The Impact of Advanced Battery Systems and Their Networks into the Future Society Evolution toward New Consolidated Artifacts

Transcription

1 The Impact of Advanced Systems and Their Networks into the Future Society Evolution toward New Consolidated Artifacts Hideaki HORIE Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering, the University of Tokyo A history of Population and Vehicle numbers Vehicles Numbers ( x 1 6 ) Population Year Vehicle Numbers Human Population ( x 1 8 ) Evolution of advanced batteries during the last two decades and Endeavor for wide spread use of EVs and HEVs Specfic Energy (Wh/kg) History of secondary batteries (1) Capacity Newly introduced batteries (Lithium Ion and Nickel Metal hydride) have dramatically been improving specific energy in the past two decades. 25 Nickel cadmium Lithium ion Nickel Metal hydride Lead acid (Junger, 1899) 1859) (Plante, Shimamura et al, WEVA journal vol.1 pp (27) ( Ni systems Co systems Mn systems Improvement in specific energy of secondary batteries

2 History of secondary batteries (2) Power Newly introduced batteries also have improved specific power since the middle of the nineties. This benefits materialization of HEVs. History of secondary batteries (3) Price prices have drastically decreased. This could create substantial opportunities for new industries establishments. Yen/Wh Information Technology Research Institute, Japan History of secondary batteries (4) Production Li Ion batteries for consumer applications are fabricated mainly in Asia. Principle of Li ion system Advantages of Li Ion systems Cell Production rate(%) Information Technology Research Institute, Japan Characteristics of Li Ion Possibilities for high performance system : (1) Higher power (2) Longer life (3) Robustness Long life of Li ion system Voltage difference in various SOC Thermal stability Principle of Intercalation of Li Ion systems Small volumetric change potential for future advanced materials

3 History of R&D on Advanced Lithium ion Batteries for Automotive applications Altra EV (1997 ) Year Prairie EV Hypermini Prototype EV Altra EV Vehicles Li Ion R&D EV Basic studies P HEV Start of R&D work on Li ion batteries Cylindrical cell HEV Cylindrical EV & P HEV battery Nissan Avenir P HEV Mn based cathode Cylindrical HEV battery Tino HEV Laminated cell 5 FCV 3 FCV compact Li Ionbattery Prototype HEV National Laboratory (28) Length 477mm Width 1765mm Height 168mm Weight 173kg Layout of EV units Max. Passengers 5 persons Mileage 23km (1 15 Japan Driving Mode) Max. Speed 12km/h Max. Slope (tanθ).38 Min. Driving Radius 5.4m Motor Type Syncronized AC Max. Motor Output / 62kW / 345V Rated Voltage Max. Motor Torque 159Nm Type Lithium ion battery Module Voltage / 28.8V 94Ah Module Number / 12 / 96 Cell Number Charging Time 5Hr Specifications National Laboratory (28) First study of a high power Li ion battery system for P HEV Development of a High Power Lithium Ion System for EVS14 (Electric Vehicle Sympoisum14 (Orlando, FL (1997))) Development of a High Power Lithium Ion System for HEV Hideaki Horie, Yuuji Tanjo, Takaaki Abe Nissan Research Center, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. 1, Natsushima cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237 Japan Kiyoshi Katayama and Junichi Shigetomi IB Development Dept., Sony Energytec Inc. 1 1, Aza Shimosugishita TakakurAhiwada machi Koriyama, Fukusima Japan Abstract Research on the lithium ion battery system revealed that it has vastly more potential for high power applications than other existing batteries. A 22 Ah (4.V) lithium ion battery module has been developed which incorporates a cell controller. It provides almost three times the specific energy of conventional batteries and also maintains high recharging performance and high charge/discharge energy efficiency. Evaluation results indicate that it is A highly promising energy source for HEVs. Development of a High Power Lithium ion for Parallel HEVs EVS16 (Beijing) Table : Specifications of Prototype Module Tino Hybrid National Laboratory (28) National Laboratory (28)

4 Simulation of Li ion reactions and performance Li ion system could be numerically calculated and precisely predicted of its performance. Negative Load Separator Lithium ion concentration Along the thickness (x axis) Positive Equation for lithium ion transport in active materials s s 2 s (one dimension in the radial direction) Equation for lithium ion transport in electrolyte e 1 + x2 e (one dimension along the thickness) Negative (i) Lithium ion Transport Model (ii) Current Transfer Equation <<Equations governing lithium ion transport in a cell>> e Current s Load Separator Along the thickness (x axis) Equation for current transfer in electrolyte s e Positive Equation for current transfer in active materials s x2 s (one dimension along the thickness) x2 x2 ln e 2RT(1 t) n k e a ( t s) a s c exp( F/RT* ) exp( F/RT* ) s s T. Abe et al. Simulation of a High Power Lithium ion (ECS 21 Joint International Meeting San Francisco, California) Simulations of Li ion performance (one dimension along the thickness) Conduction agent resistance Reaction resistance Electrolyte resistance Specific Power (kw/kg) Large current discharge characteristics 5sec 1sec DOD (%) H. Horie, O. Shimamura, T. Saito, T. Abe,Y. Ohsawa, M. Kawai and H. Sugawara Development of Ultra high Power Lithium ion Batteries (12th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries, Nara, Japan June 27 July 2, 24 Specific Power (kw/kg) Improvement of power output of lithium ion cells (5% DOD) Internal Combustion Engine Year H. Horie, O. Shimamura, T. Saito, T. Abe,Y. Ohsawa, M. Kawai and H. Sugawara Development of Ultra high Power Lithium ion Batteries (12th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries, Nara, Japan June 27 July 2, 24 Specfic Energy Performance Characteristics of Li ion Batteries EV battery P HEV battery HEV battery Prediction by battery simulation Specific Power Fig. Relationship between specific power and specific energy

5 Drive trains Energy flow within a car Accumulation Time shifts Fuels (Energy sources) Advanced Batteries Planting into Cities/Regions and their Impacts for the Future Outputs Internal Combustion Engine Motor Fuel tank H2 pressure tank Gasoline, Diesel oil Hydrogen Refinement Reformer Fuel cells Organic fuel Alcohol Crude oil Natural gas Inverter BATTERY Electricity Power Plants thermal hydroelectric nuclear photovoltaic winds geothermal etc Natural Energy sun lights winds.. Expectations for Advanced EVs/HEVs Batteries Through tough endeavors of materialization of EVs / HEVs batteries systems, batteries could finally accommodate _ Higher performance Lower cost Longer Life Higher Reliability EXPECTATIONS: Technologies established could be utterly applicable to every single industrial sector To reduce a cost burden of batteries for EVs or HEVs, detaching battery packs from EVs, and reusing them in cities could lower total costs and establish closed loop flow of batteries within human activities, which could benefit the society to conserve resources as well. Conventional scheme EV or Plug In HEV New concept of battery as social capital Socialization and linked use of batteries would reduce cost, conserve resources and lower environmental burdens of human activities. Shouldered only by customers More than 2 3 times higher priced? Customers buy Cars without batteries Similar prices as gasoline cars? Batteries to be possessed by other affiliations Batteries could live through the society EV or Plug In HEV Linked Reuse city Solar Panels Wind Turbines

6 Any Cities or Regions could be innovated though advanced batteries EVs or Plug in HEVs could possess limitation on their mileage per one charge and cast concerns over their substantial materialization. Meanwhile, the basic drawback could be offset substantially by means of linked networks to assist them within cities / regions. Vehicles: Artifacts Evolution and Consolidation into a Linked Existence Not only as actual vehicles, but also as what enhance a marvelous shift for the future 18th 19th century A city / region could be synthesized and evolve into a new form of artifacts. Solar Panels Downtown Business + Residence Charging Station Wind Turbines Thermodynamics Electromagnetism New design for Artifacts Simulation Real time vehicle traffics Charger distribution Batteries 21st century 2th century Power supply Quantum Theories + Statistical Physics CPU Sensor Arrays 1st Industrial Revolution through Thermo Dynamical Contexts Knowledge Processing and Sensors Advanced Batteries Transportation / Logistics EVs Transportation Distribution of roads New Artifacts EVs Electricity Power Population / Functions HEVs Internal Combustion Engines Vehicles 2nd Industrial Revolution? Linked Oil Social System: Cities or Regions Conservation / Confinement of Energy / Resources (This presentation is based on papers shown below) References: [1] H. Horie, et al., Development of a Lithium ion System for EV Application, Preprints of the Spring Scientific Lecture Series of JSAE, 961 (1996) (in Japanese). [2] T. Miyamoto, et al., Advanced System for Electric Vehicle (FEV II), EVS13 (1996). [3] H. Horie, et al., Development of a High power Lithium ion System for HEV Application, Preprints of the Spring Scientific Lecture Series of JSAE, 971 (1997) (in Japanese). [4] N. Hirata, et al., Thermal Management System of Lithium ion for The NISSAN ALTRA EV, EVS 14 (1997). [5] H. Horie, et al., Development of A high Power Lithium Ion System for HEV, EVS14 (1997). [6] T. Kikuchi, et al., Evaluation Tests of Nissan Hybrid Electric Vehicle, EVS14 (1997). [7] H. Horie, et al., Development of a PHEV Power Supply System using High power Lithium ion Batteries, Preprints of the Autumn Scientific Lecture Series of JSAE, 9, (1998) (in Japanese). [8] T. Abe, et al., Development of a Cooling System for High power Lithium ion Batteries for HEV Application, Preprints of the Spring Scientific Lecture Series of JSAE, (1998) (in Japanese). [9] S. Kitada, et al., Development of a Parallel HEV System Incorporating a CVT, EVS 15 (1998). [1] H. Horie, et al., Study of a High Power Lithium Ion for Parallel Hev Application, SAE Paper No [11] Y. Tanjo, et al., Abstract for the 4th Forum, 2C4 (1999) (in Japanese). [12] H. Horie, et al., Development of a High Power Lithium ion for Parallel HEVs, EVS16 (1999). [13] Y. Ohsawa, et al., Abstract for the 41st Forum, 3C15 (2) (in Japanese). [14] M. Origuchi, et al., Lithium ion Application to the Tino Hybrid, EVS17 (2). [15] E. Inada, et al., Development of a High Performance Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Tino Hybrid, EVS17(2). [16] H. Horie, et al., Compact Lithium ion, JSAE Review, Vol. 58, No. 7 (24) (in Japanese). [17] O. Shimamura, et al., Development of a Compact, High power Lithium ion System, Transactions of JSAE, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp (24) (in Japanese). [18] H. Horie, et al., Development of Ultra high Power Lithium ion Batteries, IMLB 12 (12th International Meeting of Lithium Batteries), Abs.5 (24). [19] O. Shimamura, et al., Development of a High Power Compact Lithium ion System, EVS 21 (25). [2] O. Shimamura, et al., Research and Development Work on Lithium ion Batteries for Environmental Vehicles, EVS 22 (26). [21] T. Abe, et al., Research and Development Work on Lithium ion for Environmental Vehicle, To be presented at the Autumn Scientific Lecture Series of JSAE, Sept. 26 (in Japanese). [22] T. Abe, et al., Simulation of a High Power Lithium ion, The 2th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, Abs. 133 (21). [23] T. Abe, et al., Abstract for the 42nd Forum, 3C5 (21) (in Japanese) [24] F. Saito, et al., Verifications of the Adaptation in the Market and Estimation of Life for EV,HEV, EVS18 (21). [25] K. Watanabe, et al., Study of a High Power Lithium ion, The26th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, Abs. 441 (24). [26] T. Kinoshita, et al., A Study on an Advanced Lithium ion System for EVs, EVS 23 (27). [27] Y. Hisamitsu, et al., Research and Development Work on High performance Lithium ion Batteries for EV Application, SAE 8PFL 257(28) [28] H. Horie, R&D of advanced large capacity battery systems for automotive applications, 1st International Conference on Advanced Lithium Batteries for Automobile Applications, Argonne National Laboratory (28) [29] H. Horie, Study on Li Ion System for Environmentally friendly Vehicles, the future of eco technology, Pollutec Lyon 28, (28)

7 Appendix Efficiency(%) Examples of engine energy efficiencies Direct injection gasoline Gasoline engine Effective pressure(bar) Direct injection diesel