Biofuels. Biofuels The Good, the Bad & the not so Bad
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1 Biofuels The Good, the Bad & the not so Bad Ron Oxburgh Biofuels Not all are the same there are biofuels and biofuels What is a biofuel? A fuel derived from animal or vegetable material 1
2 Why are Biofuels of interest? Should be able to provide energy at much lower CO 2 (F)/unit energy than fossil fuels Environmental security Currently the only practicable alternative to fossil fuels for making fuel liquids for transport Security of supply Economic Diverse sources Political Putin s Tank Le Monde, 4 Nov
3 Properties of Biofuels GENERAL Odourless Biodegradable Low Sox & particulates Hygoscopic Lubricant properties Blending properties 5-10% mix acceptable in all engines % acceptable in modified engines DIFFERENCES between them Ethanol or biodiesel Cash cost Carbon cost emissions (F)/unit energy Geographical source Sustainability Environmental impact water, habitats etc. Socio/economic impact of production Edible or not Bye-products use Traditional Routes to Biofuel Liquids 1. Fermentation & Distillation Cane sugar Corn Sugar beet etc. ETHANOL 2. Crushing oily seeds Palm Soya Oil seed Rape BIODIESEL All are traded food commodities 3
4 Energy Units Carbon Cost (energy ratio) of Corn vs. Cellulose Ethanol Cultivation Corn Ethanol, O/I = Fertilizer Harvesting Processing Total Fuel Energy O/I = 10 Cellulose Ethanol Routes to Second Generation Biofuel Liquids 1. Fermentation & Distillation Sugars made by enzyme action from cellulose in straw, Forestry residues, miscanthus etc. Specially bred plant varieties ETHANOL 2. Crushing oily plant material from hardy, inedible plants e.g. Jatropha,?algae 3. Gasification Any organic starting material e.g. wood, organics of urban wastes sewage sludge BIODIESEL BIODIESEL & other products 4
5 Second Generation - Three Illustrations Straw to cellulosic ethanol Miscanthus Jatropha to biodiesel Ethanol from Straw First Cellulose Ethanol Shipment: April 21, 2004 Co-production of food and fuel 5
6 Miscanthus WILD JATROPHA NATIVE JATROPHA TREES Robust & undemanding on marginal land 6
7 Jatropha unripe fruit Jatropha Seeds Jatropha Seeds 7
8 Jatropha, Swaziland with okra intercrops Biofuels & Biofuels Kg CO2eq(F)/ MJ Ethanol (Straw) Ethanol (wheat) Ethanol (Beet) Biodiesel (rape) Ethanol (Us Corn) Unleaded Petrol Low S Diesel Data from Elsayed et al
9 Can Biofuels make a difference? Biodiesel 10^E4 tonnes T/ha PALM T/ha SOY km2 NOTE: The cash economics of any particular World: Diesel feedstock are demand 2*10 9 T/yr separate from the carbon How much economics land and would depend be needed? on: 2T/ha 10 7 km 2 requirements = 50%area of Russia Other uses 6T/ha Bye products = area of Canada Transport & other logisitics Earth Surface Cover Types millions of square km Tropical Forests 17.6 Temperate Forests 10.4 Boreal Forests 13.7 Tropical Savannahs 22.5 Temperate grasslands 12.5 Deserts & semi-deserts 45.5 Tundra 9.5 Wetlands 3.5 Croplands 16.0 To provide world biod.(?jatropha) 3-10 Total 151*10 6 km 2 Data United Nations, FRA
10 Biofuel Other Issues Cash cost Refining Quality control Competition with food Land Water The Future - Residues & Special Crops Aviation CORN STUBBLE & STRAW 200 MISCANTHUS thousand Jobs GARBAGE JATROPHA Conclusions The biofuel industry is immature still a great deal to learn productivity can improve At present costs are high Biofuels can help reduce transport emissions but not alone Responsible biofuel production can be a win-win Reducing GHG emissions Helping alleviate poverty Judge biofuels by: Not all biofuels are the same! cash cost carbon cost socio-economic value 10
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