Advances and Opportunities for PV Power Electronics

Transcription

1 Advances and Opportunities for PV Power Electronics PVMC Workshop on Advanced PV Modules and Power Electronics San Francisco, California 11 July, 2012 Photos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white space between photos and header Charles Hanley Manager, PV and Distributed Systems Integration Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico Photos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white space between photos and header Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

2 Brief Outline of This Discussion The continually-growing PV market The inverter as the power electronics heart of the system Moving to the inverter as a system controller - SEGIS The next steps in developing smart-grid interconnectivity SEGIS-AC Field demonstrations and their role Testing capabilities for new technologies and integrations Further considerations and questions for discussion 2

3 Global PV Industry Growth 1979 to 2009: 30 year compound annual growth rate of 33% M W p Navigant Consulting, Inc. PV Services Program

4 Global PV Industry Growth 2005 to 2011: 60% compound annual growth rate G W p Est 2012 Navigant Consulting, Inc. PV Services Program

5 Grid-Connected PV Dominates More Than 98% of Market 100% % C o n t r i b u t i o n 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Remote Industrial Remote Habitation and Consumer Power Grid Connected Consumer Indoor PV Plants of greater than 500MW coming into play in AZ, CA actually supplanting CSP plants 2012 Navigant Solar Services Program, Paula Mints

6 DOE s SunShot Initiative: 75% reduction in costs by Benchmarks 2020 Targets Driver is technology innovation at all levels of supply chain Close collaborations with US industry, academia, labs 6 Source: DOE SunShot Vision Study, 2012

7 DOE SunShot Vision Study provides detailed predictions based on 2020 targets Impact % of US electricity demand met by solar GW installed PV GW installed CSP Total manufacturing investment Total deployment investment Annual fuel cost savings (gas & coal) $25B $41B $250B $375B $34B $41B New solar jobs 290, ,000 7 Source: DOE SunShot Vision Study, 2012

8 PV Inverters and Balance-of-Systems Convert DC to AC Available at module-scale (200W) up to 1 MW Principal hardware: High power transistor bridges for conversion Transformer for isolation of AC signal Capacitors for signal smoothing Principal software: Maximum Power Point Tracking (for optimum module utilization) Anti-islanding (to detect grid loss) Signal detection (turn on/off) Reliability: viewed as the weak link in the system Additional BOS: AC, DC disconnects; wiring, fuses, racks, meters, Residential inverters and related disconnects/meters at Sandia s PV Systems Optimization Laboratory

9 Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems (SEGIS) Program Major technology development initiative led by Sandia / DOE Goal: Get ready for Smart Grid and high penetration PV Focused on new PV inverters/controllers/ems Program Public/private partnership From concept to commercial product ( ) Various follow-on initiatives currently underway 4 industrial partners with new products More information:

10 SEGIS Products Provide Improved PV Smart Grid Interface Petra Solar: Module-scale microinverter Princeton Power: Demandresponse Inverter Advanced Energy: Inverter/System Controller Florida Solar Energy Center/Satcon: Shared Inverter SEGIS Publications available at: pv.sandia.gov 10

11 SEGIS Resulted in Several Product Advances Components: Integrated Communications Micro-grid Controls & AMI MEMs & SiC Applications Diagnostics/Gateways Interactive Monitoring/Control Innovative Packaging Thermal Stress Management Internal Protection/Longevity Predictive/Adaptive Operation System Integrations: Curtailment Anti-Islanding and Intentional Islanding Controls Micro-Grid Enablement Energy Management/Storage Building Energy Management Performance/Economic Optimizations Utility support (Value Added) System Optimization (Economics)

12 SEGIS-AC (Advanced Concepts) DOE follow-on focusing on two areas: Smart Grid Functionality Using Power Electronics to Address Balance of System Costs Addresses several technology needs/opportunities: Advanced topologies Longer system lifetimes Improved operational and predictive models Effective energy management $26M funded in 8 projects to carry SEGIS results even further 12

13 SEGIS-AC Awards Cover Several Technology Approaches Advanced Energy Alencon Systems Delphi Automotive Systems Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) GE Global Research Satcon SolarBridge Technologies University of Hawaii Ramp control using energy storage, islanding detection, and synchrophasors Drastically cost-reduced PV system with a centralized inverter system Modular, cascaded, multilevel PV inverter architecture to lower manufacturing costs Smart-grid ready PV inverters with grid support functionality, utility communication, and control link. Systems-level cost reduction approach for the moduleembedded PV microinverter PV inverter control architecture with automatic voltage control capabilities. PV alternating current (AC) module that consists of an integrated universal dock with high-reliability Utility-controlled, smart grid-enabled residential PV inverters at two widely different utilities. 13

14 What Remains? Many Challenges Graphic courtesy Ward Bower 14

15 Field demonstrations drive analytical activities - Example: PNM Smart Grid Projects Full integration of a Renewable Energy and Smart Grid concepts into utility operations PV, Wind, Energy Storage and Demand Response, other DER Residential/Building/Utility scale resources and systems Layers of controls Large-scale testbed fully accessible for research, testing & demonstration Implemented at Mesa del Sol in Albuquerque Graphic: EPRI / PNM

16 PNM Smart Grid Project New Algorithms for Optimized Energy Management Local Control: Active Power Management PV ramp mitigation, energy shifting, optimized dispatch Research focuses on performance of advanced batteries PV Output PV+ BAT Output BAT SOC BAT Output Sandia Smoothing Simple Version A1

17 Linking advanced functions and cyber security: EPRI/Sandia Interoperability Project Goal: define interoperability requirements for emerging advanced inverter functions Configurable behavior, autonomous or managed (with communications) Close collaboration with NIST PAP7 and IEC stakeholders Sandia developing and validating test procedures Communications interoperability and electrical behavior Trials with actual hardware/controls underway Graphics: B. Seal - EPRI/Sandia Inverter Interoperability Project

18 DOE SunShot High Penetration Projects Increase Field Experience $25M invested in six projects to showcase interconnection in high penetration scenarios Include advanced functionalities of power electronics components Six Projects underway since 2009: Arizona Public Service: Community Power in Flagstaff, AZ Florida State University: Sunshine State Solar Grid Initiative NREL: Analysis of High Penetration in the CA Grid Sacramento Municipal Utility District: Community-scale PV and Smart Grid UC San Diego: Modeling Tools for Integration and Protection Virginia Polytechnic University: Developing and Testing New Power Conditioners 18

19 Laboratory Testing Provides Valuable Developmental Support for New Components Example: Sandia s Distributed Energy Technologies Lab Simulate micro-grid or community (25 homes and businesses), including PV, Storage, Fuel Cells, Microturbines, Diesel gensets Testbed for advanced power conversion and energy management systems DETL SEGIS test sequence

20 PV Regional Test Centers: Large-Scale PV System Evaluations Up to 2MW of systems to be studied in different climates Focus on bankability of large PV systems for finance community Stong partnership with industry Locations: Sandia s Solar Tower (NM) NREL (CO) Florida Vermont (focus on smart grid) Las Vegas (focus on CPV) Operational in 2012 SNL, NREL, others developing data management and analytical plans SITE 0 8 acres Existing substation, 2.5 MW add capacity PV RTC located at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility in Albuquerque 20

21 How Will the Requirements of Power Electronics Change with Changing Codes? A critical wake-up call: arc fault detection and interruption Proposed Changes to National Electric Code: 21

22 Collaborations are Needed for Commercial Readiness and Market Acceptance of New Technologies Domestic Product Developers: System performance optimization, reliability and grid compatibility assessment Testing Laboratories: Development and validation of test methods Other Laboratories: CERTS, EPRI, DOE National Labs, Regional Experiment Stations, etc. International European Distributed Energy Resources Laboratories (DERlab) Smart Grid International Research Facility Network (SIRFN) ww.der-lab.net/

23 Further Considerations DOE Plug and Play Funding Opportunity Announcement Reduced soft costs through innovations in power electronics New devices for higher temperature, faster operations; unknown reliability SiC and GaN other wide band-gap devices Capacitors: film vs. electrolytic Microinverters, AC modules, and the challenges they pose New standards and new tests for qualification, reliability PV technology-specific considerations: Optimizing max power tracking for CIGS, CPV? Self-healing technologies Connectors, junction boxes, etc. Imbedded state-of-health monitoring in systems 23

24 Time for discussion/questions? pv.sandia.gov 24