Special Section on Frontiers of DC Technology...D. Jovcic 259

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1 FEBRUARY 2018 VOLUME 33 NUMBER 1 ITPDE5 (ISSN ) SPECIAL SECTION ON FRONTIERS OF DC TECHNOLOGY GUEST EDITORIAL Special Section on Frontiers of DC Technology...D. Jovcic 259 SPECIAL SECTION PAPERS OperatingDCCircuitBreakersWithMMC...O. Cwikowski, A. Wood, A. Miller, M. Barnes, and R. Shuttleworth 260 Linearized DC-MMC Models for Control Design Accounting for Multifrequency Power Transfer Mechanisms......G.J.KishandP.W.Lehn 271 A Transformerless High-Voltage DC DC Converter for DC Grid Interconnection...S. Du, B. Wu, and N. R. Zargari 282 Modular Multilevel Converter DC Fault Protection......O.Cwikowski,H.R.Wickramasinghe, G. Konstantinou, J. Pou, M. Barnes, and R. Shuttleworth 291 Effect of Control-Loops Interactions on Power Stability Limits of VSC Integrated to AC System......Y.Huang and D. Wang 301 Evaluation of DC Collector-Grid Configurations for Large Photovoltaic Parks......H.A.B.SiddiqueandR.W.DeDoncker 311 Adaptive Single-Pole Autoreclosing Concept with Advanced DC Fault Current Control for Full-Bridge MMC VSC Systems...M. Stumpe, P. Ruffing, P. Wagner, and A. Schnettler 321 Comprehensive Fault Type Discrimination Concept for Bipolar Full-Bridge-Based MMC HVDC Systems with Dedicated Metallic Return...P. Tünnerhoff, P. Ruffing, and A. Schnettler 330 Hybrid AC/DC Post-Contingency Power-Flow Algorithm Considering Control Interaction of Asynchronous Area T.Hennig and L. Hofmann 340 Thyristor-Bypassed Submodule Power-Groups for Achieving High-Efficiency, DC Fault Tolerant Multilevel VSCs......P.D.Judge,M.M.C.Merlin,T.C.Green, D. R. Trainer, and K. Vershinin 349 Operation Modes and Combination Control for Urban Multivoltage-Level DC Grid......K.Sun, K.-J. Li, Z.-d. Wang, H. Sun, M. Wang, Z. Liu, and M. Wang 360 Integrated HVDC Circuit Breakers With Current Flow Control Capability......O.Cwikowski,J.Sau-Bassols, B. Chang, E. Prieto-Araujo, M. Barnes, O. Gomis-Bellmunt, and R. Shuttleworth 371 Experimental Validation of Dual H-Bridge Current Flow Controllers for Meshed HVdc Grids S.Balasubramaniam,C.E.Ugalde-Loo, J. Liang, T. Joseph, R. King, and A. Adamczyk 381 Corona Current Coupling in Bipolar HVDC and Hybrid HVAC/HVDC Overhead Lines......M.Pfeiffer,S.Hedtke,andC.M.Franck 393 (Contents Continued on Page 258)

2 (Contents Continued from Page 257) Analysis of Faults in Multiterminal HVDC Grid for Definition of Test Requirements of HVDC Circuit Breakers N.A.Belda,C.A.Plet,andR.P.P.Smeets 403 ADirectCurrentCircuitBreakerWiththeGridMethod...N. Pattanadech and M. Kando 412 Decoupled Current Control With Synchronous Frequency Damping for MMC Considering Sub-module Capacitor Voltage Ripple...H. Yang, W. Li, L. Lin, and X. He 419 Improving Small-Signal Stability of an MMC With CCSC by Control of the Internally Stored Energy......J.Freytes,G.Bergna, J. A. Suul, S. D Arco, F. Gruson, F. Colas, H. Saad, and X. Guillaud 429 DirectCurrentGas-InsulatedTransmissionLines...T. Magier, M. Tenzer, and H. Koch 440 Frequency Control of Island VSC-HVDC Links Operating in Parallel With AC Interconnectors and Onsite Generation...S.I.Nanou and S. A. Papathanassiou 447 Virtual Capacitor Control: Mitigation of DC Voltage Fluctuations in MMC-Based HVdc Systems K.Shinoda, A. Benchaib, J. Dai, and X. Guillaud 455 Enhanced Model and Real-Time Simulation Architecture for Modular Multilevel Converter......M.Ashourloo, R. Mirzahosseini, and R. Iravani 466 High Dynamics Control for MMC Based on Exact Discrete-Time Model With Experimental Validation......A.Zama,A.Benchaib,S.Bacha,D.Frey,andS.Silvant 477 Secondary Arc Current During DC Auto Reclosing in Multisectional AC/DC Hybrid Lines......J.Schindler,C.Romeis,andJ.Jaeger 489 On DC Fault Dynamics of MMC-Based HVdc Connections...E. Kontos, G. Tsolaridis, R. Teodorescu, and P. Bauer 497 An Isolated Resonant Mode Modular Converter With Flexible Modulation and Variety of Configurations for MVDC Application...X. Xiang, X. Zhang, G. P. Chaffey, and T. C. Green 508 Analysis of Short-Circuit Current Characteristics and Its Distribution of Artificial Grounding Faults on DC Transmission Lines...C. Huang, B. Zhang, Y. Ma, F. Zhou, and J. He 520 DC Interrupting With Self-Excited Oscillation Based on the Superconducting Current-Limiting Technology B.Xiang,Z.Liu,C.Wang,Z.Nan,Y.Geng,J.Wang,andS.Yanabu 529

3 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 33, NO. 1, FEBRUARY Guest Editorial Special Section on Frontiers of DC Technology I. INTRODUCTION THIS special section was instigated in mid-2016, when Prof. Wilsun Xu, EIC (Editor In Chief) of IEEE TPWRD (Transactions on Power Delivery) asked me if I would be interested in taking EIC role for a new special section on Frontiers of DC technologies. This offer has been a great honor, for which I am grateful, and I felt that I should not refuse it. A large part of my career has revolved around HVDC and this seemed to be an excellent opportunity to make more substantial contribution to the advance of DC technologies. I am proud to be member of the IEEE TPWRD community, which is known to have very strong HVDC (and DC more generally) expertise. I therefore expected substantial interest in the special section. The timing for special section is excellent. In the last years, DC technology has been progressing at a fast pace, in particular, in transmission and distribution applications. There has been rapid development, in terms of new converter topologies, new apparatus, increased power ratings, improved performance/reliability, modularity and size reduction. In the same period, the demand for DC technology has perhaps increased even more, driven by the need for integration of large remote offshore/onshore renewable energy sources, demand for controllable power flows in lines because of market-based grid planning and power trading, increasing demand for cable-based transmission, desire to operate weak AC grids at higher loadings, requirements for more national/international interconnectors, in particular at very high ratings, and general load increase. In Europe and China especially, the industry is eagerly awaiting demonstration of complex DC grids (at medium and high voltage levels) which are expected to facilitate large-scale integration of renewable energy. In recent years, the research on DC technologies has further intensified, as demonstrated by multiple large (20 30 partners) European innovation/demonstration projects and a flurry of activity in CIGRE and other professional communities. The editorial board was appointed in September 2016 and I am particularly thankful to the editors who stayed with us until publication: Oriol Gomis, Sebastien Dennetiere, Lianzhong Yao, Reza Iravani, Nilanjan Chaudhuri and Maryam Saeedifard (joined at a later stage). In the planning stage before the call was issued in October 2016, I was expecting submissions. I was quite unprepared but delighted to learn that 132 papers were received. The volume of submissions testifies the importance, interest and dynamism of this field. The last paper was received in mid- February, and by September we had most papers and revisions reviewed and decided. I am particularly grateful to all the TP- WRD reviewers who helped us manage this significant review workload in such a short period of time. II. SUMMARY OF SPECIAL SECTION A reader will find 28 papers published in this special section. A very rough grouping of the papers by the topic is: MMC (Modular Multilevel Converter) modelling, control and design: 6 papers. HVDC and DC grid protection: 4 papers. MMC modelling and control under DC faults: 3 papers DC grid control, devices and topology: 3 papers. DC/DC converters for transmission/distribution: 3 papers. DC Circuit Breakers: 3 papers. HVDC insulation including Gas Insulated DC: 3 papers. HVDC (control) interaction with AC system: 3 papers. While the study in most articles is based on analytical models or off-line simulation, there are two articles using real time digital simulation (for MMC converters), and several articles report on experimental results. It might be interesting to observe that two articles are written by authors employed in industry, and further two academic articles have a co-author from industry. The experience with this special section has further raised my expectations and strengthened predictions that DC technologies will continue further advance and they will play a more prominent role in the power industry. D. JOVCIC, Guest Editor School of Engineering University of Aberdeen Aberdeen AB24 3FX, U.K. d.jovcic@abdn.ac.uk Dragan Jovcic (S 97 M 00 SM 06) received the Diploma Engineer degree in control engineering from the University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia, in 1993, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, in He is currently a Professor with the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K., where he has been working since In 2008, he was a Visiting Professor with McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. He was also a Lecturer with the University of Ulster, during , and was a Design Engineer in the New Zealand power industry, Wellington, New Zealand, during His research interests include the HVdc, FACTS, dc grids, and control systems. Digital Object Identifier /TPWRD IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

4 IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Special Section on Frontiers of DC technology DC technology for power delivery has experienced rapid development in the last years, in terms of new converter topologies, new apparatus, increased power ratings, improved performance/reliability, modularity and size reduction. In the same period, the demand for DC technology has perhaps increased even more, driven by the need for integration of large remote offshore/onshore renewable energy sources, demand for controllable power flows in lines because of market-based grid planning and power trading, increasing demand for cable-based transmission, desire to operate weak AC grids at higher loadings, requirements for more national/international interconnectors in particular at very high ratings, and general load increase. At present, it is widely believed that complex and interconnected DC power grids could be built with comparable performance, reliability, flexibility and losses as traditional AC grids. The introduction of Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) technology using Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) topologies opens the prospect of significantly increased ratings of DC technologies at acceptable losses/size and many new converter functions/roles in DC systems. There is substantial ongoing research and development worldwide on challenges in various DC apparatus, on DC system operation, control and protection, on topics related to DC modelling and simulation, but also on standardisation, interoperability, testing and other aspects. These topics require considerable advances in technology and in many aspects fundamentally different approaches from traditional practices and technologies with AC systems. This Special Section aims to promote research, innovation and exchange of information related to the key challenges which will shape the development of HV and MV DC power delivery. The topics of interest of this Special Section are within the traditional IEEE TPWRD scope ( related to DC technologies, and in particular: 1. Architectures of HV and MV DC Grids and hybrid AC-DC grids, 2. Converter technologies, VSC - MMC half-bridge, full-bridge and hybrid converters, LCC converters, DC/DC converters for MV and HV DC grids, 3. DC system protection and grounding, DC fault management, DC grid fault detection and discrimination Overvoltage management and grounding aspects of DC systems, 4. DC circuit breakers, fault current limiters and switchgear, Mechanical and semiconductor DC Circuit breakers, DC fast acting disconnectors, GIS DC switchgear, Superconducting and other DC fault current limiting devices, 5. Substations, cables, transducers, electrodes, surge arresters, filters. for DC systems,

5 6. Modelling and simulation of electromagnetic transients in DC systems, Analytical modelling, Simulation of DC systems including DC faults, Real time simulation, 7. Challenges and solutions of integrating AC and DC systems (apparatus perspective), Power flow, voltage and frequency support, ancillary services provision, Operation, dynamics and control, Harmonic distortion, Stability, AC to DC and DC to AC interactions 8. Standards, interoperability and multi-vendor issues, 9. Demonstration and laboratory projects, It is noted that LV DC systems are not in the scope of this Special Section. SUBMISSION GUIDELINES This Special Section solicits original work that is not under consideration for publication in other venues. There is no need for the submission of an extended abstract. Please submit the full paper directly. Authors should refer to: for information about requirements, formatting and the website of submission. When submitting, please select the submission type Frontiers of DC technology. Any changes on deadlines or other updates related to this Special Section will be announced in the Call for Paper & News section of the above website. IMPORTANT DATES October 01, 2016: Call for papers issued, January 31, 2017: Deadline for submission of full papers (early submission is recommended), July 31, 2017: Notification of final decisions, December 2017, Publication of Special Section, GUEST EDITORIAL BOARD FOR THE SPECIAL SECTION Dragan Jovcic (Guest Editor-In Chief), University of Aberdeen, UK, Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri, Pennsylvania State University, USA, Sebastien Dennetiere, RTE, France, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, Technical University of Catalonia, UPC, Spain, Reza Iravani, Univerity of Toronto, Canada, Norman MacLeod, WSP Parsons Brinckerhoff, UK, Maryam Saeedifard, Georgia Tech, USA Liangzhong Yao, China Electric Power Research Institute, China, Rong Zeng, Tsinghua University, China, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Wilsun Xu, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery