Introduction of the section about electricity production mix

Transcription

1 Introduction of the section about electricity production mix Third elcar Workshop Wolfsburg, December 6 th 2012 E. Szczechowicz Project Consortium: This project is supported by the European Commission under the Environment (including climate change) Theme of the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development.

2 2 Agenda Introduction Recommendations on electricity mixes Situation A Situation B Impact on the distribution grids

3 3 Introduction The choice of the electricity mix is part of the use phase High influence on the LCA results

4 4 Introduction Example: Influence of the electricity mix LCA for an EV (compact car) Variation of the chosen consumption electricity mix 350% 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% GWP Acidification Eutrophication Resources 50% 0% NO DE GR Consumption mix

5 5 Overall recommendations The choice of the electricity mix should be consistent with the goal and the scope of the LCA study. The choice of the electricity mix should be technological, geographical and time-related And follow the provisions regarding Planning data collection The system boundaries of the chosen electricity mix have to include Transmission grids Distributions grids Electricity productions infrastructure

6 6 Exemplary System boundaries Situation A Raw materials Background system Foreground system Production Waste Energy End-of-Life Use Phase Emissions Infrastructure Recycling

7 Use of the electricity consumption mix Different types of electricity mixes in databases available The chosen data set have to include the Complete upstream processes Infrastructure Transmission grid Distribution grid Net losses in the different voltage levels Example: DE electricity mix, consumption mix at consumer, 230V; Source: ELCD database 7

8 Correct choice of the voltage level It is important to chose the correct voltage level for the LCA. For home charging and public charging stations Low voltage level (< 1 kv), Household level Fast charging stations or multistorey parking houses could be connected to another voltage level Medium voltage (1kV-60kV) Source: IFHT 8

9 9 Recommendations for the electricity mix Situation A The choice should fall on the electricity mix best describing the actual charging situation of the analyzed system. Depending on the goal and scope! Technological representativeness Average consumption electricity mix or specific technology mix Geographical representativeness National electricity mix Time-related representativeness Voltage level Home charging station Low voltage level < 1kV

10 10 Comparison between different studies To compare the results from different LCA studies within Europe, a common electricity mix should be used additionally to the country specific electricity mix. Usage of the average European consumption electricity mix (EU- 27 electricity mix) data has to be included into the analysis. Power Grid Mix EU 27 Electricity Mix; AC; consumption mix, at consumer; < 1kV Source: ELCD database

11 Generation Load Impact on the electricity generation Situation B Electricity generation modell 50.0 N 55.0 N 52.5 N (EU or country specific) Kernkraft Braunkohle Steinkohle Erdgas Wasser Aim of the LCA study Impact on the electricity generation Charging control strategies for a high penetration of EV changes the electricity generation and influences the composition of the national electricity mix. Vehicle load 47.5 N 5.0 E 7.5 E 10.0 E 12.5 E 15.0 E The composition of the electricity mix has to be included as primary data based on a detailed model of the electricity generation system. Average data can not be used 11

12 12 Impact on the electricity generation System boundaries - Situation B Raw materials Electricity Background system Foreground system Use phase Waste Energy Infrastruc ture Emissions Infrastructur e Production End-of-Life Recycling

13 LCA for EV in without assessing the electricity generation in Situation B If the power generation is not within the goal and scope of the study, a different approach can be chosen. Use of the mix of marginal technologies Not scalable generation technologies Shift within the energy generation due to higher demand curves towards available technologies Studies assessing future scenarios Usage of short-term or long-term marginal processes for the electricity generation depending on the scope of the study Based on future scenario data and best available technologies 13

14 14 The distribution network deliver the electricity to the EV charging point. The contact point between EV and the distribution network are the charging stations. Depending on the charging method the charging station and the impact on the distribution grids have to be considered. Destribution Grids Introduction Source: SGTE Power

15 15 Possible charging station requirements The norm DIN IEC Electric vehicle conductive charging system [IEC ] presents different EV charging standards and charging devices for electric vehicles connected to the AC or DC voltage. The charging process can be unidirectional (only for EV charging) bidirectional (charging and back feeding possible) The charging power and direction defines the required charging station and its components. Installation One phase 16A 3,7 Three phases 16A 11 Three phases 32A 22 Three phases 63A 43,7 DC charging 55 Maximum apparent [kva] power

16 16 Charging possibilities The charging place describes where a charging infrastructure is available for an EV. Different power connections possible The number of required charging stations rises with the availability of charging stations. Therefore, it might be necessary depending on the charging strategy to assess more than one charging station per EV in the LCA. At home At home means that EVs can be recharged during night times because At home and at work every EV owner will have a possibility to connect the vehicle to the grid near his home. This is an enlargement of the first stage because the vehicles now can be additional loaded at the working place of their owners. Everywhere This last stage allows the charging everywhere where the EV are parking longer than a certain amount of time It includes all charging possibilities from charging at home, along the streets, at work or in a parking deck.

17 17 Impact on the distribution grids The impact on the grids can be assessed using grid calculation models. Source:

18 Source: 18 Impact of charging strategies on distribution grids

19 19 Impact on the distribution grids The impact of the EV charging process at most grids is small as long as the penetration rates are quite low The distribution and transmission grids can be included in the background data using existing data sets Charging strategies can influence the impact on the grids significantly Detailed grid calculation necessary to assess the impact on the distribution grids (specific information regarding the grids required) Vehicle-2-Grid services have to assess their impacts on the grids. The impact on the grid can not be generalized for different voltage levels, grid areas or countries!

20 20 Distribution grids Summary Situation A Small impact on the grids Distribution grids can be included in the background analysis using existing data sets The charging station has to be included in the LCA modeling. Situation B If control strategy are used, the impact on the distribution grids have to be assessed using grid calculation models. The number of required charging stations have to be assessed. Special V2G services to include a higher share of RES into the electricity system has to be analyzed taking the entire system into account. The data sets for the electricity mix included the existing infrastructure in a satisfactory proportion.

21 Provisions 7.1.5: Electricity mixes and networks in the use phase For Situation A I. SHALL: Use specific electricity mixes (country, technology and time specific) or the average consumption mix for the vehicle charging process, depending on the specific goal and scope of the study. II. SHALL: Also include the European mixes (EU-27) for electricity for the vehicle charging process (consumption mix, < 1kV/230 V). III. SHALL: Include the infrastructure e.g. charging station into the LCA modelling in the required quantity based on the charging strategy (e.g. charging at home and at work). For Situation B I. SHALL: Use specific electricity mixes (country, technology and time specific) from marginal technologies for the vehicle charging process II. SHALL: Use the electricity from marginal technologies (EU-27) for the vehicle charging process (consumption mix). III. SHALL: Include the charging station into to LCA modelling in the required quantity based on the charging strategy (e.g. charging at home and at work). Vehicle-2-Grid I. SHALL: In the case of providing V2G services, the reaction of the charging process of higher penetration rate of EV on the distribution grids and the impact on the electricity generation have to be assessed. 21