World real merchandise trade grows faster than output

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1 I. I. world trade developments 8 Merchandise trade and GDP World real merchandise trade grows faster than output In 2006, the volume of world merchandise trade grew by 8 per cent while world gross domestic product recorded a 3.5 per cent increase. This confirms the trend of world merchandise trade growing by twice the annual growth rate of output since Chart I.1 ( change) Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade and GDP, Average export growth Average GDP growth The Highlights IN THIS CHAPTER : 88 Merchandise trade and GDP 88 Merchandise trade by region 88 Merchandise trade by product 88 Regional trade flows 88 Trade concentration 88 Regional trade patterns in merchandise 88 World trade in merchandise and commercial services 88 Trade in commercial services by category 88 Foreign affiliates trade in services iworld trade developments GDP Merchandise exports The strong 2006 increase in the volume of merchandise trade is backed by a robust recovery of European exports, which increased by 3 points to 7 per cent. The real merchandise exports of the United States grew above the world average, at 11 per cent, and China s trade expanded by 22 per cent. Below world average export growth rates were recorded for South and Central America and the Caribbean (2.5 per cent), the Commonwealth of Independent States (6 per cent), and Africa (3 per cent). Exports of the Middle East stagnated in Merchandise trade by region Asia and Europe recorded higher merchandise export growth than import growth in 2006 In 2006, merchandise exports in volume terms were sustained by robust demand, although patterns differed among regions. Exports from North America and Asia grew faster than imports to the region. Asia s exports grew by 13 per cent while imports were up 9 per cent. Europe recorded balanced export and import growth of 7 per cent. For South and Central America, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Africa and the Middle East, import growth largely exceeded that of exports. This pattern is linked to more favourable terms of trade due to increases in commodity prices in the past few years. Since 2000, import growth has been higher than export growth in North America. This trend was shared by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Middle East and Africa which all recorded stronger import than export growth. Import growth was particularly strong in the CIS area during the period 2000 to 2006, where on average imports increased annually more than twice as fast as exports (17 per cent and 8 per cent respectively). While South and Central America s import and export growth rates were almost balanced, Europe and Asia are the only regions where export growth has exceeded import growth since 2000, for Asia by almost one fifth. 1

2 world trade developments i Chart I.2 ( change) Growth in the volume of merchandise trade and GDP by region, Exports Imports GDP 8 Merchandise trade by product Manufactures remain the most dynamic product group in merchandise trade Manufactures were again the most dynamic product group, increasing by 10 per cent in constant prices in Trade in agricultural products recorded real growth of 6 per cent. Rising prices and mild weather moderated global demand growth and slowed the expansion of trade in fuels and mining products to 3 per cent in Since the early 1950s, the volume of trade in manufactures has largely outperformed primary products, growing at an annual rate of 7.5 per cent, while agriculture, and fuels and mining products grew at 3.5 per cent and 4 per cent respectively. Chart I.3 (Volume indices, 1950=100) World merchandise trade volume by major product group, Average annual change Total exports 6.0 Manufactures 7.5 Mining products 4.0 Agricultural products 3.5 Log. scale Manufactures Fuels and mining products Agricultural products

3 world trade developments 8 Regional trade flows World merchandise trade is still characterised by intra-regional flows Distances are still a barrier. Inter-regional merchandise trade flows between North America, Europe and Asia account for only 23 per cent of world trade. The most prominent growth in 2006 was recorded in Asia s exports to Europe, which increased by 21 per cent. Intra-regional trade flows of the three regions represent 53 per cent of world merchandise trade and almost two thirds of the total merchandise trade of these regions. Europe s intra-trade shows the highest share (31 per cent), followed by Asia (14 per cent) and North America (8 per cent). Intra-regional trade for other regions (South and Central America, CIS, Middle East and Africa) account for only 2.5 per cent of their total exports. Chart I.4 i Selected intra- and inter-regional merchandise trade flows, 2006 (Billion dollars and ) CIS Europe 388 billion $ 3.3 % 3651 billion $ 31.4 % 905 billion $ 7.8 % C/S America North America 242 billion $ 2.1 % 80 billion $ 0.7 % Middle East Asia 451 billion $ 3.9 % North America Europe 709 billion $ 6.1 % Africa Europe 268 billion $ 2.3 % Asia North America 1022 billion $ 8.8 % 72 billion $ 0.6 % 1638 billion $ 14.1 % 33 billion $ 0.3 % Europe Asia 970 billion $ 8.3 % 111 billion $ 1.0 % Inter-regional trade Intra-regional trade 8 Trade concentration The list of major traders appears to be dominated by large economies. In 2006, for example, the smallest 80 per cent of exporters accounted for just 10 per cent of world trade (red line). Chart I.5 Shares in world merchandise exports, (% of World merchandise exports) Large economies determine merchandise trade but small economies participate actively However, this calculation does not take into account the population of economies (e.g. China and Tonga are given equal weight.) To better account for differences in population, cumulative shares % of economies (red), % of World population (blue) of economies in world population are plotted against their colranked in ascending order by exports lective shares in world merchandise exports, after sorting them Ranked in ascending order by population in ascending order by population (blue line). This second curve is not smooth because economies with similar populations (e.g. Singapore and Eritrea, or Italy and Myanmar) may make very different marginal contributions to world trade, but it does suggest that trade in terms of people rather than countries is more evenly distributed. On a per capita basis, small economies contribute more to world trade than their export values suggest, for example, the smallest economies representing 20 percent of the world s population account for 39 percent of the value of world merchandise exports in

4 world trade developments i 8 Regional trade patterns in merchandise Manufactures dominate the merchandise export structures of Asia, Europe and North America Chart I.6 Sectoral structure of merchandise exports by region, 2006 (Percentage) Asia Europe North America C&S America Asia has the highest share of manufactures in total exports, with more than 80 per cent of the region s exports stemming from this product group. In contrast, the Middle East, Africa and the CIS are highly dependent on fuels and mining products, with more than two thirds of their export revenues originating from this product group. This pattern of specialization was accentuated with the rise in international commodity prices. CIS Middle East Africa Least-developed countries show a similar structure with almost three quarters of their export revenues originating from primary commodities and only a quarter earned through manufactures (mainly clothing). South and Central America show the highest share of agricultural exports in their total trade. Agriculture Fuels and mining products Manufactures 8 World trade in merchandise and commercial services In 2006, trade in merchandise was boosted by commodity prices, growing faster than trade in commercial services At current prices, 2006 world merchandise trade increased by 16 per cent while trade in commercial services expanded by 12 per cent. High commodity prices explain the higher growth rate of trade in merchandise. Data for trade in commercial services are derived from balance of payments statistics and mainly refer to modes 1 (cross-border), 2 (consumption abroad) and 4 (presence of natural persons). Information on the size of commercial presence (mode 3) is not covered in these «traditional» trade in commercial services statistics. Mode 3 trade can be approximated through the sales of services of foreign affiliates. Available statistics nevertheless indicate that this mode surpasses trade in commercial services in other modes, adding further to the dynamics of world trade in services. Chart I.7 (Dollar value indices, 2000=100) World exports of goods and commercial services, Commercial services Merchandise

5 8 Trade in commercial services by category The share of travel continues to decline in commercial services trade The share of travel in world commercial services exports has constantly been declining in recent years, from 31 per cent in 2000 to 26.6 per cent in Over this period North America s share was reduced by over 5 points (from 23.2 to 17.9) whereas Africa gained almost 1.3 points (from 3.0 to 4.3 per cent). For the first time since 2003, the growth of transportation services was lower than that for trade in other commercial services, but the share of transportation in total commercial services has remained stable since Other commercial services, which include business services, were the largest contributor to total trade in commercial services, for the first time representing almost half of this trade in Europe was the largest exporter of other commercial services with 54 per cent of world exports of this product group (37.4 if intra-european Union trade is excluded), followed by Asia (21.8 per cent) and North America (17.9 per cent). Although in value terms positive growth was recorded, the share of Europe and North America in world trade in other commercial services declined, mainly in favour of Asia and to a lesser extent the CIS. Chart I.8 (Percentage) Transportation services World commercial services exports by category, 2000 and Travel Other commercial services iworld trade developments 8 Foreign affiliates trade in services Sales of foreign affiliates in services rise faster than traditional trade in services Chart I.9 (Billion dollars) US international sales of services through conventional trade and through foreign affiliates, Exports of commercial services Sales of services to foreign persons by foreign affiliates of U.S. companies In 2004, the year for which the latest comprehensive data are available, sales of services through foreign affiliates of United States (US) firms on foreign markets (non-bank majority-owned) reached $490 billion, more than twice as high as conventional services exports which amounted to $322 billion. From 1996, sales of services of US majority-owned foreign affiliates have consistently exceeded conventional US exports of commercial services according to the US Department of Commerce. Similar conclusions can be drawn from Australia s data in Traditional trade in services was surpassed by sales of foreign affiliates by a margin of $18 billion, confirming the increasing importance of this mode of delivery. Actually, data available for the foreign affiliates of OECD countries in services-producing activities suggest that these global sales are approximately 1.5 times larger than conventional cross-border trade flows (mode 1) measured through the balance of payments. These estimates suggest that GATS mode 3 or commercial presence is an important if not the dominant mode of delivery for trade in services (see WTO International Trade Statistics, 2005). Chart I.10 (Billion dollars) Australian international sales of services through conventional trade and through foreign affiliates, Exports of commercial services 38 Sales of services through affiliates 5

6 6

7 1. Overview Table I.1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, ( change) iworld trade developments World merchandise exports Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures World merchandise production Agriculture Mining Manufacturing World GDP Note : See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports, production and GDP. Table I.2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region, ( change) Exports Imports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (25) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Japan Six East Asian traders

8 world trade developments i 2. Trade by region Table I.3 World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region, 2006 ( change) Exports Imports Merchandise World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (25) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Commercial services World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (25) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia

9 Table I.4 Intra- and inter-regional merchandise trade, 2006 (Billion dollars and ) Origin North America Destination South and Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia World iworld trade developments Value World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Share of inter-regional trade flows in each region's total merchandise exports World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Share of regional trade flows in world merchandise exports World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Table I.5 Shares of regional trade flows in world merchandise exports, 2006 (Percentage) Origin Destination World North America South and Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia World North America South and Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia Share 9

10 world trade developments i Table I.6 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2006 (Billion dollars and ) World World North America United States Canada Mexico South and Central America Brazil Argentina Europe Germany a France United Kingdom Italy Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) b Africa South Africa c Middle East Asia China Japan India Australia and New Zealand Six East Asian traders Memorandum item: EU d USSR, former GATT/WTO Members e Value Share a Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through b Figures are significantly affected by i) changes in the country composition of the region and major adjustment in trade conversion factors between 1983 and 1993; and ii) including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union. d Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, and EU(25) in 2003 and e Membership as of the year stated. Note: Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments. 10

11 Table I.7 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2006 (Billion dollars and ) World World North America United States Canada Mexico South and Central America Brazil Argentina Europe Germany a United Kingdom France Italy Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) b Africa South Africa c Middle East Asia China Japan India Australia and New Zealand Six East Asian traders Memorandum item: EU d USSR, former GATT/WTO Members e Value Share iworld trade developments a Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through b Figures are significantly affected by i) changes in the country composition of the region and major adjustment in trade conversion factors between 1983 and 1993 and ii) including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union. d Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, EU(25) in 2003 and e Membership as of the year stated. Note: Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 import shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments. 11

12 world trade developments i 3. Leading traders Table I.8 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2006 (Billion dollars and ) Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change 1 Germany United States United States Germany China China Japan United Kingdom France Japan Netherlands France United Kingdom Italy Italy Netherlands Canada Canada Belgium Belgium Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China retained imports a domestic exports Spain re-exports Russian Federation Korea, Republic of Singapore Mexico domestic exports Singapore re-exports retained imports a Mexico Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Saudi Arabia India Spain Russian Federation b Malaysia Switzerland Switzerland Austria Sweden Australia Austria Turkey United Arab Emirates Malaysia Brazil Thailand Thailand Sweden Australia Poland Norway United Arab Emirates India Brazil Ireland Czech Republic Poland Denmark Indonesia Indonesia Czech Republic South Africa c Denmark Hungary Turkey Ireland Finland Finland Hungary Portugal Iran, Islamic Rep. of c Saudi Arabia Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Norway South Africa Greece Chile Philippines b Kuwait Romania Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. of c Nigeria c Israel c Philippines Slovak Republic b Argentina Ukraine Israel Viet Nam Portugal Chile Slovak Republic Argentina Kazakhstan Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Viet Nam Pakistan Total of above d Total of above d World d World d a Retained imports are defined as imports less re-exports. See the Metadata. b Imports are valued f.o.b. c Secretariat estimates. d Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. Note: For annual data , see Appendix Tables A6 and A7. 12

13 Table I.9 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-eu (25) trade), 2006 (Billion dollars and ) Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change 1 Extra-EU (25) exports United States United States Extra-EU (25) imports China China Japan Japan Canada Canada Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China retained imports a domestic exports Korea, Republic of re-exports Russian Federation Mexico Singapore Singapore domestic exports retained imports a re-exports Mexico Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese India Saudi Arabia Russian Federation b Malaysia Switzerland Switzerland Australia United Arab Emirates Turkey Brazil Malaysia Thailand Thailand Australia United Arab Emirates Norway Brazil India Indonesia Indonesia South Africa c Turkey Saudi Arabia Iran, Islamic Rep. of c Norway Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Philippines b South Africa Romania Chile Iran, Islamic Rep. of c Kuwait Israel c Algeria Ukraine Nigeria c Viet Nam Philippines Chile Argentina Argentina Israel Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Kazakhstan Pakistan Viet Nam Iraq c Libyan Arab Jamahiriya c New Zealand Ukraine Colombia Angola c Kazakhstan Qatar Morocco Romania Bulgaria Iraq c Belarus Colombia Nigeria Peru Croatia New Zealand Algeria Oman Egypt Belarus Qatar Pakistan Bangladesh Bulgaria Kuwait Trinidad and Tobago Peru Egypt Tunisia Morocco Serbia Total of above d Total of above d World (excl. intra-eu (25)) d World (excl. intra-eu (25)) d iworld trade developments a Retained imports are defined as imports less re-exports. See the Metadata. b Imports are valued f.o.b. c Secretariat estimates. d Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. Note: For annual data , see Appendix Tables A6 and A7. 13

14 world trade developments i Table I.10 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2006 (Billion dollars and ) Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change 1 United States United States United Kingdom Germany Germany United Kingdom Japan Japan France France Spain China Italy Italy China Ireland Netherlands Netherlands India Spain Hong Kong, China Canada Ireland Korea, Republic of Austria India Canada Singapore Belgium Belgium Singapore Austria Denmark Denmark Luxembourg Russian Federation Switzerland Sweden Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Sweden Taipei, Chinese Greece Thailand Norway Australia Australia Luxembourg Russian Federation Norway Taipei, Chinese Switzerland Thailand Brazil Turkey Indonesia a Malaysia Malaysia Poland Mexico Israel United Arab Emirates a Brazil Saudi Arabia Portugal Poland Finland Greece Mexico Finland Egypt Israel Hungary South Africa Lebanon Hungary Czech Republic Portugal South Africa Czech Republic Total of above Total of above World World a Secretariat estimate. Note : Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata, Section II.2. For annual data , see Appendix Tables A8 and A9. 14

15 Table I.11 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-eu (25) trade), 2006 (Billion dollars and ) Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change 1 Extra-EU (25) exports Extra-EU (25) imports United States United States Japan Japan China China India Canada Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of Canada India Singapore Singapore Switzerland Russian Federation Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Norway Taipei, Chinese Australia Thailand Russian Federation Australia Taipei, Chinese Norway Thailand Switzerland Turkey Brazil Malaysia Indonesia a Israel Malaysia Brazil Mexico Mexico United Arab Emirates a Egypt Saudi Arabia Lebanon Israel South Africa South Africa Croatia Turkey Ukraine Egypt Macao, China Iran, Islamic Rep. of a Morocco Lebanon Indonesia a Kuwait New Zealand Kazakhstan Chile Ukraine Argentina Chile Romania Nigeria a Saudi Arabia Argentina Kuwait Pakistan Iran, Islamic Rep. of a New Zealand Total of above Total of above World (excl. intra-eu (25)) World (excl. intra-eu (25)) iworld trade developments a Secretariat estimate. Note: Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata, Section II.2. For annual data , see Appendix Tables A8 and A9. 15

16 world trade developments i 4. Bilateral trade of leading traders Table I.12 Merchandise trade of Canada by region and economy, 2006 (Billion dollars and ) Exports Imports a Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share change Region World World North America North America Europe Asia Asia Europe South and Central America South and Central America Middle East Africa Africa Middle East CIS CIS Economy Region Economy United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan China China Mexico Mexico Japan Above Above Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Norway Norway Australia Algeria India Taipei, Chinese Hong Kong, China Brazil Taipei, Chinese Canada b Brazil Malaysia Switzerland Thailand Russian Federation Switzerland Indonesia Peru Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela India United Arab Emirates Chile Singapore Saudi Arabia South Africa Iraq Saudi Arabia Australia Thailand Russian Federation Turkey Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Malaysia Philippines Colombia Singapore Cuba Indonesia Chile Israel Israel South Africa Egypt Nigeria Philippines Turkey Pakistan Viet Nam Above Above a Imports are valued f.o.b. b In 2006, Canada reported imports from Canada accounting for nearly 1 percent of its total merchandise imports. 16

17 Table I.13 Merchandise trade of the United States by region and economy, 2006 (Billion dollars and ) Exports Imports Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share change iworld trade developments Region World World North America Asia Asia North America Europe Europe South and Central America South and Central America Middle East Africa Africa Middle East CIS CIS Economy Region Economy Canada European Union (25) European Union (25) Canada Mexico China Japan Mexico China Japan Above Above Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Singapore Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Brazil Malaysia Australia Saudi Arabia Hong Kong, China Nigeria Switzerland Brazil Malaysia Thailand United Arab Emirates India Israel Russian Federation India Israel Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Singapore Thailand Algeria Saudi Arabia Switzerland Philippines Indonesia Chile Iraq Colombia Angola Turkey Chile Dominican Republic Philippines Argentina Colombia Russian Federation Viet Nam South Africa Trinidad and Tobago Costa Rica Australia Egypt Hong Kong, China Honduras South Africa Above Above

18 world trade developments i Table I.14 Merchandise trade of the European Union (25) by region and economy, 2006 (Billion dollars and ) Exports Imports Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share change Region World World Europe Europe North America Asia Asia North America CIS CIS Africa Africa Middle East South and Central America South and Central America Middle East Economy Region Economy European Union (25) European Union (25) a United States China Switzerland United States Russian Federation Russian Federation China Japan Above Above Turkey Switzerland Japan Norway Norway Turkey Romania Korea, Republic of Canada Brazil United Arab Emirates Taipei, Chinese India Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Korea, Republic of Saudi Arabia Hong Kong, China India Australia Canada South Africa Singapore Singapore South Africa Mexico Malaysia Ukraine Romania Brazil Algeria Saudi Arabia Thailand Israel Iran, Islamic Rep. of Taipei, Chinese Kazakhstan Croatia Hong Kong, China Iran, Islamic Rep. of Indonesia Morocco Chile Malaysia Australia Algeria Nigeria Bulgaria Mexico Egypt Israel Above Above a The figures are affected by the "INTRASTAT" system of recording trade between EU member States. Intra-EU (25) imports are underrecorded. To compensate for this under-recording, intra-eu (25) exports have been used to obtain total (World) imports. 18

19 Table I.15 Merchandise trade of Japan by region and economy, 2006 (Billion dollars and ) Exports Imports Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share change iworld trade developments Region World World Asia Asia North America Middle East Europe North America Middle East Europe South and Central America South and Central America Africa Africa CIS CIS Economy Region Economy United States China China United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Korea, Republic of Saudi Arabia Taipei, Chinese United Arab Emirates Above Above Hong Kong, China Australia Thailand Korea, Republic of Singapore Indonesia Malaysia Taipei, Chinese Australia Thailand Canada Malaysia Mexico Qatar Philippines Iran, Islamic Rep. of Indonesia Canada Russian Federation Kuwait United Arab Emirates Philippines Saudi Arabia Singapore India Chile Viet Nam Russian Federation South Africa South Africa Brazil Viet Nam Switzerland Switzerland Turkey Brazil New Zealand India Pakistan Sudan Oman Mexico Norway Oman Qatar New Zealand Bahamas Brunei Darussalam Israel Hong Kong, China Above Above

20 world trade developments i Table I.16 Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2005 (Million dollars and ) Exports Imports Value Share change Value Share change European Union (25) World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Switzerland Switzerland Japan Japan Norway Turkey Above Above Russian Federation Norway China China Canada Russian Federation Singapore Canada Hong Kong, China Australia Australia Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of Singapore India Egypt South Africa India Brazil Croatia Above Above United States World World European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan Japan Canada Canada Mexico Mexico Korea, Republic of Bermuda Above Above Switzerland Switzerland China China Australia Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of Brazil India Singapore Hong Kong, China India Australia Bermuda Singapore Hong Kong, China Israel Israel Brazil Above Above Japan World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Taipei, Chinese China China Korea, Republic of Singapore Hong Kong, China Above Above Korea, Republic of Singapore Hong Kong, China Taipei, Chinese Thailand Australia Canada Thailand Australia Switzerland Indonesia Canada Philippines Indonesia Switzerland Philippines United Arab Emirates Malaysia Brazil United Arab Emirates Above Above

21 Table I.16 (continued) Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2005 (Million dollars and ) Exports Imports Value Share change Value Share change iworld trade developments Hong Kong, China a World World China China United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Taipei, Chinese Japan Japan Australia Above Above Singapore Singapore Australia Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of Canada Canada Thailand Malaysia Korea, Republic of Thailand Malaysia Switzerland Macao, China India Philippines Philippines India Indonesia United Arab Emirates Above Above Canada b World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Bermuda Japan Japan Hong Kong, China Barbados Bermuda Above Above China Mexico Hong Kong, China Barbados Australia Singapore Switzerland China Korea, Republic of Switzerland Mexico Australia Taipei, Chinese Norway Brazil Russian Federation India Taipei, Chinese Singapore India Above Above Singapore c, d World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan Japan Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China China China Above Above Australia Australia Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Indonesia India Malaysia Indonesia Thailand Malaysia India Switzerland Switzerland Thailand Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese United Arab Emirates Norway Philippines Viet Nam Above Above

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