...1 I. Definitions and Data Sources...1 II. Non-Accident Releases of Hazardous Materials...1 A. Non-Accident-Release Frequencies...1 B. Non-Accident-Release Rates...6 C. Non-Accident-Release Sources and Causes D. Non-Accident-Release Causes by Commodity E. Injuries due to Non-Accident-Releases i

3 Table of Exhibits Non-Accident-Release Frequencies Page 1. Hazardous Materials Non-Accident Releases by State or Province/Territory, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: Tank Cars by Number of Non-Accident Releases Occurring, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: Top 15 Commodities Involved in Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: Percentage of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases Occurring on Loaded Trips by Major Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Frequency Distribution of Non-Accident Releases by Shipper Origination Point, U.S. and Canada: Non-Accident-Release Rates 8. Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations, by Car Type, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: Loaded Originations, Non-Accident Releases, and NAR Rates by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Release Rates by Hazard Class and Major Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations by Major Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations for Selected Major Commodities, U.S. and Canada: Non-Accident-Release Sources and Causes 14. Sources of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: Number of Pressure Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Component, U.S. and Canada: Top Reported Non-Accident Release Causes for Pressure Tank Cars, U.S. and Canada: Number of Non-Pressure Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Component, U.S. and Canada: Top Reported Non-Accident Release Causes for Non-Pressure Tank Cars, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Manway Cause, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Bottom Outlet Cause, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Pressure Relief Valve Cause, U.S. and Canada: Frangible-Disc-Caused Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Pressure Relief Valve-Caused Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Non-Accident-Release Causes by Commodity 24. Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Alcohols N. O. S. by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Anhydrous Ammonia by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Elevated Temperature Materials by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Gasoline by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Hydrochloric Acid by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Liquefied Petroleum Gases by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Sodium Hydroxide Solution by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Injuries due to Non-Accident-Releases 31. Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Component, U.S. and Canada: Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Cause, U.S. and Canada: ii

4 Executive Summary This report provides statistics on railroad hazardous material non-accident-caused releases () for the year Of the 518 reported in the U.S. and Canada, 437 or about 84% were from tank cars. Of the remainder, 69 or 13% were from TOFC/COFC service and 12 or 2% were from all the other car types. Relative to 2015, the rate of increased by 4% for all car types combined, but decreased by 1% for tank cars. I. Definitions and Data Sources A hazardous material is defined by 49 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) as a substance or material that the Secretary of Transportation has determined is capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce, and has designated as hazardous under section 5103 of Federal hazardous materials transportation law (49 U.S.C. 5103). Hazardous waste is defined as any material that is subject to the Hazardous Waste Manifest Requirements of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency specified in 40 CFR Part 262. A hazardous materials non-accident release, or NAR, is the unintentional release of a hazardous material while in transportation, including loading and unloading while in railroad possession, that is not caused by a derailment, collision or other rail related accident. consist of leaks, splashes, and other releases from improperly secured or defective valves, fittings, and tank shells, and also include undesired venting of non-atmospheric gases from safety relief devices. (Normal safety venting of atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen is not considered a NAR.) The vast majority of reported involve small quantities. Most of the statistics and data on hazardous materials are derived from the AAR/BOE data, which in many ways parallels that from the Hazardous Materials Incident Report (HMIR) database, maintained by the U.S. Department of Transportation s (DOT s) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). Railroads and all other transporters of hazardous materials in the U.S. are required to report to PHMSA any incident involving the unintentional release of a hazardous waste or hazardous material during transportation (including loading, unloading, and temporary storage), even if the railcar is not involved in a reportable train accident. Nearly all Hazardous Materials Incident Reports (DOT reports) filed with PHMSA by U.S. railroads and Canadian railroads operating in the U.S. are also provided to the AAR. Canadian railroads also provide reports to AAR regarding incidents occurring in Canada. These reports, along with NAR follow-up reports from Bureau of Explosives (BOE) Inspectors and more detailed information on the incident causes, was combined to produce the information that goes into the AAR Release Reporter database for previous years. Due to a transition in the railroads' NAR reporting system, the 2016 NAR database includes information from several sources. Most of the data came from Release Reporter, but some incidents were reported directly by railroads and smaller number came from PHMSA data. As a result, some NAR incident data do not have incident cause information. For more information regarding NAR data and various helpful resources go to the website: A hazardous materials origination is the loading of a railcar, a placement of an intermodal trailer, or a container, with a hazardous material for railroad transportation. The information on hazardous materials originations presented in this report comes from TRAIN II, the Association of American Railroads (AAR) Railinc railcar movement database, and specifically from TRAIN II waybills. All of the major freight railroads and many of the short lines and regional railroads report their waybill information, car interchanges, and other car movement events to TRAIN II. II. Non-Accident Releases of Hazardous Materials A. Non-Accident-Release Frequencies Exhibit 1 shows hazardous material by state or province in the U.S. and Canada. Exhibit 2 shows the number of tank car from 2007 to Exhibit 3 shows that the 437 tank car in 2016 involved 423 unique cars, of which 10 were involved in two NAR events in the year, and 2 were involved in three NAR events. Exhibit 4 presents a breakdown of tank car by hazard class. Exhibit 5 shows the top 15 commodities ranked by number of. Exhibit 6 shows the percentage of tank car occurring on loaded trips by major commodity. Exhibit 7 shows the frequency distribution of non-accident releases by shipper origination point. 1

5 Exhibit 1 Hazardous Materials Non-Accident Releases by State or Province/Territory, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Non-Accident Releases State Tank Car Intermodal Other Total AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY Total U.S

6 Number of Tank Car Exhibit 1 (continued) Hazardous Materials Non-Accident Releases by State or Province/Territory, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Non-Accident Releases Province Tank Car Intermodal Other Total AB BC MB NB NS NT ON PE QC SK Total Total U.S. & Exhibit 2 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: * Year *Number of tank car in 2015 was 488 instead of 542 from last year s report (This did not affect other Exhibits in last year s report as it was a typo in this particular Exhibit only). 3

7 Exhibit 3 Tank Cars by Number of Non-Accident Releases Occurring, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Number of Total Unique Tank Cars Total 423 Exhibit 4 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Class 9 7.7% Other 5.0% Division % Division % Division % Class % Combustible Liquid 6.2% Class % 4

8 Exhibit 5 Top 15 Commodities Involved in Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: 2016 LPG 57 Alcohols, N.O.S. 48 Fuel Oil 45 Hydrochloric Acid 29 Flammable Liquids, N.O.S. 16 Sulfur, Molten 15 Gasoline 14 Elevated temperature material 14 Argon, Refrigerated Liquid 14 Sulfuric Acid 13 Petroleum Distillates, N.O.S. 11 Sodium Hydroxide Solution 10 Waste Flammable Liquids, N.O.S. 9 Petroleum Crude Oil 9 Sulfuric Acid, Spent Exhibit 6 Percentage of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases Occurring on Loaded Trips by Major Commodity, U.S. and Canada: 2016 LPG Alcohols, N.O.S. Fuel Oil Hydrochloric Acid Flammable Liquids, N.O.S. Sulfur, Molten Gasoline Elevated temperature material Argon, Refrigerated Liquid Sulfuric Acid Petroleum Distillates, N.O.S. Sodium Hydroxide Solution Waste Flammable Liquids, N.O.S. Petroleum Crude Oil Sulfuric Acid, Spent 38% 56% 75% 73% 76% 82% 88% 93% 86% 93% 93% 92% 90% 89% 88% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage of Occurring on Loaded Trips 5

9 per 1,000 Originations Exhibit 7 Frequency Distribution of Non-Accident Releases by Shipper Origination Point, U.S. and Canada: Number of NAR Occurrences from Individual Shipper Origination Points B. Non-Accident-Release Rates Exhibit 8 shows non-accident releases per 1,000 loaded originations by car type in the U.S. and Canada. Exhibits 9 and 10 show per 1,000 originations in the U.S. and Canada by hazard class. Exhibits 11, 12, and 13 show the trends by hazard class and major commodity since Exhibit 8 Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations, by Car Type, U.S. and Canada: Tank Cars 0.3 All Car Types 0.2 Other Car Types 0.1 Intermodal Year 6

10 Exhibit 9 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: 2016* Division 2.2 (Non-Flammable Gas) Combustible Liquid Division 4.1 (Flammable Solid) Class 8 (Corrosive Material) Division 6.1 (Poisonous Materials) All Hazard Classes Class 3 (Flammable Liquid) Division 2.1 (Flammable Gases) Class 9 (Misc. Hazmat) Division 2.3 (Poison Gases) Division 5.1 (Oxidizers) per 1,000 Originations * There was one tank car NAR incident in which the product was reported as Freight All Kinds (FAK). The incident involved a compartment tank car and is not included in the graph. 7

11 Exhibit 10 Loaded Originations, Non-Accident Releases, and NAR Rates by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Loaded Originations HAZARD CLASS 1 Tank Car I/M All 2 Other Total Mixed Freight All Kinds (FAK) , ,500 Division 1.1 thru 1.6 (Explosives) 0 5, ,594 Division 2.1 (Flammable Gases) 347,975 4, ,020 Division 2.2 (Non-Flammable Gas) 26,445 4, ,152 Division 2.3 (Poison Gases) 57, ,325 Class 3 (Flammable Liquid) 913,728 23,865 2, ,586 Combustible Liquid 47,531 1, ,710 Division 4.1 (Flammable Solid) 16,736 2, ,960 Division 4.2 (Spontan. Combust.) 1,169 1, ,786 Division 4.3 (Dangerous/Wet) 526 2, ,539 Division 5.1 (Oxidizers) 15,904 3,352 23,086 42,342 Division 5.2 (Oxidizers) Division 6.1 (Poisonous Materials) 23,524 6, ,476 Class 7 (Radioactive) ,330 5,030 Class 8 (Corrosive Material) 258,183 24,839 1, ,048 Class 9 (Misc. Hazmat) 171,759 48,636 41, ,367 Total 1,881, ,053 76,059 2,637,234 Non-Accident Releases HAZARD CLASS 1 Tank Car I/M All 2 Other Total Mixed Freight All Kinds (FAK) Division 1.1 thru 1.6 (Explosives) Division 2.1 (Flammable Gases) Division 2.2 (Non-Flammable Gas) Division 2.3 (Poison Gases) Class 3 (Flammable Liquid) Combustible Liquid Division 4.1 (Flammable Solid) Division 4.2 (Spontan. Combust.) Division 4.3 (Dangerous/Wet) Division 5.1 (Oxidizers) Division 5.2 (Oxidizers) Division 6.1 (Poisonous Materials) Class 7 (Radioactive) Class 8 (Corrosive Material) Class 9 (Misc. Hazmat) Total NAR Rate per 1,000 Originations HAZARD CLASS 1 Tank Car I/M All 2 Other Total Mixed Freight All Kinds (FAK) Division 1.1 thru 1.6 (Explosives) Division 2.1 (Flammable Gases) Division 2.2 (Non-Flammable Gas) Division 2.3 (Poison Gases) Class 3 (Flammable Liquid) Combustible Liquid Division 4.1 (Flammable Solid) Division 4.2 (Spontan. Combust.) Division 4.3 (Dangerous/Wet) Division 5.1 (Oxidizers) Division 5.2 (Oxidizers) Division 6.1 (Poisonous Materials) Class 7 (Radioactive) Class 8 (Corrosive Material) Class 9 (Misc. Hazmat) Total Notes: 1. Some originations and were reported with an unknown hazard class and therefore are not recorded in this exhibit or subsequent exhibits. 2. Normalizer for intermodal rate calculations is number of containers and trailers. 8

12 Exhibit 11 Tank Car Non-Accident Release Rates by Hazard Class and Major Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non- Accident Release Rates Hazard Class/ Tank Car Non-Accident Releases 1,000 Originations Commodity Hazard Class (Flammable Gas) LPG ( , others) Hazard Class (Non-Flammable Gas) Ammonia ( , others) Hazard Class (Poison Gas) Chlorine ( ) Hazard Class (Flammable Liquid) Alcohols, N.O.S. ( , others) Petroleum Crude Oil ( , others) Combustible Liquid Hazard Class (Oxidizers) Hazard Class (Poisonous Material) Hazard Class (Corrosive Material) Sulfuric Acid ( , ) Hydrochloric Acid ( , ) Phosphoric Acid ( , others) Sodium Hydroxide ( , others) Hazard Class (Miscellaneous) Other Hazard Classes (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, FAK) Total, U.S. & Canada Notes: 1. A specific commodity listed in italics under a given hazard class is included in the hazard class total. 2. The Tank Car Non-Accident Release Rate is the number of tank car non-accident releases per thousand tank car originations. 3. The hazard classes include hazardous waste (Hazardous material Code 48), as well as hazardous materials (Hazardous material Code 49). 4. NAR rates may not be reported precisely in this table due to rounding. 5. Since 1997 releases of carbon dioxide, argon, oxygen and other atmospheric gases through normal safety venting have not been counted as ; they were formerly recorded in Division

13 per 1,000 Originations Exhibit 12 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations by Major Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: per 1,000 Originations Division 2.2 Combustible Liquid Class 8 Class 3 All Commodities Division Year Exhibit 13 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations for Selected Major Commodities, U.S. and Canada: Hydrochloric Acid Anhydrous, Ammonia All Commodities Sulfuric Acid LPG Chlorine Year C. Non-Accident-Release Sources and Causes Exhibit 14 shows the sources of leaks of tank car from 2011 to Exhibits 15 and 17 show the number of by major sources for pressure tank cars and non-pressure tank cars, respectively. Exhibits 16 and 18 show the top reported NAR causes. Exhibits 19, 20 and 21 show the number of tank car by major source and cause. Exhibits 22 and 23 show the number of tank car by selected source and commodity. 10

14 Exhibit 14 Sources of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: NON-ACCIDENT RELEASES (): Total in All Car Types Total Number of Tank Cars with Total Number of Intermodal with Total Number of Other Cars with Sources of Tank-Car Non-Accident Releases: U.S. & Canada Pressure Relief Valve or Vent* (Pressure Relief Valve) (Disc Ruptured) (Safety Vent - Other) Manway/Pressure Plate (Hinged & Bolted) (Pressure Plate) Fill Hole Liquid Line Without Valve With Valve Vapor Line Without Valve With Valve Gauging Device Closed Open Sample Line Thermometer Well Vacuum Relief Valve Bottom Fittings Main Valve Auxiliary Valve Stuffing Box Heater Coils Washout Sump Shell or Head Other Total Tank Car Non-Accident Releases** *** Tank Car Originations (thousands) 1,585 1,761 2,003 2,154 2,090 1,881 in Tank Cars per 1,000 Originations Figures in italics are a subset of the line immediately preceding them in the table * Values have changed slightly due to the addition of category "Vacuum Relief Valve". **Includes multiple sources of leaks from the same car. ***Excludes 21 that did not have a cause assigned 11

15 Exhibit 15 Number of Pressure Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Component*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Liquid Line 34 (40%) Vapor Line 28 (33%) Pressure Relief Valve or Vent 8 (9%) Sample Line 4 (5%) Gauging Device 2 (2%) Other 1 (1%) *8 did not have a cause assigned. *Total = 85 Exhibit 16 Top Reported Non-Accident Release Causes for Pressure Tank Cars*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Liquid line - closure plug loose, valve open 18 (21%) Vapor line - closure plug loose, valve open 17 (20%) Liquid line - closure cap loose, valve open 7 (8%) Vapor line - closure cap loose, valve open 5 (6%) Liquid line - loose packing retainer 4 (5%) Liquid line - closure plug loose, valve closed 2 (2%) Closed gauging device - body, other 2 (2%) Sample line - closure plug threads worn, valve closed 2 (2%) Vapor line - closure plug threads worn, valve closed 2 (2%) *18 Causes Had 1 NAR Each, 8 did not have a cause assigned. *Total = 85 12

16 Exhibit 17 Number of Non-Pressure Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Component*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Manway/Pressure Plate Liquid Line Bottom Fittings Vacuum Relief Valve Pressure Relief Valve or Vent Fill Hole Vapor Line Other Sample Line Shell or Head Washout 70 (18%) 51 (13%) 29 (7%) 28 (7%) 25 (6%) 15 (4%) 9 (2%) 7 (2%) 6 (2%) 1 (0%) 136 (34%) *10 did not have a cause assigned. *Total = 387 Exhibit 18 Top Reported Non-Accident Release Causes for Non-Pressure Tank Cars*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Manway - bolts/nuts loose 55 (14%) Manway - gasket deteriorated 43 (11%) Manway - gasket misaligned 17 (4%) Liquid line - valve loose 14 (4%) BOV - cap loose, valve open Fill hole - bolts/nuts loose Liquid line - closure flange bolts loose (3%) (3%) (3%) Liquid line - closure cap loose, valve open Manway - gasket missing Other BOV - valve body, other (2%) (2%) (2%) (2%) *3 Other Causes Had 7, 2 Other Causes Had 6, 1 Other Cause Had 5, 4 Other Causes Had 4, 6 Other Causes Had 3, 22 Other Causes Had 2, 57 Other Causes Had 1 NAR, 10 did not have a cause assigned. *Total =

17 Exhibit 19 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Manway Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Bolts/nuts loose 56 (41%) Gasket deteriorated 44 (32%) Gasket misaligned 17 (12%) Gasket missing 9 (7%) Pressure plate, gasket misaligned 4 (3%) Pressure plate, bolts/nuts loose 3 (2%) *2 Other Causes Had 2 NAR Each, 1 Other Cause Had 1 NAR Each. *Total = 138 Exhibit 20 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Bottom Outlet Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Cap loose, valve open 12 (23%) Valve body, other 9 (17%) Cap loose, valve closed Mounting flange bolts loose 6 (12%) 7 (13%) Cap, gasket deteriorated Valve stem, loose packing retainer Cap, gasket missing Closure plug loose, valve open Loose packing gland nut 4 (8%) 3 (6%) 2 (4%) 2 (4%) 2 (4%) *5 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 52 14

18 Exhibit 21 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Pressure Relief Valve Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Valve seat, other Valve seat, hydraulic surge Valve seat, overloaded tank Valve seat, broken spring Valve seat, o-ring abrasion Valve seat, o-ring extrusion/nibbling Valve body, broken/cracked Valve seat, o-ring installation damage Valve seat, bent/broken stem Valve seat, o-ring chemical degradation Valve seat, o-ring incompatible Valve seat, o-ring incorrect size 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 2 (11%) 3 (16%) 5 (26%) *Total = 19 Exhibit 22 Frangible-Disc-Caused Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Commodity*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid 3 (21%) 3 (21%) Fluorosilicic acid 2 (14%) Sodium hydroxide solution 2 (14%) Phosphoric acid solution 2 (14%) Potassium hydroxide, solution Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid 1 (7%) 1 (7%) *Total = 14 15

19 Exhibit 23 Pressure Relief Valve-Caused Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Commodity*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Sodium hydroxide solution 2 (11%) Petroleum gases, liquefied 2 (11%) Elevated temperature liquid, N.O.S. 2 (11%) Ammonia, anhydrous 2 (11%) Alcohols, N.O.S. 2 (11%) D. Non-Accident-Release Causes by Commodity *9 Other Commodities Had 1 NAR Each. *Total = 19 Exhibits show the number of tank car by major cause for selected commodities in If a NAR did not have a cause code assigned, it is still counted in the total number of. Exhibit 24 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Alcohols N. O. S. by Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Liquid line - valve loose 6 (10%) Manway - gasket deteriorated VRV - cap/cover, o-ring chemical degradation Manway - bolts/nuts loose Liquid line - mounting flange bolts/nuts loose BOV - cap loose, valve closed Other Vapor line - valve loose Liquid line - connection flange gasket deteriorated Manway - gasket misaligned 4 (7%) 4 (7%) 3 (5%) 3 (5%) 3 (5%) 2 (3%) 2 (3%) 2 (3%) 2 (3%) *26 Other Causes Had 1 Each, 1 NAR did not have a cause assigned. *Total = 58 16

20 Exhibit 25 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Anhydrous Ammonia by Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 PRD - valve seat, o-ring chemical degradation 1 (20%) PRD - valve seat, o-ring incompatible 1 (20%) Liquid line - closure cap loose, valve open 1 (20%) 0 2 *2 did not have a cause assigned *Total = 5. Exhibit 26 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Elevated Temperature Materials by Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Manway - bolts/nuts loose 6 (40%) Manway - gasket deteriorated Manway - gasket missing 2 (13%) 2 (13%) VRV - cap/cover, o-ring chemical degradation BOV - cap loose, valve open PRD - valve seat, other PRD - valve seat, hydraulic surge 1 (7%) 1 (7%) 1 (7%) 1 (7%) *1 did not have a cause assigned. *Total =

21 Exhibit 27 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Gasoline by Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Manway - gasket deteriorated 3 (18%) Sample line - closure plug loose, valve open 2 (12%) Liquid line - valve loose 2 (12%) Manway - bolts/nuts loose 2 (12%) *8 Other Causes Had 1 Each. *Total = 17 Exhibit 28 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Hydrochloric Acid by Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Fill hole - bolts/nuts loose 9 (26%) Liquid line - closure flange bolts loose 6 (17%) Liquid line - closure flange gasket deteriorated 4 (11%) Tank - rubber lining failure 2 (6%) *14 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 35 18

22 Exhibit 29 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Liquefied Petroleum Gases by Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Vapor line - closure plug loose, valve open Liquid line - closure plug loose, valve open 13 (21%) 13 (21%) Liquid line - closure cap loose, valve open Vapor line - closure cap loose, valve open 4 (7%) 5 (8%) Closed gauging device - body, other Vapor line - closure plug treads worn, valve closed Liquid line - closure plug loose, valve closed Sample line - closure plug threads worn, valve open Liquid line - loose packing retainer 2 (3%) 2 (3%) 2 (3%) 2 (3%) 2 (3%) *12 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each, 4 did not have a cause assigned. *Total = 61 Exhibit 30 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Sodium Hydroxide Solution by Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 2016 Manway - gasket deteriorated 2 (20%) BOV - cap, gasket deteriorated PRD - valve seat, other Tank - shell, crack/weld failure BOV - cap loose, valve closed PRD - frangible disc ruptured PRD - frangible disc ruptured, surge suppresor present BOV - cap loose, valve open PRD - valve seat, hydraulic surge 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) *Total = 10 19

23 E. Injuries due to Non-Accident-Releases Exhibits show the number of NAR-caused injuries in U.S. and Canada from 2011 to Exhibit 31 Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: Number of Injuries Year Exhibit 32 Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Commodity*, U.S. and Canada: Sulfur, molten Sulfuric acid Hydrochloric acid Flammable liquids, N.O.S. Chlorine Sodium hydroxide solution Ammonia, anhydrous Phosphoric acid solution Bisulfites, aqueous solution, N.O.S. Potassium hydroxide, solution Cresylic acid Injuries *7 Other Commodities Had 2 Injuries, 6 Other Commodities Had 1 Injury Each. 20

24 Exhibit 33 Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Component*, U.S. and Canada: Manway - hinged & bolted Fill hole Tank Liquid line/liquid valve Reclosing pressure relief device Air inlet/vapor valve Bottom outlet valve Vaccum relief valve, actuating Non-reclosing pressure relief device Other Manway - pressure plate Liquid line - without valve *9 did not have a cause assigned. Injuries Exhibit 34 Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Cause*, U.S. and Canada: Manway - bolts/nuts loose 8 Fill hole, cover misaligned or not properly applied Tank - head, rubber lining failure 4 4 Tank - shell, rubber lining failure BOV - mounting flange bolts loose Other Manway - gasket incorrect size Manway - gasket misaligned Injuries *13 Other Causes Had 2 Injuries, 18 Other Causes Had 1 Injury Each. *9 did not have a cause assigned. 21

25 Preparation of this report is sponsored by the Association of American Railroads. It was prepared by Weixi Li, Geordie Roscoe, Chen-Yu Lin & Christopher P.L. Barkan from the Rail Transportation and Engineering Center (RailTEC) of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Thanks to Todd Treichel of the RSI- AAR Railroad Tank Car Safety Research and Test Project, Andy Elkins, Robert Fronczak, M. Rapik Saat of AAR and David Schoendorfer of NS, for their useful suggestions and careful review of this report.. This is Part Two of AAR's Annual Report on Hazardous Materials Transported by Rail (BOE 16-2). Questions concerning any information contained in this report should be directed to: Andy Elkins Manager - Hazmat Compliance Association of American Railroads Bureau of Explosives Safety & Operations rd Street, SW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC (202) AElkins@aar.org 22