Report of Committee on Mining Facilities

Transcription

1 Report of Committee on Mining Facilities Guy A. Johnson, Chairman US Bureau of Mines E. Sanford Bell, Vice Chairman Alexander & Alexander William H. Pomroy, Secretary US Bureau of Mines (nonvoting) Guy A. Johnson, US Bureau of Mines Dan Larkin, Climax Molybdenium Co. R. M. McClaren, MSHA Michael D. McQuire, MSHA - DS & HTC Robert P. Moschetta, Beaver Creek Coal Co. Joe Nugent, Colorado Division of Mines Larry D. Parts, Consolidation Coal Co. William H. Pomroy, US Bureau of Mines William D. Roper, Peabody Coal Co. Donald E. Routon, Carbon County Coal Co. Harold F. Shultz, Caterpillar Tractor Co. Richard Skvarch, West Elk Coal Co. Joel N. Strid, Carbon County Coal Co. Larry D. Tinker, Anaconda Minerals Co. Robert L. Vines, Bituminous Coal Operators' Assn., Inc. Phil A. Anania, Walter Kidde David Brackett, Gypsum Assn. William R. Bragg, Levitt Safety (Eastern) Ltd. Rep. FEMI of Canada Byron G. Brumbaugh, Climax Molybdenum CO.,,AMAX Inc. J. L. Buekley, Factory Mutual Research Corp. Donald E. Burkhart, Jr., NERCO, Antelope Coal Co. David R. Cole, Colorado Mining Assn. M. C. Diliberto, Stearns Catalytic Jay S. Greene, Environmental Security Inc. Howard R. Healey, Fred S. James & Co., Inc. A. Donald Holden, M&M Protection Consultants Will B. Jamison, Consolidation Coal Co. Roland J. Larsh, Ansul Co. David E. Lynch, Bueyrus-Erie Co. Michael B. McGuire, MSHA Safety & Health Technology Ctr. Robert W. Meyer, Johnson & Higgins G. D. Milligan, Keer-McGee Corp. John Nagy, Library, PA J. W. Nugent, Colorado Div. of Mines Donald E. Routon, Carbon County Coal Co Harold F. Shultz, Caterpillar Tractor Co. Larry D. Tinker, Anaconda Minerals Co. William T. Trinker, The Mill Mutuals Robert L. Vines, Bituminous Coal Operators Assn. Inc. Robert C. Worthington, Central Sprinkler Corp. Rep. NFSA Alternates Paul H. Dobson, Factory Mutual Research Corp. (Alternate to J. L. Buckley) Don MacQueen, Gypsum Assn. (Alternate to D. Brackett) Irwin G. Patch, Compressed Gas Assn. Inc. (Alternate to CGA Rep.) Barry A. Stewart, Kerr-McGee Corp. (Alternate to G. D. Milligan) Subcommittee on Fire Protection of Diesel Fuel & Diesel Equipment in Underground Mines Barry A. Stewart, Chairman Kerr-McGee Corp. R. J. Larsh, Secretary Ansul Fire Protection Amin N. Alameddin, MSHA - DS & HTC Phil Anania, Walter Kidde Michael A. Bailey, Bailey's Casper Fire X E. Sanford Bell, Alexander & Alexander Ken Bickel, USBM TCRC Bill Bragg, Levitt Safety Ltd. Ben Bringhurst, Utah Fuel Co. B. G. Moose Brumbaugh, Amax Henderson Mine John Caylor, Cypress Coal Co. Michael F. Dully, American Mining Congress Ralph K. Foster, Lakewood, CO Don Holden, Marsh & McClennan Bobby J. Jackson, Asarco Will B. Jamison, McMurray, PA Alternates Pat R. Harvey, AMAX Corp. (Alternate to B. G. Moose Brumbaugh) Patrick Ryan, Amax Coal Co. (Alternate to D. Larkin) Theodore C. LemoFg, Staff Liaison This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the text of this edition. Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. The Report of the Committee on Mining Facilities is presented for adoption in two parts. Part I of this Report, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Mining Facilities and proposes for adoption a Reconfirmation to NFPA , Standard for Coal Preparation Plants. NFPA is published in Volume 6 of the 1987 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form. Part I of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Mining Facilities which consists of 28 voting members; of whom 18 voted affirmatively, and I0 ballots were not returned (Messrs. Anania, Bragg, Brumbaugh, Diliberto, Greene, Holden, Nagy, Nugent, Patch and Worthington). Part II of this Report, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Mining Facilities and proposes for adoption a new document, NFPA , Standard for Fire Protection of Diesel Fuel and Diesel Equipment in Underground Mines. Part II of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Mining Facilities which consists of 28 voting members; of whom 17 voted affirmatively, I negatively (Mr. Buckley), and I0 ballots were not returned (Messrs. Anania, Bragg, Brumbaugh, Diliberto, Greene, Holden, Nagy, Nugent, Patch and Worthington). Mr. Buckley voted negatively because: "Areas in the identified paragraphs are not sufficiently clear or adequate in our opinion. 4-3 Underground Storage. The use of plastic containers has not been addressed Better definition of terms (Fixed, Enclosed). When an area should be enclosed appears to be a personal choice. Requirements for enclosures should be delineated If a fuel area is not enclosed, must combustible seams still be covered? Fifty thousand gallons of diesel fuel in one location without a suppression system is excessive. A smaller volume should be considered. At any rate, a suppression system should be recommended for all storage facilities unless well isolated from other combustibles, especially idle wood pallet storage. 141

2 PART I I - (Entire Document): Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Mining Facilities RECOMMENDATION: Reconfirm the 1984 edition of NFPA 120, Standard For Coal Preperation Plants. SUBSTANTIATION: The Committee believes that the standard continues to be suitable For use as currently worded. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. PART II l - (Entire Standard): Accept SUBHITTER: Technical Committee on Mining Facilities RECOMMENDATION: Adopt a new document NFPA , Standard for Fire Protection of Diesel Fuel and Diesel Equipment in Underground Mines. SUBSTANTIATION: The Subcommittee on Fire Protection of Diesel Fuel and Diesel Equipment in Underground Mines and the Mining Facilities Technical Committee have, prepared the proposed standard (NFPA 12 ), Standard For Fire Protection of Diesel Fuel and Diesel Equipment in Underground Mines. This standard covers diesel fuel and equipment in all underground mines and expands the Committee's past work in fire protection For self-propelled surface mining equipment and storage of flammable and combustible liquids in mines. The proposed standard also covers minimum requirements For reducing losses of life and property in underground mines From Fires involving diesel equipment, including transfer, transport, and storage of diesel fuel. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NFPA 124 Standard for Fire Protection of Diesel Fuel and Diesel Equipment in Underground Mines ]988 Edition NOTICE: An asterisk (*) Following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on that paragraph in Appendix A. Information on referenced publications can be Found in Chapter 5 and Appendix B. Foreword The diesel engine was developed in the by Rudolf Diesel and has proven itself a reliable work horse of industry. Today, diesel equipment is used safely and productively in all types of underground mines worldwide. Eighty years of experience in the use of diesel equipment has demonstrated that the technology exists to reduce fire hazards associated with diesel equipment to acceptable levels. Diesel Fuel is a combustible liquid. AS with any combustible liquid, it can be safely transferred, transported, stored, and used if the physical, chemical, and hazardous properties are fully understood and the necessary precautions and safeguards are observed. The risk of starting a fire associated with diesel equipment and the control methods to reduce this risk are essentially the same For both underground and surface operations. The confining environment found in underground mines, however, can compound the consequences of a fire and may necessitate separate evaluations to determine the degree of safeguards required. Just as there are recognized differences between surface and underground mines, there are also differences in their physical environments such as product combustibility within underground mines. These differences may require individual evaluations to determine the appropriate Fire prevention and Fire protection safeguards. 142

3 l-i Scope. Chapter i Introduction l-l.l* This standard covers minimum.requirements for reducing losses of life and property in underground mines From Fires involving diesel equipment, including transfer, transport, and storage of diesel Fuel. This standard does not cover diesel fuel that has been modified with additives that reduce the flash point to less than loo F (37.8 C), and modified or unmodified diesel fuel used at altitudes where the flash point drops to less than loo F (37.8 C). l-l.2 Nothing in this standard is intended to prevent the use of systems, methods, and devices of equivalent or superior quality, strength, fire-resistance, effectiveness, durability, and safety to those prescribed by this standard. Technical justification or demonstration of equivalency shall be provided to the authority having jurisdiction. l-2 Purpose. l-2.l This standard is prepared For use by those charged with designing, constructing, installing, examining, approving, operating, and maintaining Fire prevention, fire protection, and Fire Fighting equipment for diesel equipment and diesel fuel in underground mines. I-3 Retroactivity. The provisions of this document are considered necessary to provide a reasonable level of protection from loss of life and property From Fire and explosions. They reflect situations and the state of the art at the time the standard was issued. Unless otherwise noted, it is not intended that the provisions of this document be applied to facilities, equipment, structures, or installations that were existing or approved For construction or installation prior to the effective date of the document, except in those cases where it is determined by the authority having jurisdiction that the existing situation involves a distinct hazard to life or adjacent property. I-4 Definitions. The definitions used in this standard are in accordance with general mining industry usage or dictionary definitions. Approved. Acceptable to the "authority having jurisdiction." NOTE: The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations or procedures, equipment or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper installation, procedure or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an organization concerned with product evaluations which is in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of listed items. Atmospheric Tank. A storage tank which has been designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric through 0.5 psig (3.5 kpa). Authority Having Jurisdiction. The "authority having jurisdiction" is the organization, office or individual responsible for "approving" equipment, an installation or a procedure. NOTE: The phrase "authority having jurisdiction" is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner since jurisdictions and "approval" agencies vary as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the "authority having jurisdiction" may be a federal, state, local or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief, Fire marshal, chief of a Fire prevention bureau, labor department, health department, building official, electrical inspector, or others having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the "authority having jurisdiction." In many circumstances the property owner or his designated agent assumes the role of the "authority having jurisdiction"; at government installations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the "authority having jurisdiction." Closed Container.' A container sealed by means of a lid or other device so that neither liquid nor vapor will escape From it at ambient temperatures. Combustible. Capable of undergoing combustion. Combustible Liquid. Any liquid having a Flash point at or above lo0 F (37.8 C). Container. capacity. Any vessel of 60 gal (227 liters) or less Fire Detector. An automatic device designed to detect the presence of fire and initiate action. Fire Risk Assessment. The evaluation of the relative danger of the start and spread of Fire; generation of smoke, gases, or toxic Fumes; and the possibility of explosion or other occurrence endangering the lives and safety of personnel or causing significant damage to property. Fixed Diesel Fuel Storage Area. A designated location for Storage of diesel Fuel in containers, tanks, or both, exceeding an aggregate quantity of 660 gal (2498 L), From which tanks or containers are not moved or transported within the mine to Facilitate fuel dispensing. Fixed Fire-Suppression System. A total flooding or local application system consisting of a Fixed supply of extinguishing agent permanently connected to Fixed piping with Fixed nozzles arranged to discharge an extinguishing agent into an enclosure (total flooding), directly onto a Fire (local application), or a combination of both; or an automatic sprinkler system. Flammable Liquid. A liquid having a flash point below ]OO F (37.8 C) and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psi (absolute) (2,068 mm Hg) at ]O0 F (37.8 C) Flash Point. The minimum temperature at which sufficient vapor is released by a liquid or solid to form an ignitible vapor/air mixture at atmospheric pressure. Hand Hose Line System. A hose and nozzle assembly connected, by Fixed piping or directly, to a supply of extinguishing agent. Inby. A mining term meaning in the direction of the Face or farther into the mine; opposite of outby. Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol or other identifying mark of an organization acceptable to the "authority having jurisdiction" and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner. Liquid. For the purpose of this document, any material with Fluidity greater than that of 3DO penetration asphalt when tested in accordance with ASTM D5, Test For Penetration of Bituminous Materials. Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list published by an organization acceptable to the "authority having jurisdiction" and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection 143

4 of production of listed equipment or materials and whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets appropriate standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner. NOTE: The means for identifying listed equipment may vary for each organization concerned with product evaluation, some of which do not recognize equipment as listed unless it is also labeled. The "authority having jurisdiction" should utilize the system employed by the listing organization to identify a listed product. Low-Pressure Tank. A storage tank designed to withstand an internal pressure above 0.5 psig (3.5 kpa) but not more than 15 psig (103.4 kpa). Noncombustible. Material that, in the form used under the conditions anticipated, will not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or heat. Materials reported as noncombustible when tested in accordance with ASTM E136, Standard Method of Test for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 C, shall be considered noncombustible materials. Outby. A mining term meaning in the direction away from the Face or toward the outside; opposite of inby. Pipeline System. An arrangement of piping, valves, connections, and allied equipment installed in a mine for the purpose of transporting, transferring, or dispensing diesel fuel. Portable Extinguisher. Extinguishers of the hand-held or wheeled type that are capable of being carried or moved about; or transportable systems consisting of a hose reel or rack, hose, and discharge nozzle assembly connected to a supply of suppressant. Portable Tank. Any closed vessel having a liquid capacity over 60 gal (227 L) but less than 1000 gal (3785 L) and not intended for fixed installation. Pressure Vessel. Any fired or unfired vessel within the scope of the applicable section of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Safety Can. An approved metal container of not more than 5 gal (19 L) capacity, having a spring-closing lid and spout cover and designed so that it will safely relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire exposure. Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required. Suitable. That which fits, and has the qualities or qualifications to meet a given purpose, occasion, condition, function, or circumstance. Tank. An approved vessel having a liquid capacity in excess of 60 gal (227 L). 2-1 Housekeeping. Chapter 2 General Maintenance and operating practices during storage, transfer, dispensing, and use of diesel fuel shall minimize spillage. Spillage shall not be allowed to accumulate in quantities that could create a fire hazard and shall be promptly cleaned up. Remaining residue shall be covered with an oil-absorbent or rock dust Access routes to fire protection equipment shall be free From obstruction Precautions shall be taken to prevent the ignition of flammable vapors. Sources of ignition include but are not limited to: open flames; smoking; cutting and welding; hot surfaces; frictional heat; static, electrical and mechanical sparks; spontaneous ignition, including heat-producing chemical reactions; and radiant heat Air volume and velocity shall be sufficient to dilute, render harmless, and carry away flammable or explosive concentrations of vapors. 2-3 Welding and Cutting Welding and cutting shall be performed only by personnel who have been instructed in precautions and procedures For safety around diesel fuel Cutting and welding equipment shall be maintained in good operating condition with all necessary safeguards in place and functioning Prior to cutting or welding, combustibles on or in proximity to diesel-powered equipment shall be relocated, protected with a fire-retardant cover or fire retardant barrier, or other precautions shall be taken to prevent ignition of combustibles Portable Fire extinguishers, either a single unit having a nominal capacity of 20 lb (9.1 kg) with a minimum rating of 10-A:16-B:C, or two units, each having a nominal capacity of 10 lb (4.5 kg) with a minimum rating of 4-A:40-B:C, shall be immediately available at the cutting or welding site Cutting or welding on equipment or within enclosed areas of the equipment shall not be performed in the presence of atmospheres containing flammable mixtures of gases, vapors or liquids, or combustible mixtures of dust in suspension Tests for methane gas (CH4) shall be made before cutting or welding in any area where methane gas is likely to be present. Cutting or welding shall not be allowed unless the concentration is less than one percent by volume Cutting or welding shall not be performed on or within containers or tanks that have contained combustible or flammable materials until such containers or tanks have been thoroughly purged and cleaned or inerted. (For additional information, see NFPA 327, Standard Procedures for Cleaning or Safeguarding Small Tanks and Containers, and AWS 6.0, Safety Practices for Welding and Cutting Containers That Have Held Combustibles.) Cutting or welding on diesel equipment shall not be performed within 50 feet (15.2 m), measured horizontally, of explosives, blasting agents, or mine fuel storage areas, unless separated by a Suitable noncombustible barrier When a fire watch is required, it shall be maintained for a minimum of 30 minutes after completion of cutting or welding operations to detect and extinguish smoldering combustibles. (a) Fire watchers shall have fire extinguishing equipment readily available and be trained in its use. (b) Fire watchers shall be familiar with the facilities and the procedures for sounding an alarm in the event of a fire. 2-4 Training Personnel shall be instructed in the emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a diesel equipment or diesel fuel fire. 2-2 Flammable Vapors. 144

5 Chapter 3 3-I Fire Protection. Fire Protection for Diesel- Powered Equipment 3-I.I For purposes of this Standard, fire protection is defined in the broad sense to include fire prevention, Fire detection, and fire suppression. The following sections address these three aspects within the context of a fire risk assessment. 3-2* Fire Risk Assessment. 3-2.l A fire risk assessment shall be performed on all diesel-powered underground mining equipment by the mine operator or his designee. This analysis shall include evaluation of the risk potential for the start and spread of a fire, and generation of smoke, gases, or toxic fumes that may endanger the lives and safety of personnel or cause unacceptable damage to property l A separate fire risk'assessment For each piece of underground mining equipment is required only when variations in design, use, condition, and environment could change the fire potential If the assessment identifies unacceptable risks, further assessment shall include an evaluation of each of the following: (a) Methods For minimizing or eliminating existing hazardous Fire conditions; (b) Use of detection and early Fire-warning devices; e. (c) Normal and emergency means of egress from the equipment and evacuation to a safe location; (d) Compartments on the equipment to prevent or contain the spread of Fire; (e) Availability of fire Fighting personnel and existing fire suppression equipment; (f) Spread of equipment fire to combustible materials in proximity; (g) Any other devices or procedures necessary to protect life and property. 3-3 Fire Risk Reduction. 3-3.] Fire risk-reduction practices for diesel-powered underground mining equipment shall follow the principles of minimizing ignition sources and reducing exposures of combustible materials to ignition sources. The following sections delineate risk-reduction practices. 3-4 Equipment Design and Modification All diesel-powered underground mining equipment shall be analyzed to determine whether fire risks can be reduced through equipment design or modification. Some examples are physical barriers between fuel and ignition sources, thermal shields over hot surfaces, hydraulic hose and electrical wiring harness rerouting, and power shutoffs. CAUTION: Some authorities having jurisdiction may have in effect specific manufacturer design requirements for equipment approved to operate in potentially hazardous atmospheres. Care must be taken when considering design modification to prevent the violation of such requirements and revocation of approvals. The manufacturer of the diesel-powered equipment shall be consulted prior to making any modification Modifications affecting fire risk of diesel-powered underground mining equipment shall be analyzed to determine whether such modifications decrease or increase fire risks Hydraulic, coolant, lubrication and Fuel lines, electrical wiring, mechanical components, and Fire prevention devices shall be inspected and maintained in proper condition in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. 3-6 Portable Fire Extinguishers I All self-propelled, diesel-powered underground equipment shall be equipped with at least one portable multipurpose (ABC) dry chemical extinguisher having a nominal capacity of 5 pounds (2.3 kg) of extinguishing agent and a minimum rating of 2-A:10-B:C. The risk assessment shall determine whether larger or additional extinguishers are required Portable extinguishers shall be maintained in a fully charged and operable condition and kept in their designated places at all times when not in use Extinguishers shall be conspicuously located for easy access and immediate use in the event offire. Exception: In areas where obstruction to visual observation cannot be completely avoided, visible markings shall be provided to indicate the extinguisher's location Extinguishers on diesel equipment shall be protected against physical damage The installation of an automatic or manually operated Fire suppression system shall not eliminate the portable fire extinguisher requirement Portable fire extinguishers shall be inspected, maintained, and recharged as specified in NFPA 10, Standard For Portable Extinguishers, Chapter 4, "Inspection, Maintenance, and Recharging", including the following: (a) Portable fire extinguishers shall be visually inspected at least monthly. (b) The visual inspection shall ensure that the extinguisher is in its designated place, the tamper seals are intact, the extinguisher gage is in the operable range (if extinguisher is stored pressure type), and that there is no obvious physical damage or condition that will prevent proper operation. Extinguishers evidencing any such irregularity shall be repaired, or removed from service and replaced. (c) Extinguishers shall be subjected to a maintenance examination at least once every twelve months. (d) Maintenance procedures shall include a thorough examination of the extinguishers, including mechanical parts, extinguishing agent, and expellant. Any irregularities shall be corrected by competent personnel. (e) For additional stored pressure extinguisher maintenance requirements, see NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. (f) All extinguishers shall be recharged after use in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. (g) Each extinguisher shall have a durable tag or label securely attached, on which the dareand initials of the person performing the maintenance services shall be recorded. The same record tag or label may indicate if recharging was also performed Portable extinguishers shall be hydrostatically tested at intervals as required in NFPA IO, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, Chapter 5, "Hydrostatic Testing". 3-7 Fire Detection. 3-5 Equipment Inspection and Maintenance. 145

6 3-7.1 Fire detectors may be used to initiate audible or visual warning, automatic actuation of a Fire suppression system, equipment shutdown, or any combination of the foregoing Fire detectors shall be listed for the application Compartment sizes and contours, airflow patterns, obstructions, and other characteristics of the protected area shall determine the placement, type, sensitivity, and, where applicable, the number of detectors All fire detection systems and associated equipment shall be tested after installation according to the manufacturer's or designer's instruction manual. Testing need not require the discharge of any associated fire suppression system The detection system shall be visually inspected by competent ~ersonnel in accordance with an approved schedule necessitated by conditions as determined by the mine operator At least every 12 months, all fire detection systems, including alarms, shutdowns, and other associated equipment, shall be thoroughly examined and checked for proper operation by competent personnel in accordance with the manufacturer's or designer's instruction manual. Deficiencies shall be corrected and the system retested for proper operation. 3-8 Fixed Suppression Systems The risk assessment shall determine whether diesel-powered equipment requires a Fixed fire suppression system Mining equipment requiring a fixed fire suppression system shall be protected by a system of sufficient capacity to suppress the largest anticipated fires in the protected areas and shall: (a) Be listed or approved For the purpose; (b) Be suitably located or guarded so as to be protected against physical damage; (c) Be either automatically or manually actuated. Automatically actuated systems shall also have a manual actuator capable of being activated From the operator's compartment or other accessible location; NOTE: Depending upon the size of the equipment, additional manual actuators may be needed to orovide quick access For activation of the system. (d) Provide agent distribution hose or pipe secured and protected against damage, including abrasion and corrosion; (e) Be provided with discharge nozzle blow-off caps or other suitable devices or materials to prevent the entrance of moisture, dirt, or other material into the piping. The discharge nozzle protective device shall blow off, blow out, or open upon agent discharge. Exception: Paragraphs (c) and (e) shall not apply to automatic water-based sprinkler systems All fire suppression systems shall be tested after installation in accordance with the manufacturer's or designer's instruction manual. Testing need not require the discharge of suppressant unless there is no other satisfactory manner in which the reliability and integrity of the system may be verified Between regular maintenance examinations or tests, the Fire suppression system shall be inspected visually by competent personnel, Following an approved schedule, necessitated by conditions, as determined by the operator At least every 12 months, all fire suppression systems, including alarms, shutdowns, and other associated equipment, shall be thoroughly examined and checked For proper operation by competent personnel in accordance with the manufacturer's or designer's instruction manual. Deficiencies shall be corrected and the system or affected portion of the system shall be retested for proper operation The mine operator or his designee shall be provided with a copy of the manufacturer's installation and maintenance manual or owner's manual that describes system operation, required maintenance, and recharging. 3-9 Training All diesel-powered equipment operators, supervisors, and maintenance personnel shall be trained in the proper use of fire suppression devices provided on the equipment they supervise, operate, or maintain All persons who inspect, test, and maintain a fire SUppression system shall be trained to perform their intended tasks Personnel Safety. 3-1O.l When inadvertent discharge of the fire suppression system during servicing of the diesel equipment or the Fire suppression system could result in injury to personnel, provisions shall be made to safeguard against accidental actuation of the system. Chapter 4 Diesel Fuel 4-I Surface Storage Requirements. -I.I Storage of diesel fuel at the surface of underground mines shall comply with the applicable provisions of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, and the Following additional requirements: (a) Surface diesel :Fuel storage areas shall be located a sufficient distance from any mine opening to prevent contamination of mine intake air, but in no case closer than 100 feel (30.5 meters). The intended location for installation of surface diesel fuel storage areas shall be determined by a fire risk assessment. This assessment shall include: I. The potential for the generation of smoke, gases, or toxic fumes that could contaminate the mine intake air; 2. Topography and relative elevation of storage tanks and mine openings; 3. Air currents; 4. Vegetation; 5. Ability to control a Fire in storage areas. Exception: Diesel fuel storage areas may be located closer than 100 feet (30.5 meters) to boreholes drilled specifically for the transfer of diesel fuel to the underground mine. (b) Fixed, unburied diesel Fuel storage tanks shall be provided with containment or drainage. Drainage from the diesel fuel storage area shall be so designed and maintained to prevent liquid flow toward any mine opening. 4-2 Surface to Underground Diesel Fuel Transfer Diesel fuel may be transferred into the mine by pipeline, portable tank, closed container, or safety can Diesel Fuel shall not be transferred into the mine in the same conveyance with personnel. 146

7 4-2.3 When diesel fuel is transferred into the mine, it shall be transported or transferred directly to the storage, area or location where it will be used Pipeline systems used for diesel Fuel transfer may be either wet or dry pipe installations Piping, valves, and Fittings used for diesel fuel transfer shall be suitable rot the expected working pressures and structural stresses. Piping, valve, and Fitting burst strengths shall be at least four times the static pressure. The mechanical and thermal stresses of the pipeline caused by exposure to fire shall be considered in the selection of components and design of the pipeline system A manual shutoff valve shall be installed in the pipeline at the surface storage tank and at the point of underground discharge. An additional shutoff valve shall also be installed in each branch line where the branch line joins the main line The pipeline system shall be guarded so as to be protectedagainst physical damage. Guarding by location shall be considered an acceptable practice Diesel fuel pipeline transfer systems shall be maintained in good working order A fire risk assessment shall be conducted on the location(s) intended for installation of diesel Fuel pipeline systems in accordance with paragraph 3-2.i of this standard. 4-3 Underground Storage of Diesel Fuel. 4-3.l Diesel Fuel may be stored underground in closed containers, portable tanks, safety cans, and Fixed tanks. The integrity of all such storage vessels shall be maintained Diesel fuel containers or portable tanks not exceeding an aggregate of 660 gal (2498 L), shall be exempted from Fixed storage area requirements, provided such containers or portable tanks are located at least 50 feet ( 5.3 m) from a working, face in metal/nonmetal" mines and outby the last open crosscut in coal mines. In both types of mines, containers and portable tanks shall be stored at least 50 Feet (15.3 m) from explosives magazines, electrical-substations, shafts, or shops. They shall be out of the line of sight of blasting and shall be stored out of the travelway for vehicular traffic Diesel Fuel Containers and Tanks Shipping containers and portable tanks of combustible liquids authorized by the U.S. Department of Transportation, or conforming to the requirements of NFPA 386, Standard For Portable Shipping Tanks For Flammable and Combustible Liquids, shall be acceptable as diesel fuel storage containers Diesel Fuel storage tanks and containers shall be of materials compatible with the Fuel and designed and built in accordance with good engineering practices Unrented shipping containers larger than 5 gal (18.9 L) shall be provided with vacuum and pressure relief. Exception: Containers stored in a Fixed diesel fuel storage area (see through 4-3.7) ~ Atmospheric Tanks (Vented Tanks) Atmospheric tanks may be used for diesel fuel storage. Useful information on the design and construction of atmospheric tanks may be found in API STD 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, or UL 142, Standard For Steel AboveGround Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, or UL 80, Safety Standard For Steel Inside Tanks for Oil-Burner Fuel. NOTE: Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels may be used as atmospheric tanks Diesel Fuel storage tanks shall be vented to prevent the development of vacuum or pressure sufficient to distort the shell or roof of the tank as a result of Filling or emptying and atmospheric temperature changes. Protection shall also be provided to prevent overpressure From any filling source from exceeding the design pressure of the tank Vents shall be at least as large as the Filling or withdrawing lines but no less than l l/4-in. (32 mm) nominal inside diameter. If more than one fill or withdraw line can be simultaneously used, the vent capacity shall be based on the maximum anticipated simultaneous Flow. Useful information on venting may be Found in the API STD 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks (NonreFrigerated and Refrigerated) Vent pipes shall be constructed to drain into the tank without sags or traps that would collect liquid Connections For all tank openings shall be liquidtight Each connection to a tank through which diesel fuel normally Flows shall be provided with a quick closing shutoff valve located as close as practical to the tank If tanks are manually gaged, gage openings shall be-closed when not in use. Such gage openings shall be constructed to prevent overflow during tank refilling Fixed Diesel Fuel Storage Areas l Fixed diesel Fuel storage areas For all types of underground mines shall meet the Following requirements Fixed diesel fuel storage areas shall be a minimum of lo0 ft (30.5 m) away From explosives magazines, electrical substations, and shaft stations Fixed diesel Fuel storage areas shall be a minimum of ]00 ft (30.5 m) From a working face in metal/nonmetal mines and outby the. last open crosscut in coal mines. In both types of mines, Fixed diesel fuel storage shall be out of the line of sight of blasting if less than 500 ft (153 m) from any working face to avoid damage from Flyrock Fixed diesel Fuel storage areas shall be separated From other Flammable or combustible liquid storage areas by a distance of at least I00 ft (30.5 m), or separated by unexcavated rock or masonry bulkhead. The masonry bulkhead shall have a minimum thickness of 4 in. (i02 mm) of block, or 2 in. (5l mm) of reinforced gunite Fixed diesel fuel storage areas which are enclosed shall be built of noncombustible materials. Combustible mineral seams within all fixed combustible liquid storage areas shall be covered with noncombustible materials such as gunite, shot crete, or preformed masonry. In metal/nonmetal mines, no storage areas shall be constructed in a location bounded at any point by self-igniting ore If enclosed, each opening into a Fixed diesel fuel storage area shall be equipped with a self-closing metal fire door Bulkheads, if used, shall be tightly sealed and shall be built of or covered with noncombustible materials Tanks shall rest on the ground or on foundations made of concrete, masonry, piling, or steel. Tank foundations shall be designed to prevent accumulation of diesel fuel under the tank, minimize the possibility of uneven settling of the tank and to minimize corrosion in any part of the tank resting on the Foundation. Useful information on tank foundations 147

8 may be Found in Appendix E of API Standard 650 Specification For Welded Steel Tanks For Oil Storage, and Appendix B of API Standard 620, Recommended Rules For the Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Enclosed storage areas shall be constructed to provide For suitable spill containment or shall be provided with a suitable floor drain to course spilled diesel fuel to a containment sump or vessel ]0 Electrical equipment within fixed diesel Fuel storage areas shall be Class I, Division 2, as specified in NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, or Mine Safety and Health Administration classified permissible electrical equipment. NOTE: Electrical equipment classified as "permissible" is certified as meeting the requirements of Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter l, Part 18. Table 4-2 Storage Arrangement For Protected Palletized or Solid Pile Storage of Diesel Fuel in Containers and Portable Tanks Max. Storaqe H~. (F~) Max. Quan. per Pile (aal) Containers Portable Tanks Containers Pqrtable Tanks ,500 20,000 For SI Units: I Ft = m, I 9al = L Table 4-3 Storage Arrangements For Protected Rack Storage of Diesel Fuel in Containers All piping, valves, and Fittings shall be in accordance with paragraph Max. Storage Hr. (f~) Max. Quan. per Rack (qal) Fixed diesel Fuel storage areas shall have exhaust directed to an exhaust (return) ventilating system. This requirement shall not apply to buried tanks or areas equipped with automatic fire protection systems The Following additional requirements apply only to metal/nonmetal mines In areas not protected by automatic Fire suppression systems, the total quantity of diesel Fuel in containers and portable tanks shall be restricted in accordance with Table 4-I, but in no case shall the aggregate quantity exceed 50,000 gal (189 m 3) in one storage area. The use of racks shall not be permitted in unprotected areas Where diesel Fuel storage areas in metal/nonmetal mines are protected by automatic fire suppression systems, the total quantity of diesel Fuel in containers and portable tanks shall be unrestricted. The quantity stored in a single pile shall be restricted in accordance with Table 4-I. Where racks are used, heights and quantities per rack shall be in accordance with Table Individual piles (see Tables 4-I and 4-2) shall be arranged so that piles are separated From each other by at least 4 ft (I.2 m) Single-row or double-row rack storage (see Table 4-3) shall be separated from other rows of rack storage or other pile storage by a minimum of 8-ft (2.4-m) aisles. Table 4-I Unprotected Storage of Diesel Fuel in Containers and Portable Tanks Container $toraqe Portable Tank Storaqe Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Max. Pile Quan. Total Pile Quan. Total Ht. per Pile Quan. Ht. per Pile Quan. (ft) (gal) (gal) (ft) (gal) (gal) 7 2,000 4, ,000 6,000 For S] Units: I ft = m, I gal = L Double Row or Single Row Rack 15 9,000 For SI Units: 1 ft = m, 1 gal = L Empty or idle combustible pallet storage within the diesel fuel storage area shall be limited to a maximum pile size of 250 sq ft (23.2 m 2) and maximum storage height of 7 Ft (2.l m). Idle pallet storage shall be separated From diesel fuel by at least 4 ft (1.2 m) The Following additional diesel fuel storage requirement applies only to coal mines All Fixed diesel Fuel storage areas shall be enclosed and protected by an automatic Fire suppression system. 4-4 Fire Suppression For Diesel Fuel Storage Areas Portable Fire Extinguishers At least one portable fire extinguisher having a nominal capacity of 20 Ib (9.1Kg) with a minimum rating of IO-A:60-B:C shall be located outside of, but not more than io ft From, the opening into each storage area. The installation of manual or automatic Fire suppression systems shall not eliminate the requirements for a portable Fire extinguisher Where portable fire extinguishers are provided within storage areas, travel distance to a portable extinguisher shall not exceed 40 Ft (12.2 m) Portable fire extinguishers shall be maintained in accordance with NFPA 10, Standard For Portable Extinguishers Hand Hose Line Systems Hand hose-line systems, if used, shall be installed in accordance with Sections 4-l, 4-2, Chapter 5, and Chapter 7 of NFPA 14, Standard For the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, and shall be a minimum of either l l/2 in. (38 mm) lined or I in. (25 mm) hard rubber Hand hose lines accessible to diesel fuel storage areas shall be equipped to discharge a foam-water solution and be installed in accordance with applicable sections of NFPA 11, Standard for Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems, Chapter

9 4-.3 Fire Suppression Systems " Automatic sprinkler systems installed For the protection of diesel Fuel storage areas shall be of the foam-water type and shall be installed in accordance with the applicable sections of NFPA 16A, Recommended Practice For the Installation of Closed-Head Foam-Water Spray Systems Fire suppression systems other than automatic Foam-water sprinkler systems installed For protection of diesel fuel storage areas shall be in accordance with NFPA 11, Standard For Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems; NFPA 11A, Standard For Medium and High Expansion Foam Systems; NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems; NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems; NFPA 16, Standard on Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems; and NFPA 17, Standard For Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems Fire suppression systems, including Foam-water sprinklers, installed under the requirements of this standard, shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions or designer's recommendat ions All persons who inspect, test, operate, or maintain fire suppression systems shall be thoroughly trained. Annual refresher training shall be provided. 4-5 Underground Transfer and Transport of Diesel Fuel The terms "transfer" and "transport" are used synonomously to mean movement of diesel Fuel in closed containers, tanks, safety cans, or pipelines between underground locations. Included in this section are the storage requirements For diesel fuel in an operating area Diesel Fuel shall not be transported in the same conveyance with personnel Diesel Fuel containers or tanks loaded on rail or trackless vehicles shall be secured against shifting and damage during transit Diesel Fuel containers or tanks shall be at least 12 in. (305 mm) below energized trolley wires, or protected from contacting the wire by insulation while being transported by trolley wire-powered systems Vehicles transporting diesel fuel shall be kept clear of accumulations of oil, grease, and other combustible material Vehicles transporting diesel fuel shall not be stored under an energized trolley wire The quantity of diesel Fuel in containers or tanks off-loaded from transport vehicles and stored in an operating area shall not exceed three days' supply for diesel equipment normally operating in that area. Exception: A single tank or container with a capacity exceeding three days' supply shall be permitted. 4-6* Dispensing Diesel Fuel Dispensing diesel fuel from containers or tanks may be accomplished by transfer pump or gravity flow. Means shall be provided to control the flow and prevent leakage and accidental discharge. Manual dispensing valves, if used, shall be of the self-closing type Diesel Fuel may be dispensed through the application of positive pressure to containers or tanks only when they are certified as pressure vessels Electrical equipment used to dispense diesel fuel shall meet the electrical classification requirements for diesel fuel storage areas. (See ) Where electrically powered pumps are used to dispense diesel fuel, an accessible switch or circuit breaker shall be provided to shut off the power to all dispensing devices in an emergency Dispensing nozzles shall be of the self-closing type without a latch-open device Diesel Fuel shall not be dispensed within 50 feet (15.2 m) of cutting or welding operations At least one portable Fire extinguisher having a nominal capacity of 20 lb. (9.1 kg) with a minimum rating of IO-A:60-B:C shall be located not more than 40 Feet (12.2 m) from any area where diesel fuel is dispensed. Chapter S Referenced Publications 5-I The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this document and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document. The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the dale of the NFPA issuance of this document. These references are listed separately to facilitate updating to the latest edition by the user. 5-1.I NFPA Publications. National "Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA NFPA , Standard For Portable Fire Extinguishers NFPA , Standard For Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems NFPA 11A-1983, Standard For Medium and High Expansion Foam Systems NFPA , Standard on Carbon Dioxide,Extinguishing Systems NFPA 12A-1987, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems NFPA , Standard For the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems NFPA , Standard on Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler Systems and Foam-Water Spray Systems NFPA 16A-1983, Recommended Practice for the Installation of Closed-Head Foam-Water Sprinkler Systems NFPA , Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems NFPA 30-]987, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code NFPA , National Electrical Code NFPA , Standard for Portable Shipping Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids Other Publications U.S. Government Publications. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OFFice, Washington, D.C Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter I, Part 18 Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter l, Part 178. Appendix A This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document, but is included for information purposes only. 149

10 A-I-1.1 Diesel fuels are derived From petroleum refinery products and commonly referred to as middle distillates. These distillates are products having higher boiling ranges than gasoline. They are obtained from Fractional distillation of crude oil or streams From the refining process. Finished diesel fuels are blends of middle distillates The properties of commercial distillate diesel Fuels vary with the following Factors: (a) Refinery practices employed; (b) Nature and property of the crude oil from which they are derived; (c) Different regions in which they are manufactured; (d) Different additives used to impart special properties to the Finished diesel fuel. Practically all petroleum products on the market today are obtained by the cracking process. No. I and NO. 2 fuel oil, as well as those fuels commonly known as kerosene, range oil, furnace oil, star oil, and diesel oil, may still be broadly classified as distillates, and No. 4, No. 5, and No. 6 oils (as well as Bunker C), as residuals. ASTM D975, Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils, is intended as a statement of permissible limits of significant fuel properties used For specifying the wide variety of commercially available fuel oils. Grade No. I-D diesel oil covers the class of volatile fuel oils from kerosene to the intermediate distillates. Fuels within this grade are applicable for use in high-speed engines in service involving frequent and relatively wide variations in loads and speeds and in cases where abnormally low Fuel temperatures are experienced The minimum permissible flash point For No. I-O diesel fuel is lo0 F (37.8 C), as specified in ASTM D975, Standard Specification For Diesel Fuel Oils. (See Table I.) Grade No. 2-D diesel fuel includes the class of distilled gas oils of lower volatility This class of fuels is applicable for use in high-speed engines in services involving relatively high loads and uniform speeds, or in engines not requiring a class of fuels having the higher volatility or properties specified for Grade No. I-D. The minimum permissible flash point for No. 2-D diesel fuel is 125 F (51.7 C), as specified in ASTM D975, Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils. (See Table l). Recent fires involving diesel fuel on mining equipment have raised questions concerning Flash points of Fuels in these classifications Two problems have been identified -- the effect of fuel additives and the effect of altitude. Diesel Fuel is sometimes modified with additives to provide improved starting during the winter. This modification usually lowers the flash point. Users are advised that this practice may result in diesel fuel with a flash point less than lo0 F (37.8 C). AS a result, the fuel must be classified as a Flammable liquid. Additives used for other purposes (to reduce emissions, For example) may also reduce the flash point. AS a result, users are advised to request their Fuel suppliers to provide a specification sheet on the fuel supplied. Specific testing of fuel/additive mixes may also be necessary to determine the actual flash point Of the fuel in use. Storage and handling must be in accordance with the flash point of the fuel as used The effect of altitude on diesel Fuel Flash point is addressed in ASTM D56 and ASTM D93. The formula to correct flash point for altitude is: Corrected Flash point = F (760 - P) F = Flash point at sea level, F P = barometric pressure at altitude of which Fuel is being used, mmhg. Values for corrected Flash point For grades No. l-o and 2-D and For altitudes ranging From sea level to 13,000 Ft are shown in Figures A-l-l.1 (a) and A-l-l.l (b). Supporting data is found in the pages Following the Figures. It is important to note that these graphs portray corrected Flash points based on the minimum permissible Flash points for diesel Fuel as specified by ASTM D975. In other words, the graphs portray the "worst case" scenario. For unmodified diesel Fuel, flash points corrected to elevation will rarely drop below lo0 F (37.8 C). This is due to simple economic considerations involved with the distillation process of diesel Fuel, and most refiner's reluctance to absorb additional cost For distillation beyond that point that meets basic ASTM specifications. If diesel fuel modified with additives or its use at higher altitudes results in the flash point dropping below ]O0 F (37.8 C), it will be necessary to implement precautions beyond those addressed by this standard. Table 1 Detailed Requirements For Diesel Fuel Oils Grade of Diesel Fuel Oil No. I-D A volatile distillate fuel oi for engines in service requir. in S frequent speed and Ioac chunses No. 2-D A distillate fuel oil of towel volatility for ensines in indus -i trial and heavy mobile ser-~ ritz. No. 4-'D A fuel oil for low and me-i dium speed engines. Carbon I Cloud Water Residue Ash, Mash Point "C and Sed- m, 1O % weighl Point, *C iment, ( F) vol % Res~ % uum,! Min 38 (ioo) 52 (125) ) Max Mas Max Max * Distillation Temperatures, c ( F) 9o% Point i Viscosity Sulfur,O Copier Cetaue we~ht C~ N um- Kinematic, csi! Saybolt, SUS at ~ hers 100*F i Min Max Min Max (550) 282 c (54o) (64o) s 24.0 Min ' Max Max Maz I Min No. 3 4(Y" No r r A To muet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be asreed upon hetwecn purchacer, seller, and manufacturer. J. It is unrealistic to specify low-temperature properties that will ensure satisf ctory operlttlon on a broad basis. Satisfactory operation should be achieved in most cases if the cloud point (or wax ppearance point) is specified at 6 C above the tenth percentile minimum ambient temperature for the area in which the fuel will he used. The tent h percentile minimum ambient temperatures for the U.S. are shown in Appendix X2. This guidance is of 8cneral nature; some equipmzm designs, me flow improver additives, fuel properties, and/or operations may allow higher or require lower cloud point fuels. Approprhtte low teml~rature o$~jability pfopertins should he qgracd On between the fuel supplier nd purchaser for the intended use and expected ambient temperatuses. c When cloud point less than 12"C (ltpf) is specified, the minimum viscosity shall he 1.7 cst (a rams/s) snd the 90 % point shall he waived o In countries ou~ida the U.S.A., other sulfur limits may pply. Where cetune number by Method D 613 is not vailablo, ASTM Method D 976, Calculated Cctunc Index of Diaillate Fuets s may he u~d as an ppmzimatioa Wlunz thes~ is ~mcnt, method D 613 shall he the referee method. F Low-atmospheric temp ~tures ms well as cngine operation at liibh altitudes m y require tute of fuels with ~ ~ t'mi,~ G 1 St = 1 mms/s.... m The valoes stated insl units ara to be relpurdad as the sumdurd The values in U.S. cmtomm~ tmite are f v befmmali a aly" 150

11 l In summary, certain recommendations should be considered to determine if a lower diesel fuel Flash point exists: Figure A-l-1.1(b) -- Flash point of No. 2-O diesel Fuel corrected to elevation (based on minimum permissible Flash point as specified by ASTM D975). (a) Obtain specification sheets from the Fuel supplier and evaluate specific Fuel properties. (b) Obtain and evaluate a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the diesel Fuel being used. (c) Obtain independent laboratory analysis to determine the Flash point of the diesel Fuel being used. Test results must be adjusted to 'reflect the elevation at which the diesel Fuel is used. If the diesel fuel Flash point is determined to be below lo0 F (37.8 C), its storage, transfer, and use must be subject to extra care and more stringent control. Refer to NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, and NFPA 122, Standard for the Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids Within Underground Metal and Nonmetal Mines (other than Coal), for additional information. Figure A-1-1.1(a) -- Flash point of No. I-D diesel fuel corrected to elevation (based on minimum permissible flash point as specified by ASTM D975) ,, +7,,+,++,IT, l,,,,"... T ~ : ; ; +. ",.: N~_--:,-:lilii;!l,i, if!l: i,i,+ :-.t+~+i~ ~, ' Ii 'i >, I I : 1 i I I + I ~, I : " L T ~ I... :"- I \ Ii', i ': t :~:--" + \ ' : ' ' ~ + '!-- "-7S::! " ~ :~--- 'I~ : +il,, i l i : t i i J, ; I lli+ I-,.i 1 ~ 1 1 ill ii~"~ i ;- t " ; ;I +, + i + i,i i l l ; [ ', II, ;I ~ P I ; I ,+,i l '~ l!it~; + t!,,.,,+ +:,:i,,++ ~]+ti~!! ' i :i,+[+:l '' i; +::+ " :', =,.# l,+++,:=. i..... i.,+,. I..... ' ' + ' > i, + i i i i i i : i i i >, ~ + + ~.,., I p i i I,, =\',.<-~,, ++ '. ' '. F J ~ r : If!lillil+l i..~;ll ' + +' i I I,, i l,,, "'I " e- I ' ''" ::" :' ~': II.' " 1 r < ~" ~',,,, '' I~V,I I ' I.,I i',+l!.u. ~.,.,..,..., +.,,, i l ill[ 'li++ i t ; ' l i - ' l l, I,I,! ; ~! +: -,, :... ~ i I I 7~,I I '', l,l,', ' LI+ '''! ' I..... i- " " ' " '+. ~i '!''i +' "1 :: :------:':--i "-:: --~ ~--:.T+ I.,,+ ~, ~ - F : ~ : - I - -7;----T-_---F i il ;i. +,,,.!, ~,,,, I ~ ' ' i _ ~, ~ r, ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 2 4- L Z T L - - I,, ' l i t, ' :, I ' ', 1 ' ~..... J + + i -,., ~---4 ~I-:-~-, :-:-... :.: ---\... ~-~ o - i:l!_ 7.. i'. " ~LL.. ;<.7 ; ".; ~_~,.._;_~ --_~i -:... ~t~ ~ : ~ ~ : = --- -NT---. "::-F- ~ :-- ':::. " I i Y -, " + :.... ~ ' _:.. I.., I.-:-7L. '!~.-+-::+- i :+-B " +. ':?. : '.: :.'. t. :_. ' r-----~--. :l:... -~--~=-i-:-+-:+~ u_... _Xj_~... <= i-+:l?=t:: - < : -"., + -! :. :: ::.:~ ~=:::.~:~.~::~!~.-. :. ::..-,:.:..--; i " 7"..' ~ "... ~-- T =... ~--~--i ,.... ~ _L+: ~!... ~- " + ::::~]+~-"+ +:f~+: :... i: " ' :"-: :--:-:+- ' ~ +,-'~u~ -+ -:A I:+--..-:.l::-:-+k-_ -..-:_:F++:~:.: I -++5._I+:i-:::! :i+.-:+: -..~ - :+t.i I:..+~. ~:i:::.i:._.i-=i++~ i ~'-Y::: -~]:-I... : "l... i---=+::1 '~ ": ~+- ' :-~=: "-=+.:4.,m+ ::: i..--+ :~-F-+=m:: ===============================-+... ~:----+~----+:.:7-:::~:+i'::+:. 0 I - 2 ~l 4 5 II 7 i! I0 II ILTIT'JI~ (X I000) FEET - - ~ - ~ ~ \ ~. : : : --: -::.-::-:-:-::: ~ 1 I. ', ',:' I,.-~-----i ~.... ::I '! :::u".:" : -:.LL: :TT---I! T.!+. _,i..t1ti.~i (X IO00) FEET 151

12 Table 2 Correction of Flash Point Due to Altitude Altitude (Ft) Pressure (mm HQ) AF = 0.06 (760 - P) O Z.S $ ZOO S Corrected Flash Point = F (760 - P) Let AF = 0.06 (760 - P) P = Ambient Barometric pressure, mm Hg Corrected Flash Point = F - AF F = observed flash point at altitude different than sea level or 760 mm Hg, in F Table 3 No. I-D Diesel Fuel Corrected Flash Points Altitude Ft AF F NQ. 2-D Diesel Fuel Altitude AF F 0 SO OSO The following is an expansion of meteorological table 63, Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, 6th Revised Edition (1966). The values in the table were calculated using the following data and assumptions. Standard pressure at sea level Po = in Hg Standard temperature at sea level T = 59 OF = 15 C Standard air density at sea level 0 = Ib/cu ft = Kg/cu m Standard temperature lapse rate A = F/ft Standard gas constant for dry air R = Standard gravity G = m/sec 2 Absolute temperature at sea level To = o Rankine = 288 OK Conversion factors I inch = 25.6 mm I inch Hg (standard) = Pa = psi C = 5/9 (OF - 32) Formulas P = Do x ((T/To) (I/(A * R))) for pressure, and D = Do x ((T/To) (]/(A * R) - I)) for density A-3-2 Where Po = standard pressure at sea level To = standard absolute temperature at sea level Do = standard dry air density at Po and To T = absolute temperature A = temperature lapse date R = gas constant For dry air Fire Risk Assessment. Fire risk assessment for underground mining operations consists of four phases: I. Identify the fire potential. II. Assess the consequences of fire. III. Determine the need for fire protection. IV. Select appropriate options. The following fire risk assessment outline is a suggested procedure to identify the elements in the items defined above: Additional guidance in performing risk assessment is provided in several of the reference publications listed in Appendix B. I. Identify the Fire Potential. A. Ignition Sources. I. High temperature. High temperatures are usually found in the vicinity of an engine, exhaust system, turbochargers, and malfunctioning devices such as bearings, brakes, and gears. 2. Electrical. Batteries, generators, instrument panels, motors, pumps, switches, transformers, and wiring. 3. Welding and cutting. 4. Other. Smoking materials and spontaneous ignition sources are examples of other sources. B. Fuel Sources. I. Class A. These materials include combustible debris, wood, rags, electrical insulation, combustible minerals, upholstery, hoses, and tires.

13 2. Class B. This group includes Flammable and combustible liquids such as diesel fuel, starting fluids, some hydraulic fluids, coolants, grease, oil, and cleaning solvents. C. Probability of the Coexistence of Fuel and Ignition Sources. I. Proximity of fuel to ignition sources. An analysis of equipment design may indicate areas where lubrication, hydraulic oil, or Fuel lines are in proximity to. ignition sources. In identifying fire risk areas, note that a combustible liquid may spray or drip onto a hot surface remote from the rupture or leak point. Sparks from a battery or an electrical short can ignite combustibles in another area of the machine. Typical areas where a potential fire risk may exist would include the engine compartment, exhaust system, transmission area, vehicle articulation points, parking brakes, engine pan area, and battery compartments. Thermal shields, spray shields, water-cooled exhaust compartments, hydraulic fuel and electrical line routing, and electrical harnesses may affect the potential for fire. 2. Fire Incident Experience. Previous fire experience on similar machines may indicate special risks exist. 3. Quality of Maintenance. The quality and frequency of equipment maintenance can affect the number and severity of equipment Fires. A maintenance program should consider the manufacturer's recommended guidelines, the quality of replacement parts, the competence and training of maintenance personnel, the frequency of preventive maintenance, and operating conditions. 4. Housekeeping. Accumulations of combustible materials such as oil-soaked waste, fuel spillage, excess lubricant, and combustible minerals represent potential fire risks. 5. Operational Damage. Physical impact From external material at a chute or fade, which may roll or slide onto equipment, may cause leaks in fuel or hydraulic lines as well as damage to electrical components and wiring. II. Assess the Consequences of Fire. A. Personnel Exposure. Determine whether personnel may be exposed to the effects of a fire. These effects could include: I. Direct exposure of operator or nearby personnel to heat, smoke, and toxic Fire gases From the burning equipment. Exposure of personnel located remote From the equipment Fire site to products of combustion by the mine ventilation. 2. Equipment fire spread to other combustibles such as timber supports, combustible minerals, explosives, and lubricants. Such Fires can grow in intensity, producing increased quantities of toxic combustion products, complicating fire fighting efforts, and interfering with evacuation and rescue operations. III. 3. Possibility of the equipment fire or secondary fires causing ventilation disturbances such as throttling or reversals, contaminating escapeways in an unpredictable manner. B. Economic Ri'sks. Determine the economic loss resulting From a Fire on a piece of equipment, including both property damage and business interruption costs: 1. Fire involving a single piece of equipment could cause property damage and loss of production until the fire is extinguished and the equipment is repaired or replaced. 2. Fire spread to nearby combustible material including combustible mineral seams may have greater economic effects. Determine the Need For Fire Protection. If the risk analysis discloses unacceptable personnel risks, economic risks, or both, appropriate fire protection options must be determined. IV. Select Appropriate 0ption(s). A. Hazard Reduction. 1. Equipment Design. Evaluate equipment to determine if the risk From the start or the spread of a Fire can be reduced. 2. Operating Procedures. Mine operators, through implementation of company policies and procedures, can reduce the threat of fire. Examples include effective equipment maintenance programs, adequate housekeeping procedures, proper employee training, development of emergency plans, and strategies that deal with fire. 3..Evaluate. Determine whether Fire risk reduction reduces risks to acceptable levels. If risks are acceptable, no Further action is required If unacceptable risks still exist, action is required to either reduce risks further or to install fire detection/suppression equipment or a combination of both. B. Fire Detection and Suppression Equipment. I. Identify Available Alternatives. (a) Portable protection. Options include hand portable extinguishers; hose reels and lines, wheeled extinguishers, and skid-mounted extinguishers. To handle difficult fires, larger capacity extinguishers that provide more agent, greater range, and longer discharge time are recommended. See IV C for agent selection. (b) Detection. Fire detection devices may be used to provide early warning of fires, actuate a fire suppression system, shutdown equipment, and operate other Fire control systems such as ventilation devices, fire doors, etc. For a discussion of detector and control options, selection, and placement, see IV C. 153

14 C. (c) Fire Protection i. Fixed Fire Suppression Systems. I. Fixed system protection can be accomplished by local application, total flooding, or a combination of both, or automatic sprinklers. See IV C I for agent selection. See IV C 2 for Fixed fire suppression options. 2. Compare capability with need. Identified needs should be matched with the most cost-effective approach to fire detection, Fire suppression, or both. 3. Select Equipment. The selection of all equipment used For all detection and suppression of fires in mining equipment should be based on consideration of the environment in which the equipment will function. 4. Evaluate. Determine whether Fire risk reduction results in compliance with mandatory requirements, and reduces risks to acceptable levels. If risks are within acceptable levels, no Further action is required. If not, additional action is required to either reduce Fire risks or to install Fire detection/suppression equipment or a combination of both. Agents and Equipment. Fire Suppression Agents. The following extinguishing agents are commonly used in the mining industry: a. Class A: Dry chemicals (ABC) with ammonium phosphate as the basic ingredient. Foams: protein; fluoroprotein; aqueous film forming; medium and high expansion; Water; Water-based antifreeze solution. b. Class B: Dry chemicals (BC) with sodium bicarbonate, ammonium phosphate, potassium bicarbonate, urea-based potassium bicarbonate, or potassium chloride as the basic composition. Foams: protein, fluoroprotein, aqueous film forming foam, medium and high expansion; Carbon dioxide; Halons; Water spray or fog; d. Class D: Dry powder agents composed of sodium chloride or graphite with other particulate material added. Inert materials such as dry sand, foundry flux, etc. Method of Application. a. Portable Extinguisher. Extinguishers of the hand-held or wheeled type or transportable systems consisting of a hose reel or rack, hose, and discharge nozzle connected to a extinguishing agent supply. b. Fixed Systems. (I) Local application consisting of a supply of extinguishing agent permanently connected to a distribution system arranged to a discharge onto a defined area or space. (2) Total flooding consisting of a supply of extinguishing agent permanently connected to a distribution system arranged to discharge into an enclosed space. (3) A combination of (a) and (b) above. (4) Automatic sprinklers consisting of a supply of extinguishing agent (normally water) permanently connected to a distribution system to discharge the suppressant. (5) Water Spray. (6) Water Fog. Detector Selection and Options. a. For guidance in selection and placement of fire detectors, see NPFA 72E, Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors (see Appendix B). Some fire detectors used in conjunction with mining equipment, but not covered in NFPA 72E, include: (l) Fusible plastic tube. A sensing element consisting of a plastic tube pressurized with inert gas. Heat From the fire causes the tube to burst, releasing the gas pressure and activating a mechanical pneumatic actuator. (2) Thermistor Strip. A line-type device with a sensing element consisting of a thin metal tube containing two electrical conductors. The conductors are separated by a thermistor material whose resistance (or capacitance) varies with temperature. By monitoring resistance (or capacitance) changes, corresponding temperature changes can be detected. Water-based antifreeze solution. c. Class C: Dry chemicals (ABC or BC) with sodium bicarbonate, ammonium phosphate, potassium bicarbonate, urea-based potassium bicarbonate, or potassium chloride as the basic composition. Carbon dioxide; Halons; Fixed water spray; (3) Metal Hydride. A line-type device with a sensing element consisting of a thin metal tube containing a hydrogen-charged metal hydride wire. The tube is sealed at one end and is connected to a sensitive pressure switch at the other end. When exposed to the heat from a fire, copious amounts of hydrogen gas are released from the metal hydride wire, actuating the pressure switch. Water fog. 154

15 b.. Fire Detector Placement.?. Consideration should be given to the physical configuration of the area or equipment to be protected when selecting and installing detectors. For spacing information, see NFPA 72E, Standard'on Automatic Fire Detectors. (1) Mechanical or electrical equipment engine shutdown. (2) Discharge time delay. (3). Discharge abort switch. (4) Audible and visual alarms. 4. Among the factors affecting detector performance are its proximity to a fire, ambient temperatures, climatic conditiqns, shock and vibration, air contamination, ventilation Flows, and maintenance requirements. Control Options. a. Depending on mining equipment configuration, use, ground speed capability, enclosures, operating personnel locations, and other factors, special control options may be considered such as: b. (5) Predischarge Alarm. (6) Detection circuit supervi'sion. Guidance in determining the advisability of providing automatic engine shutdown is provided in SAE J53, Minimum Performance Criteria For Emergency Steering of Wheeled Earthmoving Construction Machines, Recommended Practice. FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT I Start identify the Potent=a] for Fire and Exprosion II Assess the Consequences of Fire & Explosion Economic Life Safety III Determine the Need for Fire Protection Risks are Risks are e IV Select Appropriate 0ption(s) f-... Fire Risk Reduction: 1, Machine Design Modification 20Deratlng Procedures Fire Protection: 1. Portable Fire Extingu=sher s 2. Fire Detection Systems 3. Fixed Fete Suppress1011 Systems Stop Evalua, the ~s~effectweness of 155

16 A Automatic Foam-Water Sprinkler Systems. Underground shaft mines that use diesel equipment generally employ underground diesel Fuel storage areas to facilitate equipment refueling. Adit-type mines in the western United States may initially locate diesel fuel storage and refueling facilities on the surface, however, as the active mine workings progress further From the adit portal(s), these Facilities are usually moved underground. A common means of fire protection presently found in many underground diesel fuel storage areas is Fixed water sprinkler systems. The federal Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Currently approves such systems For this application. The consensus of this Committee is that this situation represents a significant safety hazard. According to the NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, water sprinklers may be used on diesel fuel For control but not for extinguishment. In "The Health and Safety Implications of the Use of Diesel-Powered Equipment in Underground Mines," a report by an interagency task group prepared For MSHA in 1985, Conclusions were simply stated that "water spray or Fog usually will not extinguish diesel Fuel fires." In an underground mine, fire control is not sufficient; Fire extinguishment is essential for the following reasons: = As Iong as a fire burns, even if it does not grow in intensity or area (i.e.: Fire control), toxic smoke and Fire gases are produced that can endanger persons in the mine. Therefore, it is the opinion of this Committee that water sprinkler systems installed For the protection of diesel fuel storage areas are inadequate; foam-water systems should be utilized. A-4-6 No requirements for bonding or grounding to dissipate static electricity are included in the standard. This is based upon NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, which does not require bonding or grounding For combustible liquids before their Flash points. The Committee recognizes, however, that certain conditions may exist that could necessitate bonding or grounding, such as temperature and altitude, which can reduce the flash point of diesel fuel. For additional information on static electricity see NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity. Appendix B Referenced'Publications B-I The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this document For informational purposes only and thus are not considered part of the requirements of this document. The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. These references are listed separately to facilitate updating to the latest edition by the user. B-l.l NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA NFPA 72E-1987, Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors o o According to the NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, over-pressure failure of containers when exposed to fire is considered the principal hazard of closed-container flammable and combustible liqu'd storage. Even a "controlled" fire can cause such container Failure, producing a fire so intense that the sprinkler system would be unable to control it, much less extin- guish it. Water sprays are not effective in extinguishing pressure Fires, running fuel fires, and Obstructed spill fires, all of which could occur in a diesel refueling area. NFPA , Recommended Practice on Static Electricity NFPA , Standard on Fire Protection For Self-Propelled and Mobile Surface Mining Equipment NFPA , Standard for the Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids Within Underground Metal and Nonmetal Mines (Other than Coal) NFPA , Standard Procedures for Cleaning or Safeguarding Small Tanks and Containers Fire Protection Handbook, 16th Edition. B-I.2 Other Publications. = Water supplies are limited in many underground mines. Fire "control" must therefore be considered temporary, because the fire will immediately grow to the maximum intensity when the water supply is depleted. The vapor pressure of diesel Fuel increases with elevation due to reduced barometric pressure. As a result, even Fuels without flash point-reducing additives can become Flammable, depending on the altitude at which they are used. This reduction in flash point could result in reclassification of the diesel fuel to Class I-C Flammable liquid. There is no clear consensus in the literature and industry practice as to the effectiveness of fixed water sprays in controlling and extinguishing fires involving Class I-C Flammable liquids. Although industry practice strongly favors fixed water sprays For such applications, the literature and available research results clearly indicate the ineffectiveness of fixed sprays on Class l-c liquids, especially on pressure fires, running fuel fires, and obstructed spill fires. B-I.2.I SAE Publications. Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA SAE J , Minimum Performance Criteria For Emergency Steering of Wheeled Earthmoving Construction Machines, Recommended Practice SAE J , SAE Information Report on Diesel Fuels. B AWS Publication. American Welding Society, 2501 N.W. 7th Street, Miami, FL ANSI/AWS A6.0, Safety Practices For Welding and Cutting Containers That Have Held Combustibles. B-I.2.3 API Publications. American Petroleum Institute, 2lOl L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C API STD 620, Recommended Rules For Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Seventh Edition, 1982 API STD 650, Welded Steel Tanks For Oil Storage, Seventh Edition, 1980 (ANSI/API 650, 1980) and Revision l, February