2005 RUTGERS Turfgrass Proceedings

Transcription

1 2005 RUTGERS Turfgrass Proceedings Rutgers University THE NEW JERSEY TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION In Cooperation With RUTGERS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH & EXTENSION NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY NEW BRUNSWICK Distributed in cooperation with U.S. Department of Agriculture in furtherance of the Acts of Congress on May 8 and June 30, Rutgers Cooperative Research & Extension works in agriculture, family and community health sciences, and 4-H youth development. Dr. karyn Malinowski, Director of Extension. Rutgers Cooperative Research & Extension provides education and educational services to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Rutgers Cooperative Research & Extension is an Equal Opportunity Program Provider and Employer.

2 2005 RUTGERS TURFGRASS PROCEEDINGS of the New Jersey Turfgrass Expo December 6-8, 2005 Trump Taj Mahal Atlantic City, New Jersey The Rutgers Turfgrass Proceedings is published yearly by the Rutgers Center for Turfgrass Science, Rutgers Cooperative Extension, and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in cooperation with the New Jersey Turfgrass Association. The purpose of this document is to provide a forum for the dissemination of information and the exchange of ideas and knowledge. The proceedings provide turfgrass managers, research scientists, extension specialists, and industry personnel with opportunities to communicate with co-workers. Through this forum, these professionals also reach a more general audience, which includes the public. This publication includes lecture notes of papers presented at the 2005 New Jersey Turfgrass Expo. Publication of these lectures provides a readily available source of information covering a wide range of topics and includes technical and popular presentations of importance to the turfgrass industry. This proceedings also includes research papers that contain original research findings and reviews of selected subjects in turfgrass science. These papers are presented primarily to facilitate the timely dissemination of original turfgrass research for use by the turfgrass industry. Special thanks are given to those who have submitted papers for this proceedings, to the New Jersey Turfgrass Association for financial assistance, and to Barbara Fitzgerald and Marlene Karasik for administrative and secretarial support. Dr. Ann Brooks Gould, Editor Dr. Bruce B. Clarke, Coordinator i

3 PERFORMANCE OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS IN NEW JERSEY TURF TRIALS Melissa M. Wilson, William A. Meyer, C. Reed Funk, Stacy A. Bonos, William K. Dickson, Ronald F. Bara, and Dirk A. Smith 1 Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a vigorous, cool-season grass best known for its ability to rapidly establish an attractive turf stand within a short time of seeding. Perennial ryegrass performs well in a wide variety of soil conditions and is increasingly popular among homeowners, sports turf managers, and golf course superintendents. The development of improved perennial ryegrass cultivars continues at the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station as well as at other research facilities. The incorporation of new germplasm collections from Western and Eastern Europe permits turf breeders to expand the genetic base of perennial ryegrass used in cultivar development. Turfgrass breeders and researchers are continuing to research the beneficial role of endophytes in turfgrasses. Endophytes are naturally occurring fungi that live within the leaf, sheath, and stem tissue of certain grasses. The endophytes are transmitted to succeeding generations of plants by seed. The presence of a Neotyphodium lolii endophyte has enhanced insect resistance and stress tolerance in many perennial ryegrasses. International collection trips are on-going in an effort to acquire new sources of germplasm containing the endophyte. PROCEDURES Four perennial ryegrass trials were established between 2004 and Three of the tests were seeded at Adelphia, NJ (Tables 1, 3, and 4) and one test was seeded at North Brunswick, NJ (Table 2). The three Adelphia tests were hand sown with 0.88 oz of seed into 3 X 5 ft plots (3.7 lb seed/1000 ft 2 ). The North Brunswick test (Table 2) was hand sown with 2.1 oz into 3.5 X 5.5 ft plots (6.8 lb seed/1000 ft 2 ). All tests were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications, and plots had a 6-inch unseeded border to limit contamination. A spring application of Dimension was used for preemergence control of summer annuals on tests in Tables 1, 2, and 3. The North Brunswick test (Table 2) also received a late June application of Turflon and Lontril for broadleaf control. Merit was used for grub control in June for the tests represented in Tables 1 and 3 and in July for the test in North Brunswick (Table 2). The North Brunswick test also received an October application of Dimension for annual bluegrass control. The postemergence herbicides 2,4- D, Sterling, and MCPP were applied in October to the tests in Tables 1 and 3 for broadleaf weed control. The annual rate of nitrogen (N) and mowing height for each test is presented in Table 5. Single applications of fertilizer did not exceed 1.0 lb N/1000 ft 2. The amount and timing of N applied to turf varied to encourage disease and other stresses. Tests were mowed regularly with reel mowers to maintain a 1.5- inch height of cut. Rotary mowers were occasionally used to cut off tillers. Based on soil test results, tests were limed as needed to maintain a ph of 6.0 to 6.5. All tests were irrigated when necessary to avoid drought stress. All trials were rated throughout the growing season for visual turf quality (i.e., overall appearance, turf color, uniformity, density, mowing quality, reduced rate of vertical growth, leaf texture, and damage from insects and diseases). Other ratings such as establishment, spring green-up, color, density, leaf texture, and damage due to specific diseases were rated when significant differences were evident. All ratings were based on a 1 to 9 scale, with 9 represent- 1 Head Greenhouse and Field Technician, Research Professor, Research Professor, Assistant Professor, Turfgrass Research Farm Supervisor, Principal Laboratory Technician, and Principal Laboratory Technician, respectively, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ

4 ing the best turf characteristic. Plots were evaluated by a number of turfgrass specialists to reduce the impact of personal bias for particular characteristics. All data were summarized and subjected to an analysis of variance. Means were separated using Fisher s protected least significant difference (LSD) means separation test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results for all tests are presented in Tables 1 through 4. Entries in Tables 1 to 3 are ranked according to their overall quality average. A high quality average is generally indicative of better disease resistance, a darker, bright green color, greater density, uniformity, finer leaf texture, lower growth habit, improved mowing quality, and less damage due to insects. Tables 1 and 2 include entries of the 2004 National Perennial Ryegrass test sponsored by the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP). The entries in Table 4 are ranked by gray leaf spot average since this test was maintained to encourage the disease and evaluate the plots for resistance. Turf Quality Considerable improvements have been made in the overall quality of turf type perennial ryegrass over the last 40 years. Newer varieties such as Exacta II GLR, Paragon GLR, and All*Star 3 as well as many promising experimentals possess a darker green color, more uniform appearance, increased density, lower growth habit, cleaner mowing, and better tolerance of diseases and insects. Perennial ryegrass can adapt well to a wide variety of soil types, and newer varieties have improved heat tolerance when not stimulated with too much fertilizer. Establishment Perennial ryegrass is the most widely used grass on home lawns, golf courses, and athletic fields because of its ability to rapidly establish an attractive turf stand within 7 to 10 days. It is often found in mixtures with slower germinating grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass and the fine fescues to help prevent soil erosion during lawn establishment. Perennial ryegrass is also often used in the southern United States for overseeding winter dormant lawns. Cover (%) (Tables 1 and 2) and establishment (Tables 3 and 4) ratings indicate that most cultivars were well established within a month after seeding. Seedling vigor can be affected by factors such as genetics, seed quality and storage, environmental conditions, after ripening dormancy, and management procedures. Disease Many of the newly developed perennial ryegrasses exhibit significant differences in disease resistance and recovery. In New Jersey, excellent environmental conditions exist for development of diseases such as gray leaf spot (caused by Pyricularia grisea), red thread (caused by Laetisaria fuciformis), dollar spot (caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa), brown patch (caused by Rhizoctonia solani), and certain strains of rusts that attack perennial ryegrass as well as many other turf species. The development of improved resistance to gray leaf spot steadily continues at the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations. This disease can be devastating to newly established turf stands of perennial ryegrass. Gray leaf spot is favored when several hours of leaf wetness and/or high humidity and temperatures above 68 o F are maintained. The disease first appears as small, gray to brown leaf lesions that progress into dark, gray-brown or light brown, oblong lesions. Diseased leaves are often off-color and wilted, and pockets of irregularly-shaped patches develop in the turf. The gray leaf spot data in Tables 1 to 4 are very significant because of the damaging effects gray leaf spot is known to have on turf-type perennial ryegrass. In August 2005, a perennial ryegrass test was established at Adelphia, NJ (Table 4) and maintained to encourage a gray leaf spot epidemic. Many experimentals as well as the newer varieties released to the market had excellent resistance to the disease. In August 2004, three perennial ryegrass tests were also established and maintained to encourage gray leaf spot (Tables 1, 2, and 3). The tests in Tables 1 and 2 include all entries of the 2004 National Ryegrass Test sponsored by NTEP. The data in Table 1 represents two ratings taken about 2 weeks apart. A drop in performance by some cultivars was evident by the second rating; the performance of other varieties and experimentals stayed consistent or improved during that period. The data in Table 2 represents gray leaf spot data taken 2 days apart and shows that most of the same varieties and 100

5 experimentals that did well in Table 1 remained consistent or recovered quickly in the trial reported in Table 2. SUMMARY The new turf-type perennial ryegrass is one of the most versatile grasses available. Its high traffic tolerance, rapid establishment, and deep green color are raising the demand for perennial ryegrass in the turfgrass seed industry. Although significant improvements have been made to perennial ryegrasses, increased genetically stable resistance to gray leaf spot, crown rust, dollar spot, pink patch, red thread, and brown patch is still needed. In addition, increased heat tolerance, cold hardiness, and the ability to survive under ice sheets for extended periods are also necessary. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication No. E This work was conducted as a part of NJAES Project No , supported by New Agricultural Experiment Station, State and Hatch Act funds, Rutgers Center for Turfgrass Science, other grants and gifts. Additional support was received by the New Jersey Turfgrass Association, the New Jersey Turfgrass Foundation and the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program. 101

6 Table 1. Performance of perennial ryegrass cultivars and selections in a turf trial established in August 2004 at Adelphia, NJ. (Includes all entries of the 2004 National Perennial Ryegrass Test sponsored by NTEP.) Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Leaf Leaf Cover Brown Quality 1 Spot 2 Spot 2 Spot 2 (%) Patch 2 Color 3 Density 4 Cultivar or Oct. 5 Oct. 21 Sept. Aug. Nov. Nov. Selection Avg. Avg GL4 Comp Exacta II GLSR All*Star Pick F D04-11T GL1 Comp SRX 4SP DP APR IS-PR AF Panther GLS JR Derby Xtreme IS-PR IS-PR Celeste Paragon GLR MMW IS-PR RG3P Pick RB Palace RNS LCK GL SRX 4UP GL3 Comp Palmer GLS Secretariat II GLSR Fusion APR Repell GLS Keystone Palmer IV

7 Table 1 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Leaf Leaf Cover Brown Quality 1 Spot 2 Spot 2 Spot 2 (%) Patch 2 Color 3 Density 4 Cultivar or Oct. 5 Oct. 21 Sept. Aug. Nov. Nov. Selection Avg. Avg D Protégé GLR Primary D04-UP AAZ-B Charismatic II GLSR PST-2AG APR APR Buena Vista PST-2GSM Silver Dollar Manhattan 5 GLR AC PST-2MNG MS IS-PR DCM PM Citation Fore Gray Star LPFG Overdrive SRX Mach I EXS VB RAD-PR PST-2LAN SRX Pinnacle II APR SNR BEN ES

8 Table 1 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Leaf Leaf Cover Brown Quality 1 Spot 2 Spot 2 Spot 2 (%) Patch 2 Color 3 Density 4 Cultivar or Oct. 5 Oct. 21 Sept. Aug. Nov. Nov. Selection Avg. Avg Pentium PST-2BLK BRE VB PRG HS GPR Pick Quicksilver E CNV JR JR DP BAR Lp PM JR TR DP PST PM SP BAR Lp Halo L BAR Lp JR DP AJM Brightstar SLT Pizzazz BPR Pick 02-R TRS D04-LP Premier II

9 Table 1 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Leaf Leaf Cover Brown Quality 1 Spot 2 Spot 2 Spot 2 (%) Patch 2 Color 3 Density 4 Cultivar or Oct. 5 Oct. 21 Sept. Aug. Nov. Nov. Selection Avg. Avg Sunshine Headstart JR PWDR Palmer III Inspire DP RTS PS JR Affinity Barlennium Panther Premier LPR Pinnacle Manhattan II Linn LSD at 5% = _ 1 9 = best turf quality 2 9 = least disease 3 9 = darkest green color 4 9 = highest turf density 105

10 106 Table 2. Performance of perennial ryegrass cultivars and selections in a turf trial established in August 2004 at North Brunswick, NJ. (Includes all entries of the 2004 National Perennial Ryegrass Test sponsored by NTEP.) Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Leaf Leaf Cover Cover Cover Leaf Quality 1 Spot 2 Spot 2 Spot 2 (%) (%) (%) Color 3 Density 4 Texture 5 Cultivar or Oct. Oct. Sept. April July Oct. Nov. Nov. Selection Avg. Avg D04-11T All*Star SRX 4SP DP Pick RB IS-PR MMW SRX 4UP RNS Pick F IS-PR Paragon GLR D Celeste Derby Xtreme AAZ-B Exacta II GLSR APR Panther GLS Primary

11 107 Table 2 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Leaf Leaf Cover Cover Cover Leaf Quality 1 Spot 2 Spot 2 Spot 2 (%) (%) (%) Color 3 Density 4 Texture 5 Cultivar or Oct. Oct. Sept. April July Oct. Nov. Nov. Selection Avg. Avg IS-PR D04-UP JR APR Secretariat II GLSR RG3P GL Palmer GLS AF APR Palace Charismatic II GLSR Palmer IV APR IS-PR LCK IS-PR SRX Protégé GLR Manhattan 5 GLR Keystone Silver Dollar PST-2GSM Fusion Repell GLS

12 108 Table 2 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Leaf Leaf Cover Cover Cover Leaf Quality 1 Spot 2 Spot 2 Spot 2 (%) (%) (%) Color 3 Density 4 Texture 5 Cultivar or Oct. Oct. Sept. April July Oct. Nov. Nov. Selection Avg. Avg Buena Vista PST-2AG DCM PST-2MNG SRX RAD-PR BRE MS BEN AC PM AJM ES PST-2LAN Citation Fore Gray Star E Overdrive PWDR BPR SNR VB LPFG EXS PST-2BLK

13 109 Table 2 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Leaf Leaf Cover Cover Cover Leaf Quality 1 Spot 2 Spot 2 Spot 2 (%) (%) (%) Color 3 Density 4 Texture 5 Cultivar or Oct. Oct. Sept. April July Oct. Nov. Nov. Selection Avg. Avg GPR Pick TR PST CNV Pinnacle II VB Pizzazz L BAR Lp DP SP Pentium DP Halo TRS RTS PRG HS BAR Lp DP JR Mach I Quicksilver PM Brightstar SLT

14 110 Table 2 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Leaf Leaf Cover Cover Cover Leaf Quality 1 Spot 2 Spot 2 Spot 2 (%) (%) (%) Color 3 Density 4 Texture 5 Cultivar or Oct. Oct. Sept. April July Oct. Nov. Nov. Selection Avg. Avg PM JR BAR Lp Affinity APR JR D04-LP Palmer III Premier Barlennium Inspire DP JR Sunshine PS Pick 02-R Headstart JR Premier II JR Pinnacle Panther LPR Manhattan II Linn

15 111 Table 2 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Leaf Leaf Cover Cover Cover Leaf Quality 1 Spot 2 Spot 2 Spot 2 (%) (%) (%) Color 3 Density 4 Texture 5 Cultivar or Oct. Oct. Sept. April July Oct. Nov. Nov. Selection Avg. Avg LSD at 5% = = best turf quality 2 9 = least disease; data taken 2 days apart in October 3 9 = darkest green color 4 9 = highest turf density 5 9 = finest leaf texture

16 Table 3. Performance of perennial ryegrass cultivars and selections in a turf trial established in August 2004 at Adelphia, NJ. Cultivar or Turf Quality 1 Establishment 2 Gray Leaf Spot 3 Selection 2005 Avg. Sept Oct LP Applaud C PST-SYN-2MAG APR LP Paragon GLR APR IS PR Palmer IV APR Prelude GLS PR Repell GLS APR APR IS PR APR SG IS PR Palmer GLS APR Panther GLS IS PR APR APR APR PST-SYN-2RL PSW# RAD-PR Quick Trans SR PST-2Q4L BULK RAD-PR PST-2MGG PSW#

17 Table 3 (continued). Cultivar or Turf Quality 1 Establishment 2 Gray Leaf Spot 3 Selection 2005 Avg. Sept Oct PST-2Q4 BULK APR PST-2LGS BS Quickstart II PST-SYN-2RO PST-2MAN BULK APR Stellar PST-2J PSW# Palmer III AllStar LP PSW# PST-2E* BULK RAD-PR PR RAD-PR PST-SYN-2E PST-3BM BULK SR Peregrine Gator NMSP Grand Slam BOB Applaud PST-2M* BULK Integra WHC PSC BULK Top Hat PST-2LITA Sunkissed PST-SYN-2ROH PST-2CH BULK PSW# Mach I HEAT PST-2IN4 BS LP

18 Table 3 (continued). Cultivar or Turf Quality 1 Establishment 2 Gray Leaf Spot 3 Selection 2005 Avg. Sept Oct PSW# Dazzle SRXOH SR PSW# Vail II Pizzazz Ringer RAD-PR PSW# NAP Quest II OS Blazer R-JD Salinas PST-SYN-2RAB PST-2LA Headstart RAD-PR GLS Pro-tyme WHC A PSW# WHC C Pick PR C STP PSW# SR Fiesta Racer PST-2RT PSW# PSW# PSW# PST-SYN-2SON PRS Radiant Manhattan PST-SYN-2SOM

19 Table 3 (continued). Cultivar or Turf Quality 1 Establishment 2 Gray Leaf Spot 3 Selection 2005 Avg. Sept Oct PSW# Radiant II SRXOH SRXOH COR CRR Wizard Pin Stripe PSW# PSW# Lowgrow II Exacta Hawkeye PSW# Phantom PSW# Extreme PSW# PSW# SRXOH COR SR PR A PSW# Prelude III Brightstar SLT Goalkeeper Charismatic SRXOH ABER WHC D PSW# PSW# Line Drive LP ASAP R-JD Churchill SW ER Monterey II Omega PSW# Continental

20 Table 3 (continued). Cultivar or Turf Quality 1 Establishment 2 Gray Leaf Spot 3 Selection 2005 Avg. Sept Oct Headstart Catalina Caddieshack Panther Top Gun MSP Cutter Accent Admire R-JD 7B WHC B R-JD R-JD MSP SW ER P Penguin R-JD Linn LSD at 5% = = best turf quality 2 9 = best seedling establishment 3 9 = least disease 116

21 Table 4. Performance of perennial ryegrass cultivars and selections in a turf trial established in August 2005 at Adelphia, NJ. Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Quality 2 Establishment 3 Cultivar or 2005 Oct. 20 Oct. 26 Nov. Oct. Selection Avg SRX 4SP IS-PR PSG G PSG F PSG Q PSG U PSG E PSG BB PSG 78-SP-Bulk APR DP PSG 81-Bulk APR APR AAZ-B APR APR APR APR SRX 4UP Phenom APR APR APR APR APR APR APR APR GL PSG Z APR APR APR APR

22 Table 4 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Quality 2 Establishment 3 Cultivar or 2005 Oct. 20 Oct. 26 Nov. Oct. Selection Avg APR APR APR APR APR L3 Comp PSG 45-SP-Bulk APR SRX IS-PR B5 Comp L2 Comp APR PSG Y APR APR APR APR APR APR APR APR B3 Comp L4 Comp PSG X PSG 45-Bulk APR APR APR L1 Comp PST-2AM SRX B1 Comp APR MRF PR

23 Table 4 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Quality 2 Establishment 3 Cultivar or 2005 Oct. 20 Oct. 26 Nov. Oct. Selection Avg B2 Comp APR RG3P J PR Paragon GLR B4 Comp PST-2M* APR PST-2GSB PSG 92-Bulk PST-Syn-2AGP LCK PST-Syn-2BMR PST-Syn-2A APR APR APR PST-Syn-2MGS F PR PST-2Q APR IS-PR MHT MSP PST-2LGS APR APR PST-2AG$ SR APR PSG V PST-2MNG PST-2C PST-Syn-2COL PST-Syn-2RCC I PR

24 Table 4 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Quality 2 Establishment 3 Cultivar or 2005 Oct. 20 Oct. 26 Nov. Oct. Selection Avg Silver Dollar E PR PST-2AGH PSG J PSG M PST-2GSM PST-Syn-2GC PSG 80-SP-Bulk PST-Syn-2SOV MRF PR RAD-PR PSG L PST-2TQL IG PSG 86-SP-Bulk PSG 86-Bulk PST-2PC PST-2MGG PST-Syn-2CAX Gray Star MRF PR MRF PR MRF PR PSG D PST-Syn-2TQM MRF PR MRF PR PSG 93 Bulk PSG 83-SP-Bulk PST-2RHO PST-2F MRF PR MRF PR MRF PR PSG O

25 Table 4 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Quality 2 Establishment 3 Cultivar or 2005 Oct. 20 Oct. 26 Nov. Oct. Selection Avg Citation Fore MRF PR MRF PR IS-PR PSG A PSG 85-SP-Bulk PST-2LAN PST-2RIV MRF PR MRF PR MRF PR PSG I MRF PR MRF PR PSG P PST-21N MRF PR MRF PR SR PSG H MRF PR PWDR PSG K PST MRF PR MRF PR MRF PR SR PST-Syn-2RZ Manhattan Chaparral II Charger II PST-Syn-2SNS MRF PR PSG N

26 Table 4 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Quality 2 Establishment 3 Cultivar or 2005 Oct. 20 Oct. 26 Nov. Oct. Selection Avg PSG C PSG 90-Bulk Top Hat Amazing PSG 82-Bulk MRF PR SR Peregrine Mach PSG AA PST-2RT Grand Slam PST-2-Blue Gator LS PSG 84-SP-Bulk Quicksilver APR SR Delaware XL Confetti LS PSG S PST-2M Show Time MRF PR Affirmed PSG 73-Bulk PSG W Headstart PSG B Churchill PSG T Brightstar SLT Exacta

27 Table 4 (continued). Gray Gray Gray Turf Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Leaf Spot 1 Quality 2 Establishment 3 Cultivar or 2005 Oct. 20 Oct. 26 Nov. Oct. Selection Avg PSG R PSG 77-Bulk MSP Hawkeye MRF PR Charismatic Monterey II Spreader III LSD at 5% = _ 1 9 = least disease 2 9 = best turf quality 3 9 = best seedling establishment 123

28 124 Table 5. Yearly nitrogen (N) applied and mowing height (Ht) on perennial ryegrass tests established at Adelphia and North Brunswick, NJ N 1 Ht 2 N Ht Table 1 (2004 Adelphia, NTEP) Table 2 (2004 North Brunswick, NTEP) Table 3 (2004 Adelphia) Table 4 (2005 Adelphia) Annual N applied (lb/1000 ft 2 ) 2 Mowing height in inches