Experimental Inves0ga0on of a Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Transport Applica0ons

Transcription

1 Experimental Inves0ga0on of a Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Transport Applica0ons Dimitrios Apostolou j.apostolou@puas.gr K.A. Kavadias, G. Spyropoulos Lab of SoM Energy Applica0ons & Environmental Protec0on, Piraeus University of Applied Sciences, hrp:// Tel.: Piraeus University of Applied Sciences Department of Mechanical Engineering

2 Introduc0on - Background Transporta0on sector in EU-28 is responsible for around the 1/3 of the final energy consump0on ( 350 Mtoe). 23% of total annual CO 2 emissions come from transport applica0ons ( 1161 Mtn).

3 Introduc0on - Background In Greece 41% of final energy consump0on (equal to 6.5 Mtoe) is related to transport applica0ons. 20% of total annual CO 2 emissions (104 Mtn) come from transport applica0ons ( 20.5 Mtn).

4 EinT2016 1st Interna0onal Conference ENERGY in TRANSPORTATION 2016 Introduc0on - Background Improvement of efficiency in transporta0on or exploita0on of Renewable Sources coupled with Green Mobility Mi0ga0on of environmental impacts (Greenhouse effect) & decelera0on of fossil fuels deple0on.

5 EinT2016 1st Interna0onal Conference ENERGY in TRANSPORTATION 2016 Introduc0on - Background One of the most promising technologies for transport applica0ons comprise the use of hydrogen fuel cells. Hydrogen mobility is based on the conversion of Hydrogen s chemical energy to mechanical energy, achieved either by an H2 internal combus0on engine or by the use of a fuel cell.

6 EinT2016 1st Interna0onal Conference ENERGY in TRANSPORTATION 2016 Scope of the Work Ø Experimental inves0ga0on of a hybrid hydrogenbarery based system used in contemporary fuel cell electric vehicles. Ø Assessment of the vehicle s opera0onal behaviour under real load profiles. Ø Es0ma0on of WtW consump0on during opera0on. Ø Es0ma0on of efficiency under different loads. HIGH-VOLTAGE BATTERY PACK HYDROGEN STORAGE ELECTRIC MOTOR POWER CONTROL UNIT FUEL CELL STACK

7 Methodology Ø A fuel cell electric scooter (FCES) has been simulated via a fuel cell hybrid system located at the facili0es of the SoM Energy Applica0ons & Environmental Protec0on Laboratory (SEALAB) of Piraeus University of Applied Sciences. Ø SEALAB Hydrogen System includes: PEM Hydrogen Generator (H 2 Produc0on: 60Nl/hour of % purity). Hydrogen Metal Hydride (MH) Storage ( 760 Nl/canister), weight 7kg/canister. Fuel Cell Training System.

8 EinT2016 1st Interna0onal Conference ENERGY in TRANSPORTATION 2016 Methodology Ø Fuel Cell Training System includes: An 1200 W PEM fuel cell of 36 cells and input H2 pressure above 1bar. DC/DC converter. DC/AC inverter of 1500 W output. Two Lead Acid barery banks with capaci0es 18 Ah, and 7 Ah at 24 V. An electronic DC load module, where DC load profiles are simulated (up to 1.5 kw).

9 Methodology Ø Opera0onal modes of the hybrid system used to simulate a FCES: BaRery is fully charged. All components are supplied from bareries. (a) BaRery is below min threshold ( 23V). Fuel cell charges the bareries and covers the load & auxiliary components. (b) BaRery is above minimum threshold, and fuel cell cannot cover the demand. FC stops its opera0on and bareries supply the loads and auxiliary systems. (a) (a) (b)

10 EinT2016 1st Interna0onal Conference ENERGY in TRANSPORTATION 2016 Methodology Ø The load profile was based on low sec0on of the WLTP class 1 profile issued by UNECE for an 1.5kW FCES. Ø Due to experimental purposes and system s specifica0ons, the profile has been adjusted accordingly for maximum loads up to 0.8kW.

11 Results Ø The H 2 produc0on procedure lasted approximately 17 h and 700 Nl of hydrogen were stored in one empty metal hydride canister. Ø Electricity consump0on during the electrolysis stage reached 9 kwh. Ø One MH canister has been used due to space and weight limita0ons of FCESs. Ø Hybrid opera0on lasted for 7 cycles and 3min un0l hydrogen was depleted and bareries were unable to cover the loads. Ø Driving range reached 20 km. Ø WtW consump0on was around 0.45 kwh/km.

12 EinT2016 1st Interna0onal Conference ENERGY in TRANSPORTATION 2016 Results Ø Operational modes during the experiment are obvious in the following graph.

13 EinT2016 1st Interna0onal Conference ENERGY in TRANSPORTATION 2016 Results Ø 0sec 1380sec: BaReries supply the system. Ø 1380sec 2762sec: Fuel cell charges the bareries and supply the loads-auxiliary components. Ø 2762sec 3475sec: FC s input pressure dropped below 1bar. FC stops its opera0on and bareries supplied the system un0l their voltage dropped to 23V. Ø 3475sec 3780sec: MH pressure increased to 1.8bar (due to temperature increase), FC charged the bareries un0l input pressure dropped below 1bar. Ø 3780sec 4312sec: Same parern just as the one followed between 2762sec and 3780sec.

14 Results Ø Hydrogen consump0on reached 192 Nl during FC opera0on. Ø During no load applica0on, hydrogen consump0on rate was 0.05 Nl/sec due to auxiliary components supply. Ø Peaks of consump0on observed during release valve opera0on for pressure regula0on.

15 Results Ø Total energy provided to the system via hydrogen was 556 Wh (based on LHV) Ø Energy drawn by bareries was 283 Wh. Ø Average efficiency of the hybrid system reached 38%. Ø Efficiency increases with load increase up to a maximum value.

16 Results Ø During bareries opera0on it reaches 95%, while during FC opera0on it reaches 35%. Ø Efficiency of FC opera0on begins to decrease above load of 650 W due to drop of output voltage of the FC in a higher rate than the increase ra0o of the output current. The phenomenon is owed to higher Ohmic losses and penetra0on resistances of the electron conduc0on at the anode.

17 Conclusions Ø Higher average efficiency compared to modern petrol ICE (i.e. 25%-30%). Ø Due to temperature decrease of the MH canister during desorp0on of hydrogen, only 192 Nl of hydrogen were available (700 Nl have been ini0ally stored). Ø Recommenda0on for exploi0ng higher amounts of stored hydrogen, and thus increase driving range: Use of a canister with higher capacity. Use of an arrangement where the storage module could be heated by the thermal energy released from the fuel cell during opera0on MH canister s temperature constant Pressure drops with hydrogen deple0on.

18 Experimental Inves0ga0on of a Fuel Cell Hybrid System for Transport Applica0ons Thank you for your attention! Dimitrios Apostolou MSc Electrical Engineer Lab of SoM Energy Applica0ons & Environmental Protec0on Tel.: j.apostolou@puas.gr