- PDF Free Download

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download ""

Denis Hubbard
5 years ago
Views:

1 FINE PARTICLE (2.5 MICRONS) EMISSIONS Regulation, Measurement, and Control John D. McKenna James H. Turner James P. McKenna A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

3 FINE PARTICLE (2.5 MICRONS) EMISSIONS

5 FINE PARTICLE (2.5 MICRONS) EMISSIONS Regulation, Measurement, and Control John D. McKenna James H. Turner James P. McKenna A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

6 Copyright 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) , or on the web at Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) , outside the United States at (317) or fax (317) Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: ISBN: Printed in the United States of America

7 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION Overview of Particulate Matter (PM) Control / PM / PM 10 / PM 2.5 / PM 2.5 Monitoring Goals / PM 2.5 Program Objectives / PM 2.5 Data Uses / Trends in PM 2.5 / Nanoparticles / The Scientific Basis for Ambient Air Quality Standards / Primary Standards vs. Secondary Standards / PM Effects of Concern / Secondary Effects / Who Is Most at Risk? / Current Legislation / Federal Legislation / Form of the Standard / Standard Level / Averaging Times / State Legislation / Enforcement Responsibilities / Enforcement Flexibility / 24 v

8 vi CONTENTS Staffing and Other Practical Concerns / National Variations in Enforcement / Permitting A Tool Used to Achieve Early Enforcement / References / 25 2 HEALTH EFFECTS Results of Recent Studies / PM 2.5 vs. PM , PM 10, and Coarser Particles / Air Pollution Species and Health Effects / EPA Position on Certain Health Effects / Premature Deaths / Respiratory Illness in Children / Cardiovascular Illness / References / 38 3 AIR MONITORING AMBIENT AIR MONITORING METHODS Introduction and Scope / Terminology / Summary of Test Method / Apparatus / Procedures / PM 2.5 Test Procedures / PM 2.5 Measurement Range / Calculations / Calibration and Maintenance / Precision and Bias / Endnotes / References / EMISSION MEASUREMENT METHODS List of EPA PM Mass Measurement Test Methods / EPA Stationary (Point) Source PM Mass Measurement Test Methods / EPA Test Method 5 for Total PM Mass / EPA Test Method 5 Variations: 5A 5H / 68

9 CONTENTS vii EPA Test Methods for PM 10 from Stationary Sources / Method 201: Determination of PM 10 Emissions Exhaust Gas Recycle Procedure / Methods 201A: Determination of PM 10 Emissions Constant Sampling Rate Procedure / EPA Test Method 17: Determination of PM Emissions from Stationary Sources In-Stack Filtration Method / Method 202 for Condensable PM (CPM) Measurement / CPM Issues / Summary of CTM 39 / Summary of CTM 40 / Endnotes / References / 87 4 EMISSION CONTROL METHODS FABRIC FILTER/BAGHOUSES Fabric Filters Introduction and Theory / Particle Collection and Penetration Mechanisms / Pressure Drop / Experimental Measurements of K 2 Specific Cake Coefficient / Pressure Drop in Multicompartment Baghouses / Gas-to-Cloth (G/C) Ratio / Types of Fabric Filters / Cleaning Techniques / Filtration Fabrics and Fiber Types / Filtration Fabrics / Important Fiber Characteristics / Fabric Types / Woven Fabric / Nonwoven Fabrics / Shaker-Cleaned Fabric Filters / Reverse-Air Cleaned Fabric Filter / Reverse Air / Pulse-Jet Cleaned Fabric Filter / Pulse Jet / 113

10 viii CONTENTS Other Fabric Filter Designs / Sonic Horns / Cartridge Collectors / Fabric Characteristics / Case Study / Collection Efficiency / Applicability / Energy and Other Secondary Environmental Impacts of Fabric Filter Baghouses / Filtration Processes / Example / Treatments and Finishes / Records of Routine Baghouse Operation and Baghouse Maintenance / Why Keep Records? / What Records to Keep? / Baghouse Maintenance / References / ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS Particle Collection / Electric Field / Corona Generation / Particle Charging / Particle Collection / Penetration Mechanisms / Back Corona / Dust Reentrainment / Dust Sneakage / Types of ESPs / Dry ESPs / Specific Collecting Area (SCA) / SCA Procedure with Known Migration Velocity / Full SCA Procedure / SCA for Tubular Precipitators / Flow Velocity / Pressure Drop Calculations / Particle Characteristics / 152

11 CONTENTS ix Gas Characteristics / Cleaning / Construction Features / Problems and Test Methods Associated with Dry ESPs / Wet Electrostatic Precipitator (Wet ESP) / Designs, Configurations, Materials, and Operational Aspects / Common Elements of Wet ESPs / Parallel Plate Designs / Tubular Designs / Advantages Associated with Wet ESPs / Operational Issues / Pre-Scrubbing / Washdown Sprays and Weirs / Wet/dry Interface / Current Suppression / Sparking / Tracking / Mist Elimination / Various Other Issues / Efficiencies and Power Requirements / Design Factors Affecting Efficiency / SCA / Electrode Designs Collecting Surfaces / Electrode Designs Discharge Surfaces / Materials of Construction / Wet ESP Verdict / Wire-Plate ESPs / Wire-Pipe ESPs / Other ESP Designs / Collection Efficiency / Applicability / ESP Performance Models / 168

12 x CONTENTS Energy and Other Secondary Environmental Impacts of ESPs / References / WET SCRUBBERS Particle Collection and Penetration Mechanisms / Types of Wet Scrubbers / Spray Chambers / Packed-Bed Scrubbers / Impingement-Plate Scrubbers / Mechanically Aided Scrubbers (MAS) / Venturi Scrubbers / Orifice Scrubbers / Condensation Scrubbers / Charged Scrubbers / Fiber-Bed Scrubbers / Collection Efficiency / Applicability / Energy and Other Secondary Environmental Impacts of Scrubber Systems / References / ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION AND BAGHOUSE FILTRATION PRODUCTS ETV Program Overview / Air Pollution Control Center (APCT) / BFP / Test Apparatus and Procedure / BFP Published Verifications / Environmental, Health, and Regulatory Background / Outcomes / Pollutant Reduction Outcomes / Human Health and Environmental Outcomes / Regulatory Compliance Outcomes / Economic and Financial Outcomes / Scientific Advancement Outcomes / Technology Acceptance and Use Outcomes / 205

13 CONTENTS xi Appendix A: Methods for Baghouse Filtration Productions Outcomes / References / COST CONSIDERATIONS EPA OAQPS Methodology / Costs of Fabric Filters / Capital Costs of Fabric Filters / Annual Costs of Fabric Filters / Costs of Electrostatic Precipitators / Capital Costs of Electrostatic Precipitators / Annual Costs of Electrostatic Precipitators / Costs of PM Wet Scrubbers / Capital Costs of Wet Scrubbers / Annual Costs of Wet Scrubbers / Edmisten and Bunyard Cost Analysis Methodology / Capital Investment / Maintenance and Operation / Capital Charges / Annualized Cost / Annual Operating Cost for Air Pollution Control Equipment / Annual Baghouse Operating Cost / Baghouse Electrical Costs / Baghouse Annual Operating Cost / Example 1 Baghouse Costs / Input Data / Maintenance Cost Input Data / Annual Operating Costs Calculation / Total Annualized Cost / Example 2 Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) vs. Baghouse / References / NANOPARTICULATES What Is a Nanoparticle? / What Is Nanotechnology? / 230

14 xii CONTENTS 5.3 What Is Nanotoxicology? / Health Concerns/Issues / Ongoing Research / Current Organizations/Research / Diesel Nanoparticulate Matter / Nanofilters/Nanotechnology in the Fabric Filter Industry / Additional Research Concerning Nanofiber Filtration / References / 243 Index 247

15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW OF PARTICULATE MATTER ( PM) CONTROL A particle is defined in the Random House College Dictionary, revised edition, as a minute portion, piece, or amount; a very small bit; a particle of dust. 1 Particles of dust and smoke preceded the cave man, fouled his cave, and annoyed, hindered, and harmed his descendants to the present. This book intends to describe matter composed of particles, to distinguish among types and sizes of particles, to describe their health effects (mostly deleterious), to give methods for measuring their concentrations in gas streams, to discuss methods and costs for removing them from gas streams, and to investigate the confluence of mankind s generation, use, physical control, and legal requirements regarding particles. Emphasis here is on fine particles, which in this book are those less than 2.5 µ m (particles less than 10 µm have also been defined as fine particles). Sizes larger than fine particles are coarse particles, although a specific case is defined by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its proposed ambient air standards of December 2005: thoracic coarse particles, which include only those particles between 2.5 and 10 µm (PM ). By definition, these particles exclude rural windblown dusts, agricultural dusts, and mining dusts. However, this size fraction disappears from the subsequently promulgated standards of Inhalable coarse particles seems to be a more widely used term for PM A subset of fine particles (nanoparticles) has received much attention over the last decade or so. Nanoparticles, those whose diameters are in the nano- Fine Particle (2.5 Microns) Emissions, by John D. McKenna, James H. Turner, and James P. McKenna Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1

Introduction to Particulate Emissions 1. Gasoline Engine Particulate Emissions Introduction 3. References 7 About the Authors 8

contents SECTION 1 Introduction to Particulate Emissions 1 CHAPTER 1 Gasoline Engine Particulate Emissions Introduction 3 References 7 About the Authors 8 CHAPTER 2 Health Impact of Particulates from Gasoline