COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK ON WOOD PALLETS

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1 COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK ON WOOD PALLETS Erin Webb, PhD, P.E. Senior Research Engineer Oak Ridge National Laboratory Daniel R. Steppan Senior Staff Engineer Large Scale Fire Testing UL LLC Northbrook, IL Fire Protection Research Foundation SupDet 2016 Symposium March 1, 2016 UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC 2016

2 Addressing biomass fire risk Erin Webb, Ph.D., P.E. Senior Research Engineer NFPA Suppression, Detection and Signaling Research and Applications Symposium San Antonio, TX March 1, 2016 UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC 2016

3 Fire risk in bioenergy feedstocks is a barrier to industry deployment Process disruption Insurance Litigation Corn stover bales, Iowa (photos from:

4 Government-Industry partnership Biomass Industry Panel on Codes & Standards Vista Consulting Group Objectives Understand fire behavior in biomass feedstocks Improve codes/standards to better reflect current knowledge of biomass fire risk and industry practices Develop training and reference materials for design professionals, code/standards developers, and code officials

5 Biomass commodity classification Added biomass feedstock commodity classification listings to IFC Chapter 32 (High-piled storage) for inside buildings Modification of IFC Chapter 28 added storage of biomass feedstocks outdoors Proposal to add biomass feedstock listings to NFPA 13 were rejected. Committee requested commodity classification test data

6 Overview Commodity classification as described in NFPA Standards What is commodity classification testing? Biomass feedstock ranking for: Rectangular Corn Stover Circular Corn Stover Rectangular Switchgrass 6

7 Plastics Hazard Severity NFPA 13 Commodity Classification Class or Group Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class or Group Material Essentially non-combustible products in corrugated cartons on combustible pallets Class I products in slatted wooden crates, solid wooden boxes or multiple thickness paperboard cartons with or without pallets Wood, paper, natural fiber cloth or Group C plastics with or without pallets. May contain a limited amount (5% by weight or volume or less) of Group A or Group B plastics Class I, II or III commodities in corrugated cartons with appreciable amounts (5-15% by weight, or 5-25% by volume) of Group A plastics Cartoned Unexpanded Group A Plastic Cartoned Expanded Group A Plastic Exposed Unexpanded Group A Plastic Exposed Expanded Group A Plastic 7

8 Background A method was developed by FM Global to classify commodity fire risks based upon a series of product tests under a fire products calorimeter The following slides describe how UL uses this methodology for commodity classification. 8

9 What is Commodity Classification Testing? Burn commodity with standardized water applications Determine the resulting Heat Release rate (HRR) Rank the hazard for the appropriate suppression design. 9

10 Value of Commodity Classification Testing NFPA Edition Classification of Commodities Commodity classification and the corresponding protection requirements shall be determined based on the makeup of individual storage units (i.e., unit load, pallet load) The type and amount of materials used as part of the product and its primary packaging as well as the storage pallet shall be considered in the classification of the commodity When specific test data of commodity classification by a nationally recognized testing agency are available, the data shall be permitted to be used in determining classification of commodities. 10

11 Test Configuration Note: Valid Commodity Classification tests require palletized commodities. 11

12 Test Method Igniters 12

13 Commodity Class Designations for Mean Total Rank Values Commodity Class Designations for Mean Total Rank Values Rank Mean Total Rank Commodity Class Less than 1.5 I 1 Equal to or greater than 1.5 but less than 2.5 Equal to or greater than 2.5 but less than 3.5 Equal to or greater than 3.5 but less than 4.5 II 2 III 3 IV 4 Equal to or greater than 4.5 but less than 5.5 Equal to or greater than 5.5 but less than 6.5 Equal to or greater than 6.5 but less than 7.0 Cartoned Group B Unexpanded Plastic Cartoned Group A Unexpanded Plastic Cartoned Group A Expanded Plastic Source: FM4995, Figure A-4 (Approval Standard for Commodity Classification of Idle Plastic Pallets) 13

14 Standardized Test Commodities Class II Class III Class IV Cartoned Unexpanded Group A Plastic Cartoned, Expanded Group A Plastic Exposed, Expanded Group A Plastic 14

15 Department of Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office Oak Ridge National Laboratories Project for Commodity Classification of Biomass Feedstock Biomass feedstock ranking for: Rectangular Corn Stover Circular Corn Stover Rectangular Switchgrass 15

16 Project Test Commodities Rectangular Baled Corn Stover Rectangular Baled Switchgrass Circular Baled Corn Stover 16

17 Test 1: Rectangular Corn Stover on Wire Mesh Decking 17

18 Test 2: Rectangular Corn Stover on Wood Pallets 18

19 Fire Data Rectangular Corn Stover on Different Support Platforms Conv. Heat Release Rate Curves 19

20 Fire Data Circular Corn Stover on Different Support Platforms Conv. Heat Release Rate Curves 20

21 Fire Data Rectangular Corn Stover on Wood Pallets Ranking Heat Release Rate Curves (Convective HRR) 21

22 Fire Data Rectangular Corn Stover on Wood Pallets Ranking Test # Commodity Type 0.21 gpm / ft 2 Value Rank Average Rank Overall** V1 - kw V2 - kw V3 - kw V4 - MJ Test # Commodity Type 0.11 gpm / ft 2 Value Rank Average Rank V1 - kw V2 - kw V3 - kw V4 - MJ Test # Commodity Type 0.11 gpm / ft 2 Value Rank Average Rank Rectangular Corn Stover on Wood Pallets Rectangular Corn Stover on Wood Pallets Rectangular Corn Stover on Wood Pallets V1 - kw V2 - kw V3 - kw V4 - MJ (Class III) 22

23 Fire Data Circular Corn Stover on Wood Pallets Ranking Heat Release Rate Curves (Convective HRR) 23

24 Fire Data Circular Corn Stover on Wood Pallets Ranking Test # Commodity Type 0.21 gpm / ft 2 Value Rank Average Rank Overall** V1 - kw V2 - kw V3 - kw V4 - MJ Test # Commodity Type 0.11 gpm / ft 2 Value Rank Average Rank Circular Corn Stover on Wood Pallets Circular Corn Stover on Wood Pallets V1 - kw V2 - kw V3 - kw V4 - MJ 3324 Ex 3.75 Ex *** 3.75 (Class IV) 24

25 Test 8: Rectangular Switchgrass at 0.21 gpm/ft 2 Density on Wood Pallets 25

26 Test 10: Rectangular Switchgrass at 0.39 gpm/ft 2 Density on Wood Pallets 26

27 Fire Data Rectangular Switchgrass on Wood Pallets Ranking Heat Release Rate Curves (Convective HRR) 27

28 Fire Data Rectangular Switchgrass on Wood Pallets Ranking Test # Commodity Type 0.21 gpm / ft 2 Value Rank Average Rank Overall** V1 - kw V2 - kw V3 - kw V4 - MJ Test # Commodity Type 0.31 gpm / ft 2 Value Rank Average Rank V1 - kw V2 - kw 5433 Ex V3 - kw V4 - MJ Test # Commodity Type 0.39 gpm / ft 2 Value Rank Average Rank Rectangular Switchgrass on Wood Pallets Rectangular Switchgrass on Wood Pallets Rectangular Switchgrass on Wood Pallets V1 - kw V2 - kw 4597 Ex V3 - kw 3224 Ex V4 - MJ 1507 Ex *** Ex Ex Ex (Exceeds cartoned unexpanded Group A plastics) 28

29 Next steps: Develop science-based standards to minimize fire spread in bale yards Corn stover, KS (photo from: Modeling fire spread in bale yards Step 1: Indoor stack fire test - fire behavior in a bale stack - radiant heat output - flame retardant performance - Step 2: Results of Step 1 inform larger scale outdoor burn test

30 Questions? Daniel Steppan Large Scale Fire Testing UL LLC Erin Webb, PhD, P.E. Senior Research Engineer Oak Ridge National Laboratory

31 THANK YOU

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