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1 Available online freely at Bioscience Research Print ISSN: Online ISSN: Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH,01815(): OPEN ACCESS Economic and environmental impacts of biofuel production of the jatropha plant in Egypt Ahlam Ahmed Hassan Agricultural Economics Department, National Research Center, Egypt. 18 May.018 Published online: 6 June. 018 Egypt is one of the countries that suffer from a deficit in the trade balance due to the high value of imports of crops used for the production of biofuels, which account for about 0% of the deficit in the trade balance. It also suffers from the high value of petroleum imports, which amounted to about 17% of the deficit in the trade balance. The problem of the study is the energy crisis and the increasing deficit in the trade balance. The objective of the study is cultivate non-food plants, such as jatropha for biofuel production, which contains about 5-0% of the oil in the seed. A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using jatropha as one of the sources of bio-fuel production, The most important results show that the Jatropha plant project is profitable and economically feasible, as the sensitivity analysis proved the resilience of this project against the risk, such as increasing costs and decrease in revenue at the same time.net profit is about 91.9 pounds, Also, the oil extraction project of the seeds of Jatropha proved economically feasible. Therefore, the study is recommends adopting and applying bio-fuel production from Jatropha plant. Keywords: Biofuel, Jatropha Plant, Extracting Jatropha oil, Bio diesel INTRODUCTION Energy access is the most important issue of this century, and man has sought to utilize many sources of energy in its history. Some of these sources include solar energy, the energy of vital biomass such as wood from plant and animal waste, waterfalls, wind, coal, petroleum, and nuclear power. In 197, as a result of high oil prices, some countries sought to find another source of energy other than petroleum. Also, because oil is considered a non-renewable energy source, it is liable to extinction, and alternative energy sources guarantee the countries their economic independence and eliminate the danger of oil producing countries controlling oil prices. Therefore, the countries began to produce biofuels from agricultural crops. However, imbalance of supply and demand of these crops soon became a problem. This in turn resulted in the rise in prices of agricultural crops, which are used in the production of biofuels (Iman, 016). The studies proved that the production and consumption of biofuels in the world is increasing. The global production capacity of ethanol and biodiesel reached about 6.51 and 7.196% respectively in 017, and there was a continued rise in price of ethanol and bio-diesel by 6.57% and 8.67% as compared to 01. Biofuels consumption also increased from 1. million gallons in 01 to 1. million gallons in 016. The United States, Brazil, Argentina, the European Union and China are the highest producers globally, accounting for more than 85% of the world's total biofuel production. Study Problem: The shortage of gasoline and diesel in Egypt has become a source of concern and a real crisis. The search for other sources of energy produced locally has gained momentum. It is necessary

2 cultivate non-food plants such as Jatropha because it contains about 5-0% of oil in seeds and is not fit for human consumption. Jatropha oil is very similar to petroleum diesel oil, as well. It pollutes the air and environment at a very minimal level, because it produces small amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and it has excellent properties for lubrication and bioanalysis. Study objective: The research aims to identify. 1- The evolution of global production of biofuels. - The current status of petroleum fuel energy in Egypt. - Characteristics in Jatropha that would prove it to be a good source of biofuel. - The economic and environmental revenues from the Jatropha cultivation for biofuel production by knowing what biofuels are, the various types, different sources and how to produce them, and how to extract oil from it and turn it into a usable bio diesel. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research depends on the data published in FAO, Earth Policy Organization, and research and studies related to the subject. It follows the descriptive analytical statistical method, prepares the feasibility study to determine the feasibility of using Jatropha as one of sources of biofuel production, and analyze the data and results to identify the significance of economic indicators to achieve the research objective. The concept of biofuels: Biofuels are solid fuel, liquid or gas extracted from living organisms or plants and animal residues. The ways they are used sometimes are new, such as engines of combustion and machine management instead of gasoline and diesel in electricity generation. Biofuel types: Solid species include biomass like wood; gas forms include biogas extracted from the decomposition of plants and animal droppings; and liquid (the most important and widespread )come in the form of ethanol (Nour, 009). Sources of biofuels: 1- Food crops containing sugar and starch such as wheat, corn, sugar cane, and sugar beet in which ethanol is extracted through fermentation processes. These form about 90% of the total production of biofuels. - Food crops containing oils like sunflowers or soybeans or non-food plants such as the Jatropha plant. Oil is extracted via chemical treatment to obtain bio-diesel (gasoline), which is the secondmost prevalent form after ethanol (Erin and Chris, 006). 1- The evolution of global bio-fuel production: Global bio-fuel production has increased rapidly in recent years. More than 0 countries have funded development programs to promote bio-fuel production and marketing (Charlotta, 007). This is in order to reduce dependence on oil and to address problems like climate change and heat emissions that have a negative impact on the environment because of the use of fossil fuels (coal and petroleum). Table (1) shows the increase in global production of biofuels during the period (000-01) from about 519 million gallons to 1877 million gallons, an increase of about 850.8%. The relative importance of the most important ethanol producing countries (USA, Brazil, European Union, and China), reached about 5.,.8,.60 and %, respectively during the period. International Biofuel Trade: First: Ethanol. The average production of biofuels during the period in the world, United States, Brazil, European Union, and China reached about 5, 7, 5, 7 and 7%, respectively in 017. The United States and Brazil account for 81% of global ethanol production. The United States reduced its dependence on oil in 017 by about 0 % as it extracted ethanol from corn, while Brazil relied once again on sugarcane to extract ethanol., The share of biofuels in the global energy market was estimated at 1.5% in 017, but was responsible for 70% of the rise in prices of agricultural food commodities including wheat, maize and sugar. In addition, the continued production of biofuels from food crops comes at the expense of food for human consumption, especially affecting poor countries that depend on aid from surplus countries that produce biofuels. Second: Bio-diesel. Table () shows the most important countries producing bio-diesel in the world during the period The average production of bio-diesel during this period reached about 690, 105, 97, and 0.5 million gallons respectively for the world Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

3 Table (1).The production of bioethanol in the world and the relative importance of the most important ethanol producing countries in period (000-01). Year World price of petroleum Barrel Total World production of Ethanol % The Relative Importance USA USA production of Ethanol % The relative importance Brazil Brazil production of Ethanol % The relative Importance European Union European Union production of Ethanol % The Relative importance China China production of Ethanol average Source: A Review of the Current State of bio Energy Development in Countries, FAO. Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

4 Year Table ().The production of biodiesel in the world and the major producing countries in (000-01). World Biodiesel Million Gallons % The Relative Importance European Union European Union Biodiesel Million Gallons % The Relative Importance USA United States Biodiesel Million Gallons % The relative Importance Brazil Brazil Biodiesel Million Gallons Average Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from F.O. Licht, World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, deferent volume. Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

5 and the most important producing countries (European Union, United States and Brazil). The European Union accounted for about 6.59% of world production and ranked first in bio-diesel production. The European Union uses rapeseed in Bio-diesel production. Brazil ranked second and accounted for about 15% of world production. Soya and sunflower are used in Brazil. The USA accounted for about 1% of the world production of bio-diesel, East Asian countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, meanwhile; rely on palm oil to produce bio-diesel. Table () shows the expected trade of biofuel production, consumption, trade balance, producer price and the rate of change in production for the highest-producing countries during the period such as the world, the US, Brazil, Argentina, the EU and China. The rate of change in production during this period in the world, and the highest-producing countries was increasing as a whole, while United States experienced a downward trend due to an increase in the quantities consumed locally RESULTS The current status of petroleum fuel in Egypt: The ratio of petroleum exports in 016 declined by about 0% of the value of total exports compared to the ratio in 015, which amounted to about 0%. Meanwhile, the collected revenues of the Petroleum Authority decreased by about 17.6 billion pounds, from about 69.% of total revenues, As a result of the decline in international prices of petroleum products, the state has reduced the petroleum and fuel subsidized by LE billion in 016. The ratio of petroleum imports in 015 was about 16.1% of the total value of imports, while it reached about 1.6% in 016.The proportion of fuel contribution to the rate of inflation was about 0.8% in 016, and the trade balance deficit was about 9 billion dollars in 015/016.The proportion of oil imports of the deficit in the trade balance about 17% (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics-Egypt 016 data). Taking all of this into account, the future of biodiesel production in Egypt depends on expanding the cultivation of non-food plants such as Jatropha, known as green oil". The characteristics of the Jatropha plants: - The dendritic plant is native to South America and is spread throughout arid and semiarid areas. Followed by the family of Euphorbasi, it rises to a height of 7-10 meters has five-leafed leaflets, yellow flowers and fruit capsules containing three black seeds. The plant typically blooms in April and fruit appears in May. The percentage of oil is between 5-0% in the seeds of Jatropha, and the proportion of saturated fat to unsaturated fat is about 0% to 79%, It is cultivated in poor desert and saline lands, and used to treat sewage water ( Ezat et al., 008). It is highly drought tolerant, and it does not need to be fertilized due to its richness in nitrogen, phosphates and potassium, It is also used for human consumption in general. Its branches are used in dyeing cloth, and plants are planted to protect the gardens and fields of animals because its smell expels animals. It has other uses in which the oil is used in the production of soap, candles and some cosmetics. The production costs are also very low. It was planted as a test in Luxor Governorate in Egypt and it flourished twice a year due to the availability of flowering conditions. The experiment in Luxor achieved a high growth rate and the fruits were harvested after only 18 months of planting compared to the three year cultivation period in other countries. The yield of one tree after two years of agriculture weighing - kg is expected to increase the yield during the age of trees, which can be up to 1-18 kg (Abd-Aldayem, 007). It is therefore necessary to be able to produce energy as biodiesel. Diesel combustion, which is made from Jatropha oil, generates a fifth of the amount of carbon dioxide burned by fossil fuels, which means that it can reduce 80-85% of the damage caused by oil diesel, and can be considered an extremely environmental friendly fuel (Al-housiny and Zaynab, 009).. The economic and environmental return of the Jatropha plant for the biofuels production: How to produce Jatropha seeds, extract oil from them, and convert them into usable bio diesel? First: The feasibility of planting the Jatropha plant, in light of the following assumptions: 1 - Sandy desert soil, one acre farming distance 1.5x 1.5. This distance is considered economically feasible. - Tree productivity of seeds (0.0, 0.5, 1, and ) kg for the tree for years (-5), and the productivity of the tree about -5 kg for years (6-1), and a decline in productivity between the years (1-0) to.5 kg Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

6 The change of (%) Producer price Consumption Imports Exports Trade balance Consumption Trade balance The change of % Producer price Consumption Trade balance The change of % Ahlam Ahmed Hassan Table (). The volume of international trade of biofuels expected during the period (017-07). World (Million Gallon) China (Million Gallon) Brazil (Million Gallon) Year Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from F.O. Licht, World Ethanol and Biofuels Report deferent vol. Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

7 Producer price Consumption Imports Exports Trade balance The change of % Producer price Consumption Imports Exports Trade balance The change of % Producer price Consumption Trade balance The change of % Ahlam Ahmed Hassan Continued Table No () United States (Million Gallon) European Union (Million Gallon) Argentina (Million Gallon) Year Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from F.O. Licht, World Ethanol and Biofuels Report deferent vol. Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

8 - Tree productivity of waste (0.0, 1,, and.5) kg/ ree for years (6-1), kg for years (1-0). - of fruit after 18 months. 5- The rate of oil in seed is between 5-0% and a kilogram contains about 150 seeds. 6- Irrigation with treated sewage water. No fertilizer is added. The first year there is no return, and is considered an establishment expense. Irrigation occurs four times per month in winter, 10 times per month in summer, 0 times per month in winter and 70 times per month in summer. The total is 90 times, with a onetime cost of 1 pounds, and need one factor at a cost of 50 pounds. Investment costs for the cultivation one feddan of Jatropha: Table () Investment costs for items (land price (rent)-soil adjustment-drip irrigation system - the price of Jatropha seedlings-labor) where the total cost of investment is about 1.9 thousand pounds. Operational costs items: Average total operating costs amounts to about LE thousand. Table (5) shows the items of operational costs (irrigation costs, improvement of jour, pruning, and seed collection costs). Table (6) shows the average of the total investment, and operational costs of about 9. thousand pounds. Table (7) shows the revenues items for the cultivation feddan of Jatropha (yield of seeds produced-yield of pruning waste). Average annual return is about thousand pounds. The quantity of seeds produced of feddan is about 000 kg. Table (8) shows cost and return analysis or economic efficiency indicators for the cultivation of feddan of Jatropha plant, where the net profit amounts to about 8,851 thousand pounds, which is a positive value indicating the profitability of the project. The length of the recovery period was about.17 years, and the return on capital rate was 7.98%. Average return on capital is about.9, which is greater than one, and the return/cost ratio is about These values indicate the feasibility of the project. Table (9) shows the sensitivity analysis of the Jatropha cultivation project: costs increase 0%, the revenues reduce by 0%, and with the application of the increase and decrease together, the results prove it is profitable when faced with risks such as a 0% increase in costs and a 0% decrease in revenues. Where the net profit was about.9 thousand pounds, which is a positive value indicating the profitability of the project, the length of the period of the return of the capital amounted to about.6 years. The rate of return on capital is 0.65%, and the return/cost ratio was 1.1 greater than one. These values indicate the feasibility of the project. Conclusion of the feasibility study for the project cultivation one feddan of jatropha. The feddan produces 000 kilos of seeds, so we need to cultivate 1.00 thousand feddans in principle to set up a factory and operate it with a capacity of 000 tons of oil/year. This will allow us to extract oil from the Jatropha plant. Jatropha is dried in the sun for days before extracting oil, and loses 10% of its volume. Accordingly, the amount of oil is based on the ratio of oil extracted: 5%. Jatropha oil density is kg /liter; production of feddan is 000 kg of seeds; the quantity of loss = 000 * 10/100 = 00 kg, = 700 kg 700*0.916=7. liters oil, equivalent to.5 tons oil / feddan. Therefore, 7./.78=65.9 Gallon oil, 65.9 *5/100=9 Gallon of biofuel/feddan ofjatropha. Second: The feasibility of extracting Jatropha oil : The operational costs includes (labor, raw materials like seed and seed cracking, equipment operation costs, interest, fuel, depreciation, health and safety costs, environmental taxes). The operational total cost reached about million pounds. Table (10) shows the items and analysis of the total costs of extracting Jatropha oil, which include investment costs like factory, machinery, land and construction value. The revenues include the items oil revenues, oilcake and waste. The net revenues after taxes reached about.7 million pounds. Table No (11) shows the analysis of the revenues of Jatropha oil extraction for a factory with a capacity of 000 tons of oil/year. Table (1) clear that the Economic Efficiency Indicators for Jatropha oil Extraction Project. The net profit amounted to LE million pounds, a positive value indicating profitability. The return on capital rate was about 7.0%, indicating the feasibility of the project. The capital recovery period was.70 years. This proves the feasibility of the project. Table (1) shows the sensitivity analysis of the Jatropha oil extraction project. Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

9 Table (). Investment costs for planting feddan of Jatropha (value in pounds). Items Number Unit price /pound Total cost Life span Replacement costs Feddan Soil leveling Drip irrigation system Jatropha share of water pump The price of jatropha seedlings Employment (man/day) Total investment costs Source: Account and collected by researcher based on the cost items included in the Marwa and Mohamed (015). Table (5). Operational costs of cultivation feddan of the Jatropha (value in pounds). Costs of Costs of Costs of Costs of Irrigation system Improvement Years irrigation irrigation pruning collecting Total maintenance of jour workers pumps process seeds Average Source: Account and collected by researcher based on the cost items included in the Marwa and Mohamed (015). Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

10 Table (6). Total investment and operational costs of cultivation feddan of Jatropha (value in pounds). Years Investment costs Replacement costs Operational costs Total costs Total costs Average Costs 9.71 Source: Account and collected by researcher based on the cost items included in the Marwa and Mohamed (015). Table (7).Total revenues of cultivation feddan of Jatropha. Years Price of seeds (kg) Price of waste (kg) Seeding price Quantity of seeds produced per feddan kg per year Return seed Return of pruning residues Revenue of seedlings Total revenue _ Average yield /feddan/year during the tree age ( kg) 000 Total revenue Average revenue per feddan during the period Source: Account and collected by researcher based on the cost items included in the Marwa and Mohamed (015) Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

11 Table (8). Economic efficiency indicators for the project of cultivation feddan of Jatropha plant (value in pounds). Capita recovery Rate of return on The capital Return/Cost Net profit period capital average return on Ratio years 7.98%.9.7 Source: Calculated from Table (6,7). Table (9). Sensitivity analysis of the Jatropha cultivation project at 0% cost increase and 0% reduction in revenue-apply both increase and decrease. Newcosts after cost increase 0% New revenue after revenue reduction 0% 160 Apply increase and decrease together Net profit Net profit Net profit The length of the capita recovery period 1.58 The length of the capita recovery period 1.76 The length of the capita recovery period.6 Rate of return on capital 6.1% Rate of return on capital 56.78% Rate of return on capital 0.65% Ratio of returns/costs 1.6 Ratio of returns/costs Ratio of returns/costs 1.1 Source : Calculated from Table (6,7). Table (10).Jatropha oil extraction costs for factory with a capacity of 000 tons of oil per year (value in pounds). Items Value of costs Unitprice (pound) The factory capacity 000 Costs Investment costs Factory and equipment Number or quantity and unit Land and construction Total investment costs Operational costs Employment workers/month Equipment operating and maintenance costs In month Interest expenses Epreciation 10%/annually Power supply (power-gas) Taxes 0% The quantity of seed required kg Ton Cost of seeds required Costs of cracking seeds Health and safety costs (environmental( Total Costs Source: Account and collected by researcher based on the cost items included in the Marwa and Mohamed (015). World price per ton of seed = $ 77.78, $ 1=18 pounds price per ton=5000 pounds. Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

12 Table (11).Jatropha oil extraction revenues, for factory with a capacity of 000 tons of oil per year (value in pounds). Items Value of revenue Unit price (Pound) Quantity (ton) The factory capacity 000 Revenue Oil revenues Oilcake revenues Waste Total revenue Taxes Net revenues after tax pounds Source: Account and collected by researcher based on the cost items included in the Marwa and Mohamed (015).World oil price = $600, $1=18 Egyptian pounds price of oil ton=10800 Table (1). Economic efficiency indicators for Jatropha oil extraction project (value in pounds). Net profit before Net profit Rate of return Return/cost Capital recovery tax after tax on capital ratio period Table (1). Sensitivity analysis of the Jatropha oil extraction project at 0% increase in costs- 0% reduction of revenues apply both increase and decrease. Cost increase and Costs after 0 % Revenue after revenue reduction increase 0% reduction together (0%) Net profit Net profit 76 Net profit Rate of return on capital Capital recovery period Year Revenue/cost ratio 1.9 Rate of return on capital Capital recovery period Revenue/cost ratio..99 Year 1.8 Source: Calculated from Table (11, 10). Rate of return on capital Capital Recovery Period Revenue / cost ratio year 1.11 Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

13 Table (1). Revenues and costs of production of biofuels (value in pounds). Items Value Unit price/pound Quantity Tons Costs Jatropha crude oil Methanol Potassium hydroxide Employment workers Operation and maintenance cost Monthly Fuel Interest expenses Total costs Revenue Biofuels tons Glycerol Return reducing the proportion of carbon dioxide Total revenue LE per gallon of biofuel Taxes 160 Source: Account and collected by researcher based on the cost items included in the Marwa and Mohamed (015).Global price per ton of biofuel = $ 9.5, $1= 18 Egyptian pounds. The price of fuel/ ton = 17,000 pounds, ton = 6.15 gallons, gallon =.79 liters. Table (15). Economic efficiency indicators of the biofuels production of jatropha oil project. Net profit before tax Rate of return on Rate of return/ Capital Recovery Net profit after tax deduction capital costs Period Source: Calculated from Table (1). The project is profitable and proves to bear risks such as a 0% increase in costs and a decline in revenue by 0%. Net profit is about.95 million pounds, the return on capital reaches about 11.16%, and the capital recovery period is about 8.96 years less than half the life of the project. All indicators indicate the feasibility of the project. Third: The feasibility of producing biofuels: Table (1) shows the cost of items including: the cost of crude Jatropha oil, methanol, potassium hydroxide used in chemical treatment, labor, operating cost, fuel, and interest expenses. The total costs reached about.16 million pounds, while the total revenue (which includes the value of biofuels, the glycerin value, and the return of the reduction of the ratio of carbon dioxide reached about.80 million pounds. Table (15) shows the analysis of return and costs or indicators of economic feasibility, where the net profit amounted to about 8.9 million pounds, which is a positive value of the profitability of the project and its feasibility. The rate of return on capital was about 7.07%, and the period of capital recovery was about. years. Indicators indicate the feasibility of the project. Environmental Return: Improving air quality, as environmental studies have shown that the pool in one feddan of agricultural land absorbs 50 kg of carbon dioxide gas and releases 50 kg of oxygen/hour. The tree also absorbs 1.7 kg of carbon dioxide gas and produces 10 liters of oxygen/day. This is in addition to reducing the speed of dust-laden air, which leads to the deposition of contaminants suspended in the atmosphere so that the air becomes pure. Biofuels are clean fuels that are not harmful to the environment or the climate because they Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():

14 contain less carbon dioxide. This is especially true in considering the absence of lead, Table (16) is shown that the percentage of emissions that pollute the environment is low in case of use biodiesel at 100%. Table (17) shows the large amount of carbon dioxide emissions, which we can be reduced it by 85%, by using bio diesel instead of diesel oil. Table (16). The Reduced rate of emissions that pollute the environment, in case of use the biofuels that produced of the jatropha oil. Emissions that pollute the environment Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons Suspended particles or impurities Nitrogen Oxides Air toxins Bio-fuel of Jatropha oil 100% Bio-fuel of Jatropha oil and mixing 0% of diesel Cancer Causative Source: Account and collected by researcher based on the cost items included in the Marwa and Mohamed (015). Table (17). Quantity of consumption of petroleum products (in thousand tons) and Quantity of emissions of carbon dioxide gas from consumption of petroleum products (million metric tons) in Egypt during the period ( ). Year Quantity of consumption of petroleum products (thousand tons) Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15(): Quantity of emissions of carbon dioxide gas from consumption of petroleum products (million metric tons) 007/ / / / / / / / / Source: Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics data ( ). One of the elements that causes cancer (El- Hakim and Sabry, 007). Disposal of waste water, preferably in the cultivation of Jatropha, so as to prevent and reduce their disposal in the Nile River or the sea. This prevents their pollution by heavy elements and harmful microbial organisms, in addition to reducing the deterioration of fish and aquatic and marine aquaculture. Contribution to the provision of health return for individuals as a result of the eradication of sources responsible for breeding insects and carriers of diseases (due to the accumulation of wastewater). Provision of budgets allocated by the state to deal with diseases caused by pollution resulting from waste water that is disposed of in the Nile River, and also from air pollution. CONCLUSION Adopting and applying bio-fuel production from non-food crops, such as Jatropha plants, where it does not contend with crops in the soil because it is suitable in all soil types. In addition, it does not compete in the water and does not require fertilizer, and its production costs are therefore low. The economic feasibility of the cultivation of Jatropha, seeds production, oil extraction, and

15 biofuel production proved feasibility, so the study recommends biofuel production. The environmental impact of biofuels proved that the fuel is cleaner, environmentally friendly, less harmful than petroleum fuel pollution by up to 85%, and can thus can save budgets spent on the effects of environmental pollution and climate change. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The present study was performed in absence of any conflict of interest. Copyrights: author (s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. REFERENCES Abd-Aldayem (007).Jatropha bulletin, Central Department of afforestation and environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation pp7. Al-housiny and Zainab (009).Jatropha plant as a source of biofuels, Journal of Agricultural Development in the Arab World, No. 1,,,pp56 Baghdad, Iraq. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics-Egypt 016 data. Charlotta Jull (007). Recent Trends in the Law and Policy of Bioenergy Promotion and Use, FAO (Rome), Legal Papers Online, No. 68,PP-. Earth Policy Institute, Ethanol industry outlook, different volume. Earth Policy Institute, eco. economy indicators, different volume. Erin Ropinson and Chris Rolland (006). Biodiesel Formation, Lifecycle. Methods and Envionnmental Effects, Envionnmental Chemistry Env, Rough Draft, pp1-. EzatSabrah and other (008).Bio-fuel production globally and its impact on the maize crop in Egypt- Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Economics-Volume 8-Issue. El Hakim and Sabry (007). Agriculture Bulletin and production of Jatropha oil, Clean and Environmentally Friend, Ministry of State for the Environment, Environmental Affairs Agency, p. 8. ImanAgouza (016).economic feasibility of the production of biofuels from jatropha as a source of energy, the Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Economics-Volume 6, No., pp087. Marwa and Mohamed Farid (015). Economic study for the production biodiesel of the gatropha plant irrigated with treated sewage water- Master Thesis-Economic and Legal Sciences Department-Institute of Environmental Studies and Research - Ain Shams University. Nour-Nader (009). Biofuels are a profitable investment for our arid land, Al Arabi Magazine.pp policy.org.. Bioscience Research, 018 volume 15():