Exhaust Gas Cleaning The Obvious Solution?

Transcription

1 Exhaust Gas Cleaning The Obvious Solution? SUSTAINABLE SHIPPING CONFERENCE 30 th September 2009 San Francisco, California Donald Gregory, Director EGCSA

2 NOx e m is s io ns re g ula tio ns MARPOL Anne x VI ( ) Nitro g e n Ox ide Em is s io ns ( re g ula tio n 1 3 ) Tier 1 applies to all engines installed from 1 st January 2000 Tier 1 retroft will apply to engines installed from 1 st January months from renewal survey Retroft applies only in cases where a retroft kit is available and installation meets certain economic criteria Tier 2 applies to all engines installed from 1 st January 2011 Tier 3 applies to all engines installed from 1 st January 2016 when operating in an ECA with Tier 3 NOx emissions in force Pre 2016 vessels may operate in an ECA with Tier 3 NOx emissions in force (at Tier 1 or 2 subject to criteria above)

3 SOx e m is s io ns re g ula tio ns MARPOL Anne x VI ( ) Sulphur Ox ide & Pa rtic ula te Ma tte r Em is s io ns ( re g ula tio n 14) Emissions limits based upon emission of equivalent sulphur content of fuel From July 2010 global cap on sulphur content of fuel ceases From July 2012 an emissions limit based upon emission of a 3.5% sulphur content fuel applies globally In 2018 a study will be conducted to ascertain the feasibility of reducing the global emission to an equivalent of a 0.5% sulphur fuel

4 Ex ha us t Ga s Cle a ning Sy s te m s ( EGCS) Ope ra ting Princ iple Applic a tio n Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Several installations, uses ammonia & catalyst but not effective at low loads Non Thermal Plasma (NTP) Still in development, uses fuel instead of ammonia for reduction Sea Water Scrubbing Widely used and effective Fresh Water Scrubbing Uses Caustic Soda for neutralisation and sequesters some CO2 Hybrid Scrubbing Either sea water or caustic scrubbing hence more easily manages discharge ph Process Plant Scrubbing On barge system using conventional chemical processing of scrubbed gas Notes Low Sulphur Fuel Multiple fuels to suit area SOx PM NO x 1.SOx >99% reduction possible emission below 0.1%S fuel equivalent 2.PM quite effective with scope for further significant reductions 3.NOx scrubbing likely to be a niche application as engine designers meet Tier II and Tier III with in-engine controls 4.Some limited sequestration of CO2 possible CO C. B. 2

5 Ex ha us t Ga s Cle a ning Sy s te m s mv Pride of Kent Krystallon mv Baru Clean Marine mt Suula Wartsila mv Tor Facaria Aalborg Industries

6 Ex ha us t Ga s Cle a ning Sy s te m s mv Shanaz- MES mv Baru Clean Marine AMECS Systems - ACTi mt Suula Wartsila

7 PM & Ca rbo n Bla c k PM ( na no to m ic ro n s ize ra ng e ) Primary direct combustion products Ash from fuel & lube oil Unburnt & semi-burnt fuel Secondary in-direct post combustion in-atmosphere reactions Ammonium sulphates (eliminated by scrubbing) Particles form during air dilution and cooling Ca rbo n Bla c k ( na no s ize ra ng e ) Low rate of fall-out Hypothesised contributor to global warming Potential human health impact Evidence of rate by fuel type unconfrmed (eg diesel or residual fuel)

8 Size ra ng e o f c o nta m ina nt pa rtic le s Diesel engine size ranges include Nano particles <50 nm Ultrafne particles < 100 nm (highest number) Fine particles <2.5 µm PM 10 <10 µm Diesel Exhaust Oil Mist Carbon Black Talcum Powder Cement Dust Dust in buildings nm µm 10

9 PM Cre a tio n & Me a s ure m e nt Atmospheric dilution and cooling of diesel exhaust may trigger the nucleation of new particles such as semivolatile hydrocarbons and sulphuric acid The choice of filter media used for particle collection can have a large influence on measured particle emissions downstream of a diesel particle filter Ref erence Technology Today, Spring 2006 Dr Imad A. Khalek, SwRI The Particulars of Diesel Particle Emissions

10 PM Ma s s, Co unt & Inha la tio n/de po s itio n Inhalation & deposition Maximum Particle Count Maximum Mass Reference: Aerosols Handbook: Measurement, Dosimetry and Health Effects Edited by Lev S Ruzer & Naomi H. Harley

11 Sc rubbe r La b Te s t Test at MAN Holeby, Denmark Test engine MAN rated at 1MW Gas Phase Scrubbing Effciency SO2 reduction 90% - 98% (mass) PM reduction 50% - 85% (mass) CO2 reduction 15% (mass) PM measurement by mass (table below) FUEL PM BEFORE ( g / PM AFTER DMA (6ppmS) RMG 180 (0.5% S) RMG 180 (1.7% S) kwhr) ( g /kwhr)

12 Bla c k Ca rbo n Incomplete combustion of fossil fuel & biomass Short lived in the atmosphere Increases warming effect Absorbing heat in the atmosphere Reducing albedo of snow and ice Potent climate forcing agent IPCC estimate 0.3 W/m2 Recent estimates W/m2 Possibly 55% of CO2 forcing Possible as potent as CO2 on ice caps Elimination of BC production Effective in days or weeks Estimated to slow climate change by 10 to 20 years University of Illinois estimate 14% of BC from transport diesel

13 PM Me a s ure m e nt o n Ma rine Die s e l Eng ine s Erik Fridell et al...primary particles in ship emissions A. Kasper et al...particulate Emissions from a Low-speed Marine Diesel Engine Coarse mode was large when compared to distributions in small diesel engines Number & size distribution & type of particle important for climate change Sulphur emissions dominate PM emissions PM emissions not consistent between engines High amount of small particles (20-40nm) Did not exhibit accumulation mode Most particles consisted of volatile particles Further studies needed to understand the results PM measurement inconsistent Methods of measurement What is the right method? Which are the harmful particles?

14 Ex ha us t Ga s Cle a ning Ste p 2 Stage 1 EGCS facilitate further cleaning Electrostatic precipitators Membranes/traps Non thermal plasma Oxidation catalysts Other technologies already being used ashore

15 The c ha lle ng e s & re w a rds CHALLENGES Defne the target PM Develop stage 2 cleaning technologies Ensure system operational simplifcation Avoid high maintenance technologies Ensure measurement protocols provide performance confdence REWARDS Meet signifcant portion of CO2 emissions targets by elimination of BC Simplify and increase options for future fuel selection Further enhance energy effciency

16 Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems can enable the highly effcient marine diesel engine to meet current and future air quality requirements whilst not constraining future fuel options

17 THANK-YOU