Search and Discovery Article #41268 (2014)** Posted February 11, Abstract
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1 Allocating the Contribution of Oil from the Eagle Ford Formation, the Buda Formation, and the Austin Chalk to Commingled Production from Horizontal Wells in South Texas Using Geochemical Fingerprinting Technology* David K. Baskin 1, Alan Kornacki 2, and Mark McCaffrey 3 Search and Discovery Article #41268 (2014)** Posted February 11, 2014 *Adapted from oral presentation given at AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 19-22, 2013 **AAPG 2013 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly. 1 Weatherford Laboratories Inc. (baskin@oiltracers.com) 2 Weatherford Laboratories Inc., Houston, TX (alan.kornacki@weatherfordlabs.com) 3 Weatherford Laboratories, Inc., Dallas, TX (mccaffrey@oiltracers.com) Abstract "Production allocation" involves determining the amount of oil or gas produced from each of several zones in a single well. This traditionally has been accomplished using mechanical logging methods. However, geochemical fingerprinting technology can be used to accurately ( 2% error) allocate commingled production from multiple pay zones at <5% of the cost of production logging. Geochemical fingerprinting is possible when the composition of oil in each reservoir is different. In that case, when oils produced from discrete zones are commingled, subtle chemical differences in a produced oil sample can be used to assess the contribution from each pay zone. This technique uses high-resolution gas chromatography (GC) data obtained on each oil sample, and also requires the availability of samples of each "end-member" oil that contributes to the production stream. GC peak heights, which reflect the abundance of each compound, can be used to allocate commingled production using linear algebra methods. We describe the first known application of geochemical fingerprinting technology to a shale-oil reservoir. We studied 18 oil samples produced from wells completed in the Austin Chalk, the Eagle Ford Formation, or the Buda Formation in two fields in Frio County and La Salle County, South Texas. Our goal was to determine if some of the oil produced from horizontal wells completed in the Eagle Ford Formation contains Buda oil because natural or induced fractures in the Eagle Ford extend into the underlying Buda reservoir (a fractured carbonate). This first required us to determine if: (1) oil fingerprinting can differentiate oils produced from Austin, Eagle Ford, and Buda reservoirs; (2) compositional differences can be used as natural tracers to evaluate vertical communication between Eagle Ford and Buda reservoirs; and (3) the amount (if any) of Buda contribution to "Eagle Ford" oil produced in one of the wells. Our results demonstrate that compositional differences do exist between Austin, Eagle Ford, and Buda oils. Using Buda and Eagle Ford end-member oil samples, we conclude that 9% of the oil produced from a horizontal well completed in the Eagle Ford Formation actually was produced from the underlying Buda Formation.
2 Using the same end-member oil samples, we conclude that oil from a nearby horizontal well only produces oil from the Eagle Ford reservoir in which that well was drilled.
3 2013 AAPG Annual lconvention Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania May 19 May 22 Allocating the Contribution of Oil from the Eagle Ford Formation, the Buda Formation, and the Austin Chalk to Commingled Production from Wells in South Texas Using Geochemical Fingerprinting i Technology David K. Baskin, Alan S. Kornacki, and Mark A. McCaffrey Weatherford Laboratories Inc. Canada United States Norway United Kingdom Kazakhstan Brazil Mexico Trinidad Venezuela Argentina Kuwait Libya O man Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Iraq Australia India Malaysia Thailand New Zealand Indonesia For contact information, please visit our website:
4 Quantifying Commingled Oil Production Presentation Outline Hydrocarbon fingerprinting principles Grouping oil samples produced from the Austin Chalk, the Eagle Ford Formation, and the Buda Formation Applying fingerprinting to allocating commingled oils produced from conventional and horizontal wells Quantifying the mix of Eagle Ford oil and Buda oil produced from two horizontal wells Observations and Conclusions
5 Using HC Fingerprinting Technology to Evaluate Reser- voir Connectivity or Allocate Commingled Production Premise: There are naturally-occurring geochemical differences in oils and gases produced from different reservoirs that can be used to differentiate the samples (even if the oils are genetically related). Application: These subtle geochemical differences are natural tracers that can be used to: (1) evaluate vertical and lateral fluid connectivity, and (2) determine the contribution from each reservoir to a commingled production stream.
6 Quantifying Commingled Oil Production from Eagle Ford and Buda Reservoirs "FINGERPRINT" Sample Inlet 0.1 ~I Thermostatic Oven Flame Ionization Detector FlO Increasing Carbon Number E :::I Carrier Gas Compounds Separation by Molecular Si ze and Structure Tim e -_.)0., Each Peak Represents Individual Compounds or Several Compounds Weatherlorl LABORATORIES
7 GC separates the compounds in an oil based primarily on the differing boiling points of those compounds. GC Fingerprint of a whole oil: pa Shows the relative abundance of compounds with different molecular weights FID1 A, (REF_OIL\ D) Gasoline MCH Kerosene n-c Diesel Fuel n-c8 ylene Toluene M&P X n-c9 600 Heavy Gas Oil O-xylenee Phytane n-c20 n-c10 n-c11 n-c12 n-c16 Pristane n-c17 n-c18 C19 n-c13 n-c14 n-c Lubricating Oil n- n-c21 n-c22 n-c23 n-c24 n-c25 n-c26 n-c27 n-c28 n-c29 n-c30 n-c31 n-c32 n-c33 n-c34 n-c35 n-c Weatherford Laboratories. All rights reserved min
8 Quantifying Commingled Oil Production 18 Oil Samples Produced in Frio County and La Salle County, Texas Frio County Reservoir From Which Oil Sample Was Produced Austin Eagle Ford Buda Edwards LaSalle County The locations of the wells from which Eagle Ford Oil #3 and Buda Oils #17 and #18 were obtained are not shown.
9 Quantifying Commingled Oil Production To determine if oils produced from the Austin Chalk, the Eagle Ford Formation, and the Buda Formation can be geochemically differentiated using high resolution gas chromatography If so: Can the fingerprints ofthe oilsbe usedas natural tracers to evaluate vertical and lateral reservoir continuity, and possibly identify organic facies within shale reservoirs? Can the fingerprints be used to determine if oil produced from a well completed in the Eagle Ford Formation actually contains a contribution from the underlying Buda Formation due to inadvertently fracking into the Buda reservoir?
10 GeQuantifying Commingled Oil Production At this level of magnification, whole-oil gas chromatograms do not differentiate oils produced from the Eagle Ford or the Buda Formation. Austin Chalk oils are slightly different Sample Field: Brisco Ranch GC Run # : G RanchSWell No.: Burns Ranch A-5H Date: 5/15/ Formation: Eagle Ford Sample ID: NC4 NC6 C7 NC ile:g61047.d\fid1a.chdate&time:01-jul-1,2:31:4nc8 3NC5 SampleNC4 NC5 BD FWell No.: Spetell Bendele 1SGC Run # : G Date: Field: Pearsall (Austin Chalk) Formation: Austin Chalk Sample ID: BD Austin Chalk plenc4 NC5 NC6 3401Eagle Ford NC9 NC10 NC11 NC12 NC13 NC14 NC15 NC16 NC17 NC18 NC19 NC20 NC 21 NC2 22 NC23 NC24 NC25 NC26 NC27 NC28 NC29 NC30 NC31 NC32 NC33 NC34 NC35 NC36 NC37 NC38 NC39 NC Well No.: Lancaster C 1H HSGC Run # : G Date: 11/30/10 Field: Pearsall (Buda) Formation: Buda Sample ID: N 192Buda File:DatN C6 N NC D\FID1A.CH&Time:02-Jul-1,2:40:4NC8 NC9 NC10 NC11 NC12 NC13 NC14 NC15 NC16 NC17 NC18 N C 19 N C 20 NC2 1 NC2 2 NC23 NC24 NC25 NC26 NC27 NC28 NC29 NC30 NC31 NC32 NC33 NC34 NC35 NC36 NC37 NC38 NC39 C N NC C 8 -C 10 Compounds N 20000File:G61059.D\FID1A.CH9Date&Time:03-Jul-1,03:30:54NC7 NC8 NC9 NC10 NC11 NC1 NC NC14 NC15 NC16 NC17 NC18 NC19 NC20 NC21 NC22 NC23 NC24 NC25 NC26 NC27 NC28 NC29 NC30 NC31 NC32 NC33 NC34 NC35 NC36 NC37 NC38 NC NC40
11 Quantifying Commingled Oil Production The same peaks between were identified in all 18 oil samples using Kovats Indices (which indicate the distance between normal paraffins) n n C8 n n C9 n n C
12 Fingerprinting Oil Samples Produced from the Austin Chalk, Eagle Ford Formation, and Buda Formation Buda Fm Eagle Ford (LaSalle Co.) Austin Chalk Eagle Ford (Frio Co.)
13 Fingerprinting Oil Samples Produced from the Austin Chalk, Eagle Ford Formation, and Buda Formation Five Oil Groups Were Identified Using Hierarchical Clustering Analysis Group 5 Edwards Lime oil from White Kitchen Field, LSll LaSalle Co. Group 4 Austin Chalk oils from Pearsall Field, Frio Co. Group 3 Eagle Ford oils from Pearsall Field, Frio Co. Group 2 Buda oils from Pearsall Field, Frio Co. Group 1 Eagle Ford oils from Brisco Ranch Field, LaSalle Co. Group 5 (Lower Cretaceous) Group 2 Group 3 Group 1 Group Percent Similarity Oil Sample #16 (Edwards Lime) Oil Sample #5 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #9 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #2 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #10 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #11 (Eagle Ford Frio) Oil Sample #7 (Eagle Ford Frio) Oil Sample #8 (Eagle Ford Frio) Oil Sample #17 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #6 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #1 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #18 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #12 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #13 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #15 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #14 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #3 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #4 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #4 (Eagle Ford LaSalle)
14 Weatherford Method for Finding the Best Solution for the Unmixing Problem The unmixing solution is derived by using naturally occurring compounds in the oils as tracers. Compound abundances are measured by Gas Chromatography (GC). A least squares regression is then performed in n-dimensional space, where n is the number of GC peaks used to solve the allocation problem (~ peaks). Since many more GC peaks are measured than there are producing zones, it is an over-constrained system of equations, and that fact allows us to refine the solution using a number of optimization techniques. The mathematics are described in McCaffrey et al. (2011; SPE ) and (2012) Oil fingerprinting dramatically reduces production allocation costs, World Oil, pp
15 Quantifying Commingled Oil Production Group 5 (Lower Cretaceous) Modeling Mixing of Oil Produced from Eagle Ford and Buda Reservoirs: Eagle Ford Oil Sample #14 Group 2 Group 3 Group 1 Group Percent Similarity Oil Sample #16 (Edwards Lime) Oil Sample #5 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #9 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #2 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #10 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #11 (Eagle Ford Frio) Oil Sample #7 (Eagle Ford Frio) Oil Sample #8 (Eagle Ford Frio) Oil Sample #17 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #6 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #1 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #18 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #12 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #13 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #15 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #14 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #3 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #4 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #4 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Duplicate GC analysis analytical precision Buda end member Eagle Ford end members
16 Quantifying Commingled Oil Production Assuming Oil Sample #13 is an end member oil in the Eagle Ford reservoir and Oil Sample #6 is an end member oil in the Buda reservoir, Oil Sample #14 (produced from a well completed in the Eagle Ford) actually contains ~11.5% Buda oil. Oil Sample #14 Oil Sample #13 (Eagle Ford) Oil Sample #6 (Buda)
17 Quantifying Commingled Oil Production Group 5 (Lower Cretaceous) Modeling Mixing of Oil Produced from Eagle Ford and Buda Reservoirs: Eagle Ford Oil Sample #11 Group 2 Group 3 Group 1 Group Percent Similarity Oil Sample #16 (Edwards Lime) Oil Sample #5 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #9 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #2 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #10 (Austin Chalk) Oil Sample #11 (Eagle Ford Frio) Oil Sample #7 (Eagle Ford Frio) Oil Sample #8 (Eagle Ford Frio) Oil Sample #17 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #6 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #1 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #18 (Buda Fm) Oil Sample #12 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #13 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #15 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #14 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #3 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #4 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) Oil Sample #4 (Eagle Ford LaSalle) No contribution from Buda end member Buda end member Eagle Ford end members
18 Quantifying Commingled Oil Production Assuming Oil Sample #13 is an end member oil in the Eagle Ford reservoir and Oil Sample #6 is an end member oil in the Buda reservoir, Oil Sample #11 (produced from a well completed in the Eagle Ford) actually contains 0% Buda oil. Summary of Allocation Results Commingled Well: Pan Am C 1H Date of Collection of Commingled Oil: 1/19/2011 Commingled Oil GC File: G Number Of Commingled Zones: 2 Names Of Commingled Zones: Eagle Ford Buda Number Of GC Peaks Used For Result: 221 Number Of GC Peaks Rejected: 2 Oil Sample #11 GC Peaks Rejected: Allowed Impact of Each Peak on Solution: 3.00 % Number Of End Members: 2 Names Of End Members: Oil B Ranch Sample A-5H #13 Eagle (Eagle Ford GG Ford) Oil Pals Sample 9 well Buda #6 GG (Buda) ALLOCATION RESULT: Values in Weight (wt.%) Confidence Level: (Error +/-) Raw Result Normalized 80% 90% 95% 97.5% 99% %Eagle Ford % 5.27% 6.76% 8.06% 9.56% 10.59% %Buda % 4.44% 5.70% 6.79% 8.06% 8.93% Totals %
19 Quantifying Commingled Oil Production Observations and Conclusions Oil fingerprinting differentiates oils produced from Austin, Eagle Ford, and Buda reservoirs into distinct groups. Statistical analysis of GC data obtained on a suite of oils produced from a reservoir can identify oils whose composition represents the oil retained by that reservoir. Fingerprinting can identify oil samples that contain oil produced from a different reservoir than the reservoir in which a well was drilled and completed. Fingerprinting can be used to allocate percent contribution from each reservoir in a commingled oil provided adequate single- zone end member samples are available.
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