Effect of Oxygenates Blending with Gasoline to Improve Fuel Properties
|
|
- Noel Leonard
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 792 CHINESE JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Vol. 25, No. 4, 2012 DOI: /CJME , available online at Effect of Oxygenates Blending with Gasoline to Improve Fuel Properties BABAZADEH SHAYAN Soheil 1, *, SEYEDPOUR Seyed Morteza 2, and OMMI Fathollah 1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Received May 27, 2011; revised December 23, 2011; accepted February 7, 2012 Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of oxygenate additives into gasoline for the improvement of physicochemical properties of blends. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE), Methanol, Tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), and Tertiary amyl alcohol (TAA) blend into unleaded gasoline with various blended rates of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Physicochemical properties of blends are analyzed by the standard American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods. Methanol, TBA, and TAA increase density of the mixtures, but MTBE decreases density. The addition of oxygenates lead to a distortion of the base gasoline s distillation curves. The Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of gasoline is found to increase with the addition of the oxygenated compounds. All oxygenates improve both motor and research octane numbers. Among these four additives, TBA shows the best fuel properties. Key words: gasoline oxygenates, distillation curve, reid vapor pressure, octane number 1 Introduction The Gasoline is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from crude oil distillation and processing, as well as the other organic chemicals derived from other energy sources. Modern gasoline is a heavily processed product that can also contain various synthetic components, added to improve its performance and meet the demands of today s advanced engine technology. Until recently, one such component was lead, which was added to gasoline to boost octane ratings and reduce engine wear. However, leaded gasoline cannot be used on cars equipped with the modern catalytic converters designed to reduce harmful exhaust emissions, as lead very rapidly and permanently annihilates the performance of the catalyst. With the reduction or removal of lead, the octane number, the ability of petrol to avoid engine knock, must be raised by other means, such as increasing the concentration of aromatics, optimizing the use of components such as alkylates and isomerates or lending high octane oxygenates. The additives used in the adulteration of commercial gasoline can be classified as oxygenated, aromatic, and light and heavy aliphatic hydrocarbons, the majority of these compounds being natural constituents of gasoline [1]. The addition of solvents changes the original composition of the fuel, affecting in physicochemical properties in different ways [2]. Distillation curves, vapor pressure and octane rating are properties closely related to the fuel composition and the characteristics of its components [3 5]. Simple * Corresponding author. soheil.babazadehshayan@gmail.com Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 alcohols and ethers are used as gasoline additives to reduce pollutants from vehicle exhaust gases. Proponents of these oxygenates claim several advantages: they are octane enhancers [6], they have significant anti-knock properties important for unleaded fuels, they can be produced from renewable agricultural raw materials instead of fossil sources, they reduce carbon monoxide emission from vehicle exhaust. But also reducing the emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons, minimizing the emission of volatile organic compounds [7 11]. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is the oxygenate most commonly employed to increase the octane number of gasoline [12]. Use of MTBE has become restricted due to its toxicity and contamination of groundwater [13 15]. In addition to MTBE, alcohols such as Methanol, Tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), and Tertiary Amyl alcohol (TAA) have led to growing interest as oxygenated additives [16 17]. Even without the exact composition of the adulterant and the gasoline it is shown that each solvent has an effect on the physicochemical properties of gasoline of specific magnitude and behavior, depending on the concentration and chemical nature of the solvent. In this study, an investigation was carried out into density, volatility (distillation curves and Reid vapor pressure), and octane number of unleaded gasoline after the addition of different oxygenates in various proportions. 2 Experimental Procedure 2.1 Material Base gasoline composition was used to evaluate the effect of the gasoline formulations containing oxygenates
2 CHINESE JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 793 (MTBE, Methanol, TBA, TAA). This gasoline compositions, was obtained from the Tehran Oil Refinery Company (TORC) located in the province of Tehran, Iran. Table 1 lists the physicochemical characteristics of this gasoline. Table 1. Characteristics of the base gasoline Characteristic Quantity Method ASTM Density /(g cm 3 )(at 16 C) D 4052 Low heat value /(kj kg 1 ) D 4809 Reid vapor pressure/ kpa (at 37.8 C, ) 59.2 D 323 Sulphur/wt % D 4294 Motor octane number 81.6 D 2700 Research octane number 85.3 D 2699 Antiknock index Oxygen in fuel/(g cm 3 ) 0 Distillation temperature/ D 86 Initial boiling point/ % Evaporated/ % Evaporated/ % Evaporated/ Final boiling point/ Analyzer, following the ASTM D 323 standard [24]. The octane ratings were measured by Zeltex ZX-440 XL liquid fuel analyzer, according to the ASTM D 2699 (RON) [25] and ASTM D 2700 (MON) [26] standards. 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Relative density The graphs in Fig. 1 gives the densities of the base gasoline mixed with the oxygenated compounds (MTBE, Methanol, TBA, and TAA) in different volumetric concentrations. As can be seen in this figure, densities of the alcohol oxygenates-gasoline blends increases because of their high densities, while the densities of the MTBE oxygenates-gasoline blends decreases because of its low density. Changes in the density affect the quantity of fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber during each cycle, altering the ideal air-fuel burning ratio. In the case of a gasoline adulterated with a more dense additive, the burning will be incomplete, resulting in the emission of pollutants to the atmosphere. The properties for MTBE and the other Oxygenates used in this study are shown in Table 2 [18 21]. Table 2. Properties of the Oxygenates Property MTBE MeOH TBA TAA Chemical formula C 5H 12O CH 3OH C 4H 10O C 5H 12O Purity/% Oxygen/wt% Molecular weight/ (g mol 1 ) Density/(g cm 3 ) (at 16 C) Flash point/ Boiling temperature/ Ignition temperature/ Reid vapour pressure / kpa (at 37.8 ) Motor octane number Research octane number Methods The gasolines containing the aforementioned oxygenated compound additives were evaluated in terms of their characteristics of density, volatility (distillation curves and Reid vapor pressure), and octane number (RON and MON) using ASTM (American society for Testing and Materials) approved equipment. The relative densities (measured at 16 ) of the fuel samples and oxygenated compounds were determined using an Portable Density/Specific Gravity Meter KYOTO DA-130N, following the ASTM D 4052 standard [22]. The distillation characteristics were measured by Tanaka AD-6 automatic distillation analyzer, according to the ASTM D 86 [23] standard, Reid vapor pressures are measured by Tanaka AVP 30D automatic RVP Fig. 1. Relative densities of the base gasoline with oxygenates (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 % (v/v)) 3.2 Volatility The Crude oil and the various petroleum fractions and products derived from it such as gasoline consist of a complex mixture of various components, mostly hydrocarbons. Some of these components are quite volatile, and some are not so volatile. It is fairly recognized that the different petroleum fractions and products have inherent volatility characteristics. Volatility is defined as the tendency or ability of a material to change from a liquid state to gaseous state. When dealing with petroleum products, the principal volatility characteristics that are significant are distillation, vapor pressure, and flammability Distillation curves Gasoline is a mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds, each with its distinctive boiling point. Therefore, gasoline boils over a range of temperatures and
3 794 BABAZADEH SHAYAN Soheil, et al: Effect of Oxygenates Blending with Gasoline to Improve Fuel PropertiesY its tendency to vaporize is characterized by determining a series of temperatures at which various percentages of the fuel have evaporated, as described in ASTM D86, Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure. A plot of the results is commonly called the distillation curve. These temperatures characterize the volatility of the fuel s light, medium and heavy fractions. These fractions, in turn, affect the engine s different operating regimes. Figs. 2(a), (b), (c) and (d) present the distillation curves of the base gasoline and its blends with oxygenates (MTBE, Methanol, TBA, TAA) in the volumetric proportions of 2.5, 7.5, 10 and 20%, respectively. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the addition of oxygenates lead to a distortion of the base gasoline s distillation curves, which becomes more marked the higher the oxygenates content. All oxygenates decrease the distillation temperatures significantly. Fig. 2 indicates that, among the oxygenated compounds used as additives for base gasoline, methanol was the one that caused the most marked change in the distillation curve. Figs. 2(c) and (d) show the effect of adding more than 10% by volume of methanol into the base gasoline. Clearly, this results in the front end to the first region of the curve being heavily distorted in terms of significantly increasing the volatility of the fuel in these regions. Adding more than 10% volume of methanol into gasoline continues to increase the volatility of the blend as evidenced by further reductions of both the T50 and T90 distillation temperatures. The reductions seen in T50 and T90 between 10% and 20% methanol are greater than the reductions from base gasoline to the 10% methanol blend, demonstrating a non-linear trend. The front end of the distillation curve is important for cold starting with a more volatile curve lower temperatures providing easier starting. However, if it is too volatile, hot-starting and hot-fuel-handling driveability can be a problem. The midrange is important for cold starting and warm-up driveability. This in turn helps with short-trip fuel economy. In older vehicles with carburetors, too much midrange volatility can contribute toward carburetor icing. A high tail end of the distillation curve contributes to better fuel economy, but if too high it can contribute to combustion chamber and other engine deposits. A high tail end also can contribute to cold-start fuel dilution of the engine oil [29].
4 CHINESE JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 795 addition of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 % v/v of Methanol, TBA, TAA, MTBE Fig. 2. Distillation curve of base gasoline and its blend with Methanol, TBA, TAA, and MTBE Reid vapor pressure The pressure exerted by gasoline vapors in a confined space, which is measured at 37.8, is called Reid vapor pressure. RVP is the most important indicator both volatility and emissions because of the relation of the existing volatile organic compounds in fuels. In addition to these, maximum increase of RVP occurs with 5%-10% addition of all oxygenates. Also, RVP is very important the driveability of the fuels in year around. Fig. 3 shows the effects of the all oxygenates on the RVP. Adding oxygenates into gasoline cause an increase in vapor pressure and depress the boiling temperature. Also, higher RVP values can be cause of the vapor lock and higher evaporative harmful emissions. That s why, RVP was limited more countries with federal legislations. As it seen in Fig. 3, methanol-gasoline blends has higher RVP. This means, methanol-gasoline blends more volatile than the other oxygenates. The vapor pressure profiles of the methanol-blended gasolines in Fig. 3 indicate a significant increase in the mixtures RVP for the initial fractions of added alcohol. For this reason, methanol is suitable for country that are in cold region. 3.3 Octane Number The critical fuel property of gasoline for internal combustion engine is resistance to engine knock, expressed as the octane number of the gasoline. During a normal (no knock) combustion cycle, a flame front travels smoothly from the point of ignition at the spark plug outward toward the cylinder walls. The octane (and auto-ignition temperature) of various hydrocarbons is related to their ability to withstand pre flame conditions without decomposing into species that could auto-ignite before the flame-front arrives. The RON and MON methods use two primary reference fuels, n-heptane and 2, 2, 4 trimethyl pentane, assigned octane numbers of 0 and 100, respectively. The knocking intensity of the test fuel is compared to that of reference fuel blends. The anti-knock index (AKI) is the average of the research octane number (RON, D 2699) and motor octane number (MON, D 2700), sometimes expressed as (RON+MON)/2 or (R+M)/2. Automotive octane ratings are determined in a standardized single-cylinder engine with a variable compression ratio (CR 4:1 to 18:1), operated under standard conditions Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) engine. Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 depict the MON and RON profiles of gasoline mixed with the oxygenated compounds and their respective volumetric proportions respectively. Research and motor octane numbers of all blends clearly increase with both alcohol and ether oxygenates. As it seen in these figures, maximum increases have been found TBA and TAA blends. For research octane numbers, best octane booster is TAA and for motor octane numbers, best octane booster is TBA. In addition to these results, alcohol oxygenates have better results versus the ether oxygenates for both research and motor octane numbers. Fig. 3. Reid vapor pressure of base gasoline containing Fig. 4. Motor octane number (MON) graphs for base gasoline containing addition of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 % v/v of Methanol, TBA, TAA, MTBE
5 796 BABAZADEH SHAYAN Soheil, et al: Effect of Oxygenates Blending with Gasoline to Improve Fuel PropertiesY Fig. 5. Octane number (RON) graphs for base gasoline containing addition of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 % v/v of Methanol, TBA, TAA, MTBE 4 Conclusions (1) A study is carried out on the influence of the addition of the oxygenates MTBE, Methanol, TBA and TAA on the parameters density, distillation curves, Reid vapor pressure, and octane rating. (2) The addition of alcohols leads to mixtures increased density because of their higher density while addition of MTBE decreases the density because of their lower density. (3) The addition of all oxygenates leads to mixtures increased RVP, and the highest and lowest effect on the RVP are obtained by the addition of methanol and TBA respectively. (4) Addition of oxygenates improves both RON and MON, and the highest RON and MON improvement are found by the addition of TAA and TBA respectively, while the lowest RON and MON improvement are found by addition of MTBE. References [1] WIEDEMANN L S M, D AVILA L A, AZEVEDO D A. Adulteration detection of Brazilian gasoline samples by statistical analysis[j]. Fuel, 2005, 84: [2] Delgado R C O B, ARAUJO A S, VALTER J F J R. Properties of Brazilian gasoline mixed with hydrated ethanol for flex-fuel technology[j]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2007, 88(4): [3] LANZER T, Von-MEIEN O F, YAMAMOTO C I. A predictive thermodynamic model for the Brazilian gasoline[j]. Fuel, 2005, 84(9): [4] PASADAKIS N, SOURLIGAS S, FOTEINOPOULOS C. Prediction of the distillation profile and cold properties of diesel fuels using mid-ir spectroscopy and neural networks[j]. Fuel, 2006, 85(7 8): [5] PASADAKIS N, GAGANIS V, FOTEINOPOULOS C. Octane number prediction for gasoline blends[j]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2006, 87(6): [6] NADIM F, ZACK P, HAAG G E, et al. United State experience with gasoline additives[j]. Energy Policy, 2001, 29(1): 1 5. [7] MOORE J W, MOORE E A. Environmental chemistry[m]. New York: Academic Press, [8] TALJAARD H C, JAARDAAN C F P, BOTHA J J. The effect of content in different oxygenates gasoline blends on performance and emission in a single cylinder, spark ignition engine[j]. SAE 91037, [9] PUMPHREY J A, BRAND J I, SCHELLER W A. Vapour pressure measurements and predictions for alcohols gasoline blends[j]. Fuel, 2000, 79(11): [10] SAX N I. Industrial pollution[m]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, [11] PERRY R, GEE I L. Vehicle emissions in relation to fuel composition[j]. Science of the Total Environment, 1995, 169(1 3): [12] SEDDON D. Reformulated gasoline, opportunities for new catalyst technology[j]. Catalysis Today, 1992, 15(1): [13] HONG S, DUTTWEILER C M, LEMLEY A T. Analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether and its degradation products by direct aqueous injection onto gas chromatography with mass spectrometry or flame ionization detection systems[j]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1999, 857(1 2): [14] FERNANDEZ L, KELLER A A. Cost-benefit analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether and alternative gasoline formulations[j]. Environmental Science & Policy, 2000, 3(4): [15] SHIH T, RONG Y, HARMON T, et al. Evaluation of the impact of fuel hydrocarbons and oxygenates on groundwater resources[j]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004, 38(1): [16] LINNEKOSKI J A, KRAUSE A O, RIHKO L K. Kinetics of heterogeneously catalyzed formation of tert-amyl ethyl ether[j]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1997, 36(2): [17] REICH R, CARTES M, WISNAIAK J, et al. Phase equilibria in the ternary system hexane Cethyl 1,1-dimethylethyl ether Cheptane[J]. Fluid Phase Equilibria,1999, 154(1): [18] Merck Chemicals International. Certificate of analysis for tert-butyl methyl ether EMPLURA. (CAS number ). [19] Merck Chemicals International. Certificate of analysis for Methanol for analysis EMSURE ACS, ISO, Reag. Ph Eur. (CAS number ). [20] Merck Chemicals International. Certificate of analysis for tert-butanol EMPLURA. (CAS number ). [21] Merck Chemicals International. Certificate of analysis for tert-amyl alcohol EMPLURA. (CAS number ). [22] American Society for Testing And Materials. D4052 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter. [23] American Society for Testing and Materials. D86 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure. [24] American Society for Testing and Materials. D323 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products. (Reid Method). [25] American Society for Testing and Materials. D2699 Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel. [26] American Society for Testing and Materials. D2700 Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel. [27] American Society for Testing and Materials. D4809 Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter. (Precision Method). [28] American Society for Testing and Materials. D4294 Standard Test Method for Sulphur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. [29] MONTEMAYOR R G.. Distillation and vapor pressure measurement in petroleum products[m]. West Conshohocken: ASTM International, 2008.
6 CHINESE JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 797 Biographical notes BABAZADEH SHAYAN Soheil, born in 1984, is currently an engineer at Motor and Propulsion Laboratory of Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. He received his master degree on aerospace at Tarbiat Modares University, Iran, in Tel: ; SEYEDPOUR Seyed Morteza, born in 1984, is currently an engineer at Tara Sabalan Co., Iran. He received his master degree on biomechanical engineering at Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran, in Tel: ; OMMI Fathollah, born in 1952, is currently an associate professor at Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. He received his PhD degree from Moscow University of Technology, Iran, in His research interests include increase in the output of internal combustion engines through changes in the type and amount of fuel consumption, decrease in the pollutants of internal combustion engines of different vehicles, conversion of carburetor engines into injectors, designing different types of one-base and two-base injectors, design of different nozzles, study the subject of fluid fusion in aerosol space in one phase and two-phase state, the entire research grounds related to the engine and drives, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. Tel: ;
Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions Lecture 36:Hydrocarbon Fuels and Quality Requirements FUELS AND EFFECTS ON ENGINE EMISSIONS
FUELS AND EFFECTS ON ENGINE EMISSIONS The Lecture Contains: Transport Fuels and Quality Requirements Fuel Hydrocarbons and Other Components Paraffins Cycloparaffins Olefins Aromatics Alcohols and Ethers
More informationEXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF ETHANOL AND AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINE BLENDS By
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF ETHANOL AND AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINE BLENDS By 1. Department of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Egypt. tarekfetouh@yahoo.com 2. Department of Chemical
More informationBasic Products Course. Module 8: Gasoline
Basic Products Course Module 8: Gasoline Contents We will cover Gasoline in TWO steps: This module will have some new information, as well as reemphasize some things discussed in earlier modules. In addition,
More informationA Balanced Approach to Octane Replacement
A Balanced Approach to Octane Replacement Policy Development Meeting on Clean Fuels and Vehicles for the Middle East and North Africa 24 May 2006 Cairo, Egypt Lee Chook Khean Communications Director http://www.acfa.org.sg
More informationInternational Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN
Research Article EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON VARYING ENGINE TORQUE OF SI ENGINE WORKING UNDER GASOLINE BLENDED WITH OXYGENATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS D.Balaji¹*, Dr.P.Govindarajan², J.Venkatesan³ Address
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 4,000 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationEffects of Ethanol-Gasoline blends on Performance and Emissions of Gasoline Engines
Effects of Ethanol-Gasoline blends on Performance and Emissions of Gasoline Engines Er. Kapil Karadia 1, Er. Ashish Nayyar 2 1 Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management &Gramothan, Jaipur,Rajasthan
More informationPERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A VARIABLE COMPRESSION SI ENGINE USING ETHANOL- GASOLINE BLENDS AS FUEL
Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2011 (ICME2011) 18-20 December 2011, Dhaka, Bangladesh ICME11-TH-001 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A VARIABLE COMPRESSION
More informationWhite Paper.
The Advantage of Real Atmospheric Distillation Complying with the ASTM D7345 Test Method in the Distillation Process Introduction / Background In the past, refiners enjoyed a constant supply of the same
More informationEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF PETROL ENGINE USING FUEL CATALYST
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF PETROL ENGINE USING FUEL CATALYST Sagar.A.Patil 1, Priyanka.V.Kadam 2, Mangesh.S.Yeolekar 3, Sandip.B.Sonawane 4 1 Student (Final Year), Department
More informationImpact of Methanol Gasoline Fuel Blends on the Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a SI Engine
219 Impact of Methanol Fuel Blends on the Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a SI Engine S. Babazadeh Shayan1, S. M. Seyedpour2, F. Ommi3, S. H. Moosavy4 and M. Alizadeh5 1 MScstudent, 2MSc.student,
More informationM. Pospíšil, Z. Mužíková, G. Šebor Svojstva...
M. Pospíšil, Z. Mužíková, G. Šebor Svojstva... Milan Pospíšil, Zlata Mužíková, Gustav Šebor ISSN 0350-350X GOMABN 46, 4, 335-353 Stručni rad / Professional Paper UDK 621.434-632.5 : 665.733.5.038.3 : 536.423.16
More informationEAST AFRICAN STANDARD. Automotive gasoline (premium motor spirit) Specification EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY. HS (regular); HS
EAST AFRICAN STANDARD Automotive gasoline (premium motor spirit) Specification EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY HS 2710.11.10(regular); HS 2710.11.10(premium) ICS 75.160.20 EAS 2011 Second Edition 2011 ii Table
More informationInternational Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISS 976-3945 Research Article EXPERIMETAL WORKSTUDY O THE EFFECT OF ETHAOL GASOLIE BLEDS O THE PERFORMACE OF TWO STROKE PETROL EGIE Prof. Viral
More informationEffects of ethanol unleaded gasoline blends on cyclic variability and emissions in an SI engine
Applied Thermal Engineering 25 (2005) 917 925 www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng Effects of ethanol unleaded gasoline blends on cyclic variability and emissions in an SI engine M.A. Ceviz *,F.Yüksel Department
More informationComposition distribution and characteristic of a typical commercial gasoline in market
International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy Composition distribution and characteristic of a typical commercial gasoline in market Li Na, Guo Xin, Tao Zhiping, Long Jun Research Institute of Petroleum
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 158A OCTANE IMPROVERS FOR GASOLINE (February 1992)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 158A OCTANE IMPROVERS FOR GASOLINE (February 1992) Lead phaseout in the United States has brought about a strong interest in oxygenated octane improvers for
More informationGB Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB NATIONAL STANDARD
Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB18351-2015 www.chinesestandard.net Sales@ChineseStandard.net GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ICS 75.160.20 E 31 GB 18351-2015 Replacing
More informationFuel and refuelling. Fuel and refuelling
Fuel and refuelling SAFETY PRE S Gasoline gases are highly flammable, have a low flash point and are explosive, especially in confined spaces. Avoid exposing the gases to any potential source of ignition
More informationStudies on Emission Control in S.I. Engine Using Organic Fuel Additives
Studies on Emission Control in S.I. Engine Using Organic Fuel Additives Ramakrishnan.T 1*, D.John Panneer Selvam 1, Asst prof, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology,
More informationExperimental Investigation of Ethanol-Methanol- Gasoline Blend on Multi cylinder SI Engine using Catalytic Converter
Experimental Investigation of Ethanol-Methanol- Gasoline Blend on Multi cylinder SI Engine using Catalytic Converter #1 A. R. Pattiwar, #2 V. N. Kapatkar, #3 S. A. Kulkarni #123 Mechanical Engineering
More informationPSF REFORMULATED FUEL REPORT OF REFORMULATED GASOLINE UTILIZING RAW FUEL FROM FCC REFINERY UNIT
PSF REFORMULATED FUEL REPORT OF REFORMULATED GASOLINE UTILIZING RAW FUEL FROM FCC REFINERY UNIT INTRODUCTION In gasoline research speciation is a powerful tool to understand the combustion process and
More informationFuel and refuelling SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FUEL QUALITY
SAFETY PRE Automotive fuels can cause serious injury and even death, if misused. Petroleum gasses are highly flammable, have a low flash point, and are explosive, especially in confined spaces. Avoid exposing
More informationEthanol and the Economics of Octane The Superior Solution
Ethanol and the Economics of Octane The Superior Solution Geoff Cooper Renewable Fuels Association October 20, 2017 Today s Presentation What is octane and why is it important? Options for boosting octane
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 158 SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 OCTANE IMPROVERS FOR GASOLINE (November 1983) There la currently worldwide interest
More informationFuel and Aftertreatment Effects on Particulate and Toxic Emissions from GDI and PFI Vehicles: A Summary of CE-CERT s Research
Fuel and Aftertreatment Effects on Particulate and Toxic Emissions from GDI and PFI Vehicles: A Summary of CE-CERT s Research Georgios Karavalakis, Ph.D. University of California, Riverside Center for
More informationVivek Pandey 1, V.K. Gupta 2 1,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, India
Study of Ethanol Gasoline Blends for Powering Medium Duty Transportation SI Engine Vivek Pandey 1, V.K. Gupta 2 1,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, India
More informationModule 3: Influence of Engine Design and Operating Parameters on Emissions Lecture 14:Effect of SI Engine Design and Operating Variables on Emissions
Module 3: Influence of Engine Design and Operating Parameters on Emissions Effect of SI Engine Design and Operating Variables on Emissions The Lecture Contains: SI Engine Variables and Emissions Compression
More informationFUELS. Product Specifications
FUELS Product Specifications This Lesson Is Designed: To provide you with an understanding of specifications and terms used in the marketing of fuels. To show you how to use the information contained in
More informationPrediction of Physical Properties and Cetane Number of Diesel Fuels and the Effect of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on These Entities
[Regular Paper] Prediction of Physical Properties and Cetane Number of Diesel Fuels and the Effect of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on These Entities (Received March 13, 1995) The gross heat of combustion and
More informationSIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF GASOLINE BLENDING IN A NIGERIAN PETROLEUM REFINING COMPANY.
GSJ: VOLUME 6, ISSUE 3, MARCH 2018 7 GSJ: Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2018, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF GASOLINE BLENDING IN A NIGERIAN PETROLEUM REFINING COMPANY. JOHN T. IMINABO,
More informationFINAL DRAFT BELIZE STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR UNLEADED GASOLINE FOR MOTOR VEHICLES. ooooooooooooooooooooo
ISSUED FOR COMMENTS ONLY oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo FINAL DRAFT BELIZE STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR UNLEADED GASOLINE FOR MOTOR VEHICLES ooooooooooooooooooooo
More informationEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BLENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BLENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE Haroun A. K. Shahad hakshahad@yahoo.com Department of mechanical
More informationBioalcohols - compounds for Reformulated Gasolines I. The effect of alcohols on volatility properties of gasolines
Bioalcohols - compounds for Reformulated Gasolines I. The effect of alcohols on volatility properties of gasolines MIHAELA NEAGU PETRE*, PAUL ROSCA, RALUCA-ELENA DRAGOMIR, OANA MIHAI 1 Petroleum- Gaz University
More informationOil & Gas. From exploration to distribution. Week 3 V19 Refining Processes (Part 1) Jean-Luc Monsavoir. W3V19 - Refining Processes1 p.
Oil & Gas From exploration to distribution Week 3 V19 Refining Processes (Part 1) Jean-Luc Monsavoir W3V19 - Refining Processes1 p. 1 Crude Oil Origins and Composition The objective of refining, petrochemical
More informationModule 2:Genesis and Mechanism of Formation of Engine Emissions Lecture 3: Introduction to Pollutant Formation POLLUTANT FORMATION
Module 2:Genesis and Mechanism of Formation of Engine Emissions POLLUTANT FORMATION The Lecture Contains: Engine Emissions Typical Exhaust Emission Concentrations Emission Formation in SI Engines Emission
More informationMORPHOLOGY AND VOLATILITY OF PARTICULATE MATTER EMITTED FROM TWO DIRECT-INJECTION ENGINES
MORPHOLOGY AND VOLATILITY OF PARTICULATE MATTER EMITTED FROM TWO DIRECT-INJECTION ENGINES Brian Graves, Jason Olfert, Bob Koch, Bronson Patychuk, Ramin Dastanpour, Steven Rogak University of Alberta, Westport
More informationApplication Note. Determination of Oxygenates in C2, C3, C4 and C5 hydrocarbon Matrices according ASTM D using AC OXYTRACER
Determination of Oxygenates in C2, C3, C4 and C5 hydrocarbon Matrices according ASTM D7423-09 using AC OXYTRACER Fast Analysis in
More informationOn-Line NIR Analysis for Blending
Application Note On-Line NIR Analysis for Blending Introduction Gasoline and Diesel blending is a refinery operation that blends different component streams into various grades of final product. The main
More informationThe table below gives information about milk bottles. Raw materials Sand, limestone, salt Crude oil. Bottle material Soda-lime glass HD poly(ethene)
Q1.Plastic and glass can be used to make milk bottles. The figure below shows the percentage of milk bottles made from glass between 1975 and 2010. (a) Plot the points and draw a line on the figure above
More informationEFFECT OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS ETHANOL-GASOLINE BLENDS ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE
5 EFFECT OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS ETHANOL-GASOLINE BLENDS ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE Mas Fawzi bin Mohd Ali, Mohd Harith bin Mazlan and Mohd Faizal bin Mohideen Batcha Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing
More informationComprehensive Gas Chromatography (GCxGC) Analysis of High-Ethanol Containing Motor Fuels
Paper # 160-6 Comprehensive Gas Chromatography (GCxGC) Analysis of High-Ethanol Containing Motor Fuels Elise K. Libby, John V. Seeley, Stacy K. Seeley Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA James D. McCurry
More informationApplication. Gas Chromatography June 1995
Determining Oxygenates in Gasoline: ASTM Method D Application Gas Chromatography June 99 Authors Michael J. Szelewski Agilent Technologies, Inc. 0 Centerville Road Wilmington, DE 90-60 USA Matthew S. Klee
More informationFuel and Refuelling ! WARNING: SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FUEL TANK FILLING
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Before refuelling, switch off the ignition and remove the key. Note: Do not leave the ignition key in the vehicle; vehicles have been stolen from garage service/filling stations whilst
More informationProposal to establish a laboratory for combustion studies
Proposal to establish a laboratory for combustion studies Jayr de Amorim Filho Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory SCRE Single Cylinder Research Engine Laboratory OUTLINE Requirements,
More informationAnnex to the Accreditation Certificate D-PL according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005
Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH Annex to the Accreditation Certificate D-PL-17640-01-00 according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Period of validity: 18.12.2017 to 04.11.2018 Holder of certificate: Haltermann
More informationCEE 452/652. Week 6, Lecture 1 Mobile Sources. Dr. Dave DuBois Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute
CEE 452/652 Week 6, Lecture 1 Mobile Sources Dr. Dave DuBois Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute Today s topics Read chapter 18 Review of urban atmospheric chemistry What are mobile
More informationFuel Terminology & Definitions
Fuel Terminology & Definitions The key to understanding racing fuels is to have a good understanding of the principles of combustion and fuels. Let s look at some of these principles.. OCTANE Octane: A
More informationInternal Combustion Engines
Thermochemistry & Fuels Lecture 4 1 Outline In this lecture we will discuss the properties and characteristics of diesel fuels: Cetane number and index Viscosity and cold behaviour Flash point Sulphur
More informationDetailed Mid-FTIR Analysis Of Gasoline, Diesel & Jet Fuel With A Single Portable Analyzer In Seconds
Detailed Mid-FTIR Analysis Of Gasoline, Diesel & Jet Fuel With A Single Portable Analyzer In Seconds Philipp Jordan eralytics TM GmbH www.eralytics.com Welcome to a new era of petroleum testing PERFORMANCE
More informationExperimental determination of suitable ethanol gasoline blend for Spark ignition engine
Experimental determination of suitable ethanol gasoline blend for Spark ignition engine Farha Tabassum Ansari 1, Abhishek Prakash Verma 2 1,2 ME IV Sem Student, Jabalpur engineering college Jabalpur Dr.Alok
More informationWhite Paper. Improving Accuracy and Precision in Crude Oil Boiling Point Distribution Analysis. Introduction. Background Information
Improving Accuracy and Precision in Crude Oil Boiling Point Distribution Analysis. Abstract High Temperature Simulated Distillation (High Temp SIMDIS) is one of the most frequently used techniques to determine
More informationStandard Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion
IAS Accreditation Number Company Name Address Contact Name Telephone +966-14-398-2118 Effective Date of Scope May 1, 2018 Accreditation Standard ISO/IEC 17025:2017 TL-743 Yanbu Industrial Area Yanbu, Madina
More informationHowstuffworks "How Gasoline Works"
Page 1 of 5 Search HowStuffWorks and the Auto Stuff Science Stuff Health Stuff Entertainment Stuff People St Computer Stuff Electronics Stuff Home Stuff Money Stuff Travel Stuff S Main > Science > Earth
More informationExperimental determination of some physical properties of gasoline, ethanol and ETBE ternary blends
Experimental determination of some physical properties of gasoline, ethanol and ETBE ternary blends Luis Miguel Rodriguez Anton, Fernando Gutierrez Martin, Carmen Martinez Arevalo ABSTRACT The addition
More informationWhere We Are. Today: Finish up Chapter 4, hopefully! Discussion: Alternative fuels, the benefits of conservation Where to go next?
Where We Are Today: Finish up Chapter 4, hopefully! Discussion: Alternative fuels, the benefits of conservation Where to go next? Thursday: Start in on Chapter 5, The Water We Drink. Quiz! NEXT Thursday:
More informationChapter 4 ANALYTICAL WORK: COMBUSTION MODELING
a 4.3.4 Effect of various parameters on combustion in IC engines: Compression ratio: A higher compression ratio increases the pressure and temperature of the working mixture which reduce the initial preparation
More informationParagon Scientific Ltd Proficiency Testing Scheme Schedule
Paragon Scientific Ltd Proficiency Testing Scheme Schedule Proficiency Testing Scheme Schedule Page 1 of 16 Issue : 29/01/2015 Print : 25/06/2018 Viscosity ASTM D445 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic
More informationPOLLUTION CONTROL AND INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL ENGINE USING BIODIESEL
POLLUTION CONTROL AND INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL ENGINE USING BIODIESEL Deepu T 1, Pradeesh A.R. 2, Vishnu Viswanath K 3 1, 2, Asst. Professors, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Ammini College of
More informationWe re Going Global ETHANOL
Technical Notes #38 We re Going Global ETHANOL What is Ethanol? Ethanol is clean-burning, high-octane alcohol-based fuel made by fermenting and distilling starch crops, such as corn or sugar cane. It can
More informationCleaner liquid fuels and improved vehicular technologies
Cleaner liquid fuels and improved vehicular technologies Dr. Arun Jaura VP Technology & Head of EIEC 2011 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved. 1 1 Cleaner Liquid Fuels The growing demand for clean fuels
More informationGB Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB17930-2013 www.chinesestandard.net Sales@ChineseStandard.net GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ICS 75.160.20 E 31 GB 17930-2013 Replacing
More informationENVO DIESEL TEST ON AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE AN ANALYSIS OF ITS PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS RESULTS
International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME), Vol. 3 (2008), No.1, 55-60. ENVO DIESEL TEST ON AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE AN ANALYSIS OF ITS PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS RESULTS M.A. Kalam,
More informationEmission and Combustion Characteristics of Si Engine Working Under Gasoline Blended with Ethanol Oxygenated Organic Compounds
American Journal of Environmental Sciences 6 (6): 495-499, 2010 ISSN 1553-345X 2010 Science Publications Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Si Engine Working Under Gasoline Blended with Ethanol
More informationDRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD
ICS 75.160.20 DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD Automotive gasoline (premium motor spirit) Specification EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY EAC 2018 Third Edition 2018 Copyright notice This EAC document is copyright-protected
More informationTHE INCREASING USE OF ETHANOL IN GASOLINE AND THE IMPACT ON THE USE OF GASOLINE DEPOSIT CONTROL ADDITIVES
Dave Claydon, Eugen Marko ISSN 0350-350X GOMABN 46, 3, 247-260 Prethodno priopćenje / Preliminary Communication UDK 621.434-632.5 : 665.765.038.2 THE INCREASING USE OF ETHANOL IN GASOLINE AND THE IMPACT
More information4. With a neat sketch explain in detail about the different types of fuel injection system used in SI engines. (May 2016)
SYED AMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Approved by the AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Tamilnadu and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai) Established in 1998 - An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Institution Dr. E.M.Abdullah
More informationEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH OXYGENATED FUEL ADDITIVES
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH OXYGENATED FUEL ADDITIVES 1 Bhavin Mehta, 2 Hardik B. Patel 1,2 harotar University of Science & Technology, Changa, Gujarat,
More informationProduction of Biodiesel from Used Groundnut Oil from Bosso Market, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Production of Biodiesel from Used Groundnut Oil from Bosso Market, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria Alabadan B.A. Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University, Oye Ekiti. Ajayi
More informationINFLUENCE OF DIETHYL ETHER BLEND IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS OPERATED WITH GASOLINE AND ETHANOL
Dhanapal, B., et al.: Influence of Diethyl Ether Blend in Spark Ignition Engine... S1053 INFLUENCE OF DIETHYL ETHER BLEND IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS OPERATED WITH GASOLINE AND ETHANOL
More informationEXHAUST EMISSIONS OF 4 STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE WITH INDIRECT INJECTION SYSTEM USING GASOLINE-ETHANOL FUEL
Vol. 04 No. 01, July 2017, Pages 44-49 EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF 4 STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE WITH INDIRECT INJECTION SYSTEM USING GASOLINE-ETHANOL FUEL Mega Nur Sasongko 1, Widya Wijayanti 1, Fernando Nostra
More informationANALYSIS OF THE ENGINE FUELS IMPACT ON CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 18, No. 4 2011 ANALYSIS OF THE ENGINE FUELS IMPACT ON CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS Barbara Worsztynowicz AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of
More informationEdexcel GCSE Chemistry. Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science. Fuels. Notes.
Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science Fuels Notes 8.1 Recall that Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only 8.2 Describe crude oil as: A complex mixture of hydrocarbons
More informationGaseous fuel, production of H 2. Diesel fuel, furnace fuel, cracking
ALKANES Introduction Hydrocarbons, as the name implies are compounds whose molecules contain only carbon and hydrogen. They are extracted from petroleum, natural gas and coal. Straight chain alkanes take
More informationInfluence of Fuel Injector Position of Port-fuel Injection Retrofit-kit to the Performances of Small Gasoline Engine
Influence of Fuel Injector Position of Port-fuel Injection Retrofit-kit to the Performances of Small Gasoline Engine M. F. Hushim a,*, A. J. Alimin a, L. A. Rashid a and M. F. Chamari a a Automotive Research
More informationWuhan University of Technology, Wuhan , China. Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan , China. Elimam Elmahdi University, Sudan
2016 International Conference on Energy Development and Environmental Protection (EDEP 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-360-1 Experimental Investigation on the Stability of Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline Blends and Emission
More informationFuels to Enable More Efficient Engines
Fuels to Enable More Efficient Engines Robert L. McCormick & Bradley T. Zigler 4 th International Conference on Biofuels Standards: Current Issues, Future Trends Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA November 13,
More informationWhy do we study about Fuel for IC Engine? Because fuel properties affect the combustion process in engine and its operation
FUELS 1 Introduction 2 Why do we study about Fuel for IC Engine? Because fuel properties affect the combustion process in engine and its operation Engines are designed to run on fuels that meet certain
More informationEffect of Alcohol-Gasoline Blends and Compression Ratio on Performance of SI (Spark Ignition) Engines: A Review Virendra Singh yadav 1 D.S.
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 3, Issue 04, 2015 ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Effect of Alcohol-Gasoline Blends and Compression Ratio on Performance of SI (Spark Ignition)
More informationEvaluation of Thailand Existing Motorcycle Fueled with Ethanol Blended Gasoline on Tailpipe Emissions
The 7 th International Conference on Automotive Engineering (ICAE-7) March 28 April 1, 211, Challenger, Impact, Muang Thong Thani, Bangkok, Thailand Evaluation of Thailand Existing Motorcycle Fueled with
More informationPetroleum Refining Fourth Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah
Catalytic Reforming Catalytic reforming is the process of transforming C 7 C 10 hydrocarbons with low octane numbers to aromatics and iso-paraffins which have high octane numbers. It is a highly endothermic
More informationEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE BLENDED WITH TYRE OIL
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE BLENDED WITH TYRE OIL D.Sravani 1, R.Jyothu Naik 2, P. Srinivasa Rao 3 1 M.Tech Student, Mechanical Engineering, Narasaraopet Engineering
More informationWhat is Biodiesel? Biodiesel consists of alkyl-esters derived from a biological source
Biodiesel What is Biodiesel? Biodiesel consists of alkyl-esters derived from a biological source Biodiesel can be used as a fuel in compression ignition engines (i.e. diesels) Can be blended with petroleum
More informationOverview & Perspectives for Internal Combustion Engine using STAR-CD. Marc ZELLAT
Overview & Perspectives for Internal Combustion Engine using STAR-CD Marc ZELLAT TOPICS Quick overview of ECFM family models Examples of validation for Diesel and SI-GDI engines Introduction to multi-component
More informationJournal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 21, No ISSN: e-issn: ICID: DOI: /
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 1, No. 1 ISSN: 131- e-issn: 3-133 ICID: 1131 DOI: 1./131.1131 JET FUELS DIVERSITY Air Force Institute of Technology Ksiecia Boleslawa Street, 1-9 Warsaw,
More informationExperimental Analysis of Utilization of Heat Using Methanol - Diesel Blended Fuel in Four Stroke Single Cylinder Water Cooled Diesel Engine
Experimental Analysis of Utilization of Heat Using Methanol - Diesel Blended Fuel in Four Stroke Single Cylinder Water Cooled Diesel Engine T. Singha 1, S. Sakhari 1, T. Sarkar 1, P. Das 1, A. Dutta 1,
More informationAlkylate. Alkylate petrol has been used in many years as an environmentally and healthy adjusted fuel for forest workers and other. WHY?
Alkylate Alkylate petrol has been used in many years as an environmentally and healthy adjusted fuel for forest workers and other. WHY? In various ways we affect our surroundings and our environment. If
More informationTable of Contents. Copyright and Trademarks 5. Copyright 5 Revision 5 Disclaimer of Liability 5 Copy and Use Restrictions 5.
Table of Contents Copyright and Trademarks 5 Copyright 5 Revision 5 Disclaimer of Liability 5 Copy and Use Restrictions 5 Introduction 6 Blending Quality Models Equations 7 Overview 7 Common Terms 7 Density
More informationEffects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content of Ethanol and iso-butanol Blends
Effects of Fuel Weathering on RVP, Distillation and Oxygen Content of Ethanol and iso-butanol Blends Thomas Wallner Argonne National Laboratory Jeff Wasil Bombardier Recreational Products Engine Manufacturers
More informationSOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
ICS 75.160.20 ISBN 0-626-17621-2 SANS 465:2005 Edition 1 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Standard specification for denatured fuel ethanol for blending with gasolines for use as automotive spark-ignition
More informationAppendix A.1 Calculations of Engine Exhaust Gas Composition...9
Foreword...xi Acknowledgments...xiii Introduction... xv Chapter 1 Engine Emissions...1 1.1 Characteristics of Engine Exhaust Gas...1 1.1.1 Major Components of Engine Exhaust Gas...1 1.1.2 Units Used for
More informationFraction Distillation of Crude Oil
Fraction Distillation of Crude Oil Question Paper 2 Level A Level Subject Chemistry Exam Board AQA Module 3.3 Organic Chemistry Topic 3.3.2 Alkanes Sub-Topic 3.3.2.1 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
More informationUnit 7 Part 2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Crude Oil: Sources and Uses of Alkanes UNIT 7 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Unit 7 Part 2 Introduction to Organic hemistry rude Oil: Sources and Uses of Alkanes UNIT 7 INTRODUTION TO ORGANI EMISTRY PART 2 RUDE OIL: SOURES AND USES OF ALKANES ontents 1. rude Oil 2. ombustion of
More informationReplacing the Volume & Octane Loss of Removing MTBE From Reformulated Gasoline Ethanol RFG vs. All Hydrocarbon RFG. May 2004
Replacing the Volume & Octane Loss of Removing MTBE From Reformulated Gasoline Ethanol RFG vs. All Hydrocarbon RFG May 2004 Prepared and Submitted by: Robert E. Reynolds President Downstream Alternatives
More informationExperimental Investigations on a Four Stoke Diesel Engine Operated by Jatropha Bio Diesel and its Blends with Diesel
International Journal of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering Volume 1, Number 1 (2015), pp. 25-31 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Experimental Investigations on a
More informationEXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL FUEL BLENDS
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 14(4), 2016, 2967-2972 ISSN 0972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL FUEL BLENDS M. VENKATRAMAN
More informationTHE EFFECT OF VARIOUS VEGETABLE OILS ON POLLUTANT EMISSIONS OF BIODIESEL BLENDS WITH GASOIL IN A FURNACE
THERMAL SCIENCE: Year 2015, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 1977-1984 1977 THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS VEGETABLE OILS ON POLLUTANT EMISSIONS OF BIODIESEL BLENDS WITH GASOIL IN A FURNACE by Hamid Momahedi HERAVI a, Saeed
More informationApproach to simulation of phase behavior
Approach to simulation of phase behavior Classical approach Assay analysis Based on TBP, API gravity, Distillation behavior Water solubility by special correlations Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85,
More informationTYRE PYROLYSIS OIL AS AN ENGINE FUEL
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 21, No. 1 214 TYRE PYROLYSIS OIL AS AN ENGINE FUEL Andrzej ó towski Motor Transport Institute Jagiellonska Street 8, 3-31 Warszawa, Poland tel.:+48 22 4385518
More informationImproving car environmental and operational characteristics using a multifunctional fuel additive
Air Pollution XIX 373 Improving car environmental and operational characteristics using a multifunctional fuel additive E. Magaril Department of Economics and Organization of Chemical Industries, Ural
More information