Batteries Comparative Analysis and their Dynamic Model for Electric Vehicular Technology

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1 Volume 114 No , ISSN: (printed version); ISSN: (on-line version) url: ijpam.eu Batteries Comparative Analysis and their Dynamic Model for Electric Vehicular Technology Chiranjeevi Mondru 1, D.V. Ashok Kumar 2 and R. Kiranmayi 3 1 Electrical Engineering, JNTUA, Ananthapuram, India, chiru.carey@ieee.org 2 Electrical Engineering, RGMCET (Autonomous), Nandyal, India, rgmdad09@gmail.com 3 Electrical Department, JNTUA, Ananthapuram, India, kiranmayi0109@gmail.com. Abstract The Battery is one of the most prime components in both the utility and commercial/industrial power system, as electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been developed. The significance of research and development of lithium-ion battery is on the rise in automobile industry. The desire of this paper is to enhance the reader - general operational characteristics with various types of batteries, the charge and discharge dynamics of the battery model with six battery types, an upgrade and easy-to- use battery dynamic model. Comparison between the six types of batteries, various parameters of the battery and Simulation results convey the different load conditions of the Li-Ion battery. The proposed analysis is performed to identify the high performance of Li- Ion battery compare to six batteries and it is research for future work of the researchers. Key Words and Phrases: Batteries, Electrical Vehicles, Li Ion Battery, Dynamic Model, Energy Storage System (ESS), Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). 629

2 1 Introduction A hybrid power train makes use of an electric motor to adjunct the output of an internal combustion engine (ICE) while acceleration and redeem the energy through braking [2]- [4]. In hybrid topologies, in considering the vehicle is no longer contingent on only one type of fuel, they have much aid for the vehicle, against an emission reduction to better performance and efficiency upgrades. There are mostly different types and sizes of EVs, HEVs and PHEVs. However, the battery is a prime component for all road vehicles. For hybrid vehicles, the battery must incessantly undertake and supply electrical energy, is further a prime component of the major importance. The prime characteristics of vehicular ESSs comprise specific energy, energy density, specific power, power density, operating temperatures, self-discharging rates, and number of cycles, state of charge, commercial availability, lifetime, cost and maintenance. Batteries mostly have higher energy densities and accumulate the majority of electric energy [1] & [2]. This paper evaluates comparative review of rechargeable batteries for vehicular applications. 2 Types of Batteries & Operation of Li-Ion Battery Batteries have been extensively utilized in ground vehicles considering their characteristic performance in respect of SOC, energy density, cost, power density and reliability. Types of batteries are Lead Acid, Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Metal Hydride, Sodium Sulfur, Zinc-Air and Li-Ion. Lithium Ion Batteries These batteries were developed in early 1990 s and rechargeable lithium cells came into existence. They extend an appreciable increase in energy density when relate with variant rechargeable batteries, it this rechargeable battery lithium ion s transfer between the anode and cathode generates a flow of electricity. At the anode (carbon material) the lithium was ionizing and discharge to the electrolyte. Lithium ions transfer through a porous plastic separator and into cathode. During this process electrons are circulated from anode. 630

3 Discharging, the battery is discharged; hence lithium ions transfer from the anode to the cathode along the separator considering this is a forward chemical reaction. Charging, the battery is charged, hence lithium ion s transfer from cathode to anode along separator considering this is a reversible chemical reaction. The three primary functional components of lithium ion battery are cathode, anode and electrolyte. The anode of a conservative lithium ion cell is fabricated from carbon, the cathode made of metal oxide and the electrolyte is a lithium salt organic solvent. Electrical energy is generated from the composition of lithium carbon and lithium metal oxide results carbon and lithium metal oxide. The chemical reaction of the battery is expressed as Li x +M y O z 6C+Li x M y O z Lithium ion battery has a higher energy, better high temperature potential and recyclable. Battery nominal voltage is 3.6V, minimal self- discharge due to the very minimal internal resistance [1] [4] & [9]. 3 Mathematical Modeling of Batteries In this section demonstrates charging and discharging modes of operation by terms of mathematical expressions and simulation model. The basic complement circuit of battery and equations are [6] [10]. Figure 3.1: Basic Equivalent Circuit of Battery From the Fig

4 Fig. 3.2: Charging and Discharging model circuit of the battery A. Charging modeling equations for battery Lead Acid: NiMH and Ni-Cd: Sodium Sulfur: r Zinc-Air: Li-Ion: B. Discharging modeling equations for battery Lead Acid: NiMH and Ni-Cd: Sodium Sulfur: Zinc-Air: Li-Ion: 4 Comparison of Batteries Type of battery/ Parameters Working Voltage (V) In the electric vehicle, major component is the battery and in the table 4.1 differentiates various batteries with distinct parameters. Table 4.1: Comparison of the Various Batteries Lead-Acid Ni-Cd NiMH Sodium Sulfur Zinc-Air Li-Ion

5 Energy Density (Wh/l) Specific Power (W/kg) Power Density (W/l) Usable SOC (%) Recycle times ~ ~250 ~ ~ ~ Up to 800 to 80% capacity 500~1200 to 80% capacity 500~1000 to 80% discharge ~1000 to 80% capacity >2000 Up to 2000 Temperature ( o C) -10~50-40~80 0~ ~50-20~70 Environmental impact Large Large Weak Large Weak Weak High as 10, but initially Very low, Self-discharge electrolyte ~2 0.5 Up to 5 battery need 10% per (% per day) is left in the warm month cycle Power (kwh) ~9 Mileage (miles) Recharge time (h or min) 8-12, if boosted 20 8h (90% recharge in 1h possible) 15-20, if boosted 25 1h (rapid charge to 60% capacity in 20 min) 18-25, if boosted 30 1h (rapid charge to 60% capacity 20 min) 16-22, if boosted 29 8h 8-14, if boosted 20 While the fuel is replaced, 10min , if boosted h, 80% recharge in 1h The prime characteristics of vehicular ESSs comprise energy density, power density, recycles time, temperature, environment effect, power, SOC, size, cost, mileage, recharge time and commercial availability. In all parameters, Li- Ion battery has better performance. Recent day s one of the most preferred battery is Li-Ion. 5 Results and Discussions In this section, only Li-Ion battery performance was analyzed at different conditions, battery voltage maintained at 12V. When battery is DC Motor (EV) and AC Machine (HEV & PHEV) noticed, the parameters of the battery are SOC, Voltage, Current results and their performance was analyzed. The Li-Ion battery is connected to the DC Motor (EVs), the corresponding results of the circuit is shown in Fig

6 Fig. 5.1: Simulation Results for Li-Ion Battery with DC Motor The Li-Ion battery is connected to the AC Machine with the combination of converter and controllers; it is both HEVs and PHEVs. The simulation modeling circuit is as shown in Fig. 5.2 and the simulation results of the corresponding circuit diagram as shown in Fig Fig. 5.2: Simulation modeling circuit for Li-Ion battery with AC Machine In the above results are plotted the SOC, Voltage and Current verses Time, SOC of the Li-Ion battery is very minimum value will be reduced with respect to Time, but the Li-Ion battery connected the AC Machine it will be increased high, at the same time battery will be recharged when the Machine is operating in reverse mode, due to this process the SOC of the battery is decreased means performance of the battery is high. Fig. 5.3: Simulation Results for the Li-Ion battery with AC Machine But the current of the battery is when the Li-Ion battery is connected to the DC Motor the current is high that is as shown in Fig. 5.1 and the Li-Ion battery is connected to the AC machine 634

7 with the help of different converters the corresponding results, the current is negative value be getting that means battery will be recharging condition shows in the Fig. 5.3 it is applicable to both HEVs and PHEVs. 6 Conclusion This paper proposes comparative analyses of the six battery types with various parameters of the batteries are tabulated. Six types of batteries charging and discharging dynamic model were demonstrated, and also scrutinize the simulation results of various load conditions for Li-Ion battery. Recent trends most used rechargeable battery is Li-Ion battery in vehicles because of the number of Cycles of the battery is high compared to all, the operating voltage is higher, SOC is very Low, power is high and the cost is minimum related to Ni-Cd and NiMH batteries but energy density and specific energy is minimal. References [1].James Larminie (Oxford Brookes University, UK), John Lowry (Consultant Engineer, Swindon, UK), Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, second edition; authorized reprint by Wiley India Pvt. Ltd, /7. [2]. Alireza Khaligh, Senior Member, IEEE, and Zhihao Li, Student Member, IEEE, Battery, Ultra-capacitor, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric, Hybrid Electric, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: State of the Art, IEEE transaction on vehicular technology, Vol. 59, No.6, July [3]. Proc. D. Hoelscher, A. Scores, Y. Gao, and M. Ehsani, Hybridized electric energy storage systems for hybrid electric vehicles, IEEE Vehicle Power Propulsion Conf.,Sep.2006, pp.1 6. [4]. Proc. IEEE, and A. F. Burke, Batteries and ultracapacitors in electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles, on Apr. 2007, vol. 95, no. 4, pp [5]. S. Lukic and A. Emadi, Charging ahead, IEEE IND. Electron. Mag., vol. 2, no. 4, pp , Dec

8 [6].Olivier Tremblay1, Louis-A. and Dessaint Electrical Engineering Department, E cole dies Technologie Supe rieure, Experimental Validation of a Battery Dynamic Model for EV Applications, World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol.3-ISSN AVERE. [7].S. Wijewardana1 Member-IESL School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK, New Dynamic Battery Model for Hybrid Vehicles, (ISSN , ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, April 2014). [8].Sergei Melentjev, Deniss Lebedev Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia), Overview of Simplified Mathematical Models of Batteries. [9].Yimin Zhou and Xiaoyun Li; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Overview of Lithium-ion Battery SOC Estimation, Proceeding of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation Lijiang, China, August [10].Tremblay, O., L.-A. Dessaint, Experimental Validation of a Battery Dynamic Model for EV Applications, World Electric Vehicle Journal. Vol. 3, May 13 16, [11].Zhu, C., X. Li, L. Song, and L. Xiang, Development of a theoretically based thermal model for lithium ion battery pack, Journal of Power Sources. Vol. 223, pp [12].Saw, L.H., K. Somasundaram, Y. Ye, and A.A.O. Tay, Electrothermal analysis of Lithium Iron Phosphate battery for electric vehicles, Journal of Power Sources. Vol. 249, pp [13].Proc. D. B. Edwards and C. Kinney, Advanced lead acid battery designs for hybrid electric vehicles, 16th Battery Conf. Appl. Adv.,Jan. 2001, pp [14]. Proc. A. Cooper and P. Moseley, Progress in the development of lead acid batteries for hybrid electric vehicles, IEEE Vehicle Power Propulsion Conf., Sep. 2006, pp

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