NREL Microgrid Challenge

Transcription

1 Power Systems Engineering Center NREL Microgrid Challenge Blake Lundstrom, P.E. Senior Engineer Power Systems Engineering Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, USA

2 Microgrids Overview Distribution Feeder from Substation Open for a Utility Microgrid Distributed Generation DG Load Microgrid Switch Microgrid Switch Open for a Facility Microgrid Possible Control Systems DG DS Load Load Distributed Generation Distributed Storage Source: IEEE Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource Island Systems with Electric Power Systems Definition group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. It can operate in both gridconnected and island-mode Benefits Reliability: near 100% uptime for critical loads Security: enable cyber and physical security Quality: better power quality for sensitive loads Efficiency: lower energy use and dist. sys. losses Sustainability: use renewables and cleaner fuels Source: Office of Electricity, DOE Microgrid Workshop Report, 2011 Source: R. Dohn, The business case for microgrids, Siemens. 2

3 Overview NREL and MIT LL are working together to spark innovation in microgrid controller technologies NREL is conducting a dual-stage competitive procurement for a microgrid controller technology to be installed in a permanent microgrid research testbed at the Energy Systems Integration Facility located in Golden, Colorado. The top-performing control technology will be installed at ESIF in 2018 The Microgrid Controller Innovation Challenge is supported by the U.S. DOE s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Lab-Bridge pilot program and the Office of Electricity. o Lab-Bridge Pilot Program Mission: increasing access to national laboratory resources and pushing lab innovations further toward market readiness. 3

4 4 Microgrid Evaluations at ESIF Rooftop PV Energy Storage - Residential, Community & Grid Battery Storage, Flywheels & Thermal Smart buildings & controllable loads HPC & Data Center Energy Systems Integration Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers Power Systems Integration Grid Simulators - Microgrids Outdoor Test Areas EVs, Power Transformers Advanced Distribution Management Systems

5 Testing Microgrid Controls Evaluation Overview Evaluation Area Power Systems CHIL evaluation 70% Cybersecurity Evaluation 30% 5 Participants NREL Stage 1 - CHIL Weighting Evaluation Area Weighting Power Systems PHIL evaluation 70% Cybersecurity Cyber-Physical testbed evaluation 20% Price (cost) achieved in RFP 10% 2 Offerors NREL Stage 2 - PHIL MIT Microgrid Symposium 2017 * Pictures from R.O. Salcedo, J.K. Nowocin, C.L. Smith, R.P. Rekha, E.G. Corbett, E.R. Limpaecher, J.M. LaPenta, Development of a Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop Power Systems Simulation Platform to Evaluate Commercial Microgrid Controllers, Technical Report 1203, MIT Lincoln Laboratory,

6 Simulated Microgrid Radial feeder supplying a real-life industrial park with demand varying MW Distribution at MV (13.8 kv) and LV (4.16 kv, 2.4 kv, 460 V, 208 V) with 13 distribution transformers 10 Key Loads o 2 Critical Loads high continuous, PQ, reliability requirements o 4 Priority Loads buildings that are ideally served, but in contingencies may be disconnected o 4 Interruptible Loads (2) Large (250 hp) Induction Motors (3) Synchronous Generators (1 MVA, 4 MVA, etc.) with controls (2) ESS (4 MVA, ) (VSI, Battery with controls) (2) PV (3.5 MVA, ) (VSI with controls) (49) CB with Protective Relays (1) DMS interface Single phase nodes: 291 RT Simulation on Opal RT OP cores utilized, Ts = 100μs 6

7 Single line diagram Leveraging the MIT LL Banshee Model For more details see: R.O. Salcedo, J.K. Nowocin, C.L. Smith, R.P. Rekha, E.G. Corbett, E.R. Limpaecher, J.M. LaPenta, Development of a Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop Power Systems Simulation Platform to Evaluate Commercial Microgrid Controllers, Technical Report 1203, MIT Lincoln Laboratory,

8 Single line diagram - PHIL Real power hardware: 270 kva Grid Simulator 100 kva PV Inv. 250 kw PV simulator 250kVA ESS inverter 250 kw emulated battery (bi-directional DC supply) 250 kw load bank ABB CB 80 kw diesel generator EV 8

9 HMI & DAQ Real time visualization of microgrid status using off-the-shelf RTAC Matlab used as test sequence generator and DAQ system Matlab Opal-RT communication using UDP 9

10 Controller interface Based on Ethernet only (50) IEC61850 GOOSE messages (Opal-RT) (56) Modbus TCP interfaces (Opal- RT) Direct Modbus and IEC61850 communication to devices in PHIL 10

11 Load flow validation SimPowerSystems Load flow Opal-RT Real-Time execution Steady state comparison Islanded Load Real Error flow time [%] C3 V (pu) C4 V (pu) ESS V (pu) ESS P (MW) ESS Q (MVAR) PV V (pu) PV P (MW) PV Q (MVAR)

12 Transient behavior validation 12

13 Test sequence - stimuli [PU] Irradiance PV1 Irradiance PV2 Grid energy price t [min] 13

14 Test sequence grid stimuli Grid frequency [Hz] DMS active power reference tolerances [kw] time [min] 14

15 Test sequence stimuli fault.loc1 fault.loc2 fault.loc3 fault.loc4 fault.loc5 fault.loc6 fault.gen1 fault.gen2 fault.gen3 fault.ess1 fault.ess2 fault.pv1 fault.pv2 motor2 motor1 grid.cut dms.disconnect mgc.en time [min] 15

16 Key Performance Parameters (KPP) KPP1 - Resiliency and Reliability Measured by calculating the energy delivered to predetermined categories of load. A penalty will be added for any outage on critical loads. KPP2 - Operation and Maintenance The cost of fuels to run DER s and values device degradation from use (e.g. causing faster failure, circuit breakers use). KPP3 - Interconnection Contract The price of energy during the test sequence will vary to allow the controller to benefit from various choices (e.g. dispatching energy from battery). KPP4 - Distribution Service Operator (DSO) Commands The microgrid controller can allow additional revenue by providing services to DSO on request. Failing to provide required services will result in a penalty. KPP5 - Power Quality Voltage and frequency violating IEEE 1547a clearing times (Tables 1 and 2 of the standard) will be counted. KPP6 - Microgrid Survivability Keeping battery State of Charge (SoC) below the predetermined level during grid connected conditions will result in a penalty. KPP7- Fuel- Free Asset Utilization The amount of energy generated from PV to supply 1MWh of loads in the microgrid and PV energy generation will be measured. KPP8 Economic operation Dollar sum of KPP1 to KPP7 allowing for overall comparison of various controllers under test 16

17 KPP1 Resiliency and Reliability Energy delivered to Critical loads (E C ) Energy delivered to Priority loads (E P ) E C [kwh] P 11 = 1.00[$/kWh] E P [kwh] P 12 = 0.90[$/kWh]] kw served by load class M I P C Energy delivered to Interruptible loads (E I ) E I [kwh] P 13 = 0.85[$/kWh] 0 x 104 kw outage by load class Energy Critical loads Outage (ECO) Energy Priority loads Outage (ECO) Energy left in ESS at the end of the sequence compared to initial state of charge E CO [kwh] P 15 = 4.50 [$/kwh] E PO [kwh] P 16 = 2.25 [$/kwh] E ESS [kwh] P 17 = 1.00 [$/kwh] KPP1 summary values [$] M I P C time [min] 17

18 KPP2 Operational and Maintenance costs 0 Fuel costs per hour [$/h] Used Fuel - Diesel (F D ) F D [gal] P 21 = [$/gal] Used Fuel- Natural Gas (F NG ) Number of Diesel starts (N D ) Number Combined Heat & Power re-starts (N CHP ) Number of Battery cycles (N B) Number of Circuit Breaker cycles (N CB) Energy delivered as Heat (E H ) F NG [m 3 ] P 22 = 4.18 [$/m 3 ] N D P 23 = 10 00[$] N CHP P 24 = [$] N B P 25 = [$] N CB P 26 = 1.00 [$] E H [MBtu] P 28 = [$/MBtu] Diesel1 Diesel3 CHP CB switches count [unit] KPP2 summary values [$] Diesel1 NG2 Diesel3 Heat2 CB switch time [min] 18

19 KPP3 Interconnection contract Active power at POI [kw] Active Power Import Limit = 12 MW Active Power Export Limit = 6 MW Reactive Power Limit = 5 MVAr Exported Energy (EE) EE [kwh] PE [$/kwh] (p31) PEO [$/kwh] (p32=p31*keo) Reactive power at POI [kvar] 6000 Exported Energy Over limit (E E0) EE0 [kwh] Energy imported (bought from grid. EB) EB [kwh] PB [$/kwh] (p31) Energy imported over limit (bought from grid, EBO) EBO [kwh] PBO [$/kwh] (p33=p31*kbo) KPP3 summary values [$] Reactive power over limit penalty ERP [kvarh] P33 = 0.50 [$/kvarh] EBO 13 EB 14 EE EEO 15 ERP 16 time [min] 19

20 KPP4 Grid services Meeting dispatch command premium (DP). Power imported from Grid to μg T DP min P 41 = [$/min] Active power at POI [kw] Meeting demand command premium (DM). Power exported from μg to Grid T DM min P 41 = [$/min] Following Volt/Var support premium (VV) Following Demand response curve (Freq/kW, FkW) Meeting power factor request (PF) T VV min T FkW min T PF min P 43 = [$/min] P 44 = [$/min] P 46 = [$/min] Reactive power at POI [kvar] KPP4 summary values [$] T TD/M Violating planned disconnect request (DR) Unplanned disconnect failure to disconnect (UD) T DR min T UD min P 45 = [$/min] P 47 = [$/min] T FkW T PF T VV T DR T UD time [min] 20

21 KPP5 Power quality Voltage monitored on every bus According to IEEE 1547a * Table 1 from IEEE1547a-2014 standard 21

22 KPP5 Power quality Frequency monitored on every bus According to IEEE 1547a * Table 2 from IEEE1547a-2014 standard 22

23 KPP6 Microgrid survivability ESS1 ESS2 ESS state of charge [kw] 40 Penalty is issued when SoC is below 40% during grid connected operation KPP6 summary values [$] ESS1 ESS time [min] 23

24 KPP7 Free assets utilization >25% energy can come from solar in this test pattern >43% power can come from solar at peak irradiation Solar doesn t have a cost associated thus it is very favorable to use it 38% Grid Gen1 NGCHP2 Gen3 PV1 PV2 Total energy consumed = kwh 9% 17% 15% 14% 7% 24

25 Cyber Security Evaluation Example of Functionality to be Evaluated: 1. Capable of supporting strong username and passwords 2. Ability to integrate with Single Sign On methodology 3. Ability to receive and transmit encrypted traffic 4. AES 128 or better encryption 5. Ability to implement PI 6. Ability to use digital certificates for authentication 7. Two factor authentication support 8. Authorization for access to data and controls by user profile 9. Syslog alarming and integration capability 10. Tamper resistance (e.g., last gasp alarm, self-ejection from system if compromised, immunity from registry overwriting) 11. Secure firmware upgrade methodology 12. Remote access for security management using SSH 25

26 NREL s Cyber-Physical Testbed Secure testbed with power systems SCADA, grid simulation, and an inverter on a routed and firewalled network (one control center + two substations) with five function-specific cybersecurity technologies. Network Power 26

27 Next steps Currently at Stage 1 (CHIL) and validating Team #4 We will publish details about competition winner s strategies and analyze various teams approaches Models will be published after procurement: github.com/mgcp2017/ 27

28 Recommended(Prac,ce(for( Hardware0in0the0Loop((HIL)( Simula,on(Based(Tes,ng(of( Electric(Power(Apparatus( and(controls Newly&established*IEEE*WG&P2004& 1*

29 IEEE(WG(P2004(Basics Chair:*Michael& Mischa &Steurer* Florida*State*University,*Tallahassee,*FL,*USA,** Co:Chair:*Georg&Lauss,** Austrian*Ins1tute*of*Technology,** Vienna,*Austria* Secretary:*Blake&Lundstrom,** Na1onal*Renewable*Energy*Laboratory,** Golden,*CO,*USA* Sponsor:*PELS& Co:sponsor:*IAS,&IES& PAR*ends*12/31/2021& 4*

30 The(philosophy(of(P2004 The*intent*of*WG*P2004*is*to*remain*agnosBc&to& the&specific&reallbme&simulabon&and&power& amplifier&technologies&but*focus*on*the*structures,& models,&and&procedures&specific&to*conducbng&hil* based*tes1ng* One*challenge*P2004*will*have*to*overcome*is*to*keep* the*document*as*generic*as*possible*so*it*does*not* conflict*with*exis1ng*tes1ng*standards* P2004*will* Establish*pracBces&for&ROS&model&development&& Discuss&HIL&specific&documentaBon,&verificaBon&and& validabon** Provide*guidance&on&requirements&for&power& amplifiers,&drts,&and*hil&interface&algorithms&for* classes&of&hil&tesbng&needs& 6*

31 Contact(IEEE(WG(P2004 Chair:*Michael* Mischa Data*repository*and*web*site:*IEEE*iMeet*work*space* * How*to*sign*up?* Sheet*is*passing*around*right*now* *Blake*Lundstrom* 9*