Looking to the Future: Operating in an Emissions Control Area (ECA)

Transcription

1 Bunkerworld Business Exchange Houston, Texas March 2010 Looking to the Future: Operating in an Emissions Control Area (ECA) William J. Lind Marine Director, Technology & Business Development ABS 1

2 40 Years of Environmental Concern Environmental ethics International treaties Laws and regulations National policies and politics The public Environmentalists Responsible engineers and citizens Significant events Environmental crime penalties Desire to sustain our ecosystem No tolerance for loss of life or pollution 10 2

3 Orders to the Watch (prior 1970) Wash down bilges with chemical cleaner and pump dry prior to entering port. In port pump all bilges on the midwatch. Pump down waste oil tank prior to entering port Dump all garbage; remember to hole containers so that they sink Blow tubes on the midwatch; remember to notify the bridge and lookout 3

4 Orders to the Watch (prior 1970) Preheat diesels before getting underway to reduce annoyance of smoke and soot to topside personnel Dump ballast water prior to fuel barge alongside; remember to minimize overboard discharge of oil from SW displacement tanks by continuous sounding of tanks Chip and paint portside air castle; sweep down all debris; save empty paint cans for target practice 4

5 On Going Legislation December 2009 Conference of the Parties (COP15) in Copenhagen IMO continues greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation Hold annual increase in global temperature below 2 degrees C $30 billion in climate funds for least developed countries Unresolved: reduce GHG by 50% in 2050 Upcoming March 2010 IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) in London regarding: market based mechanisms Cap and trade Bunker levy Energy efficiency design index Need all parties involved (designers, builders, owners, operators, vendors, Administration) to make legislation effective 5

6 The 6 Annexes of IMO MARPOL Exxon Valdez Annex I Oil Erika Prestige 2 Oct 83 6 Jul 93 1 Sep 02 MARPOL 73/78 Revised 13F, 13G Revised 13G Annex II - Chemicals 6 Apr 87 Revised Annex II 27 Sep 03 Annex IV - Sewage Annex V - Gabage Revised 13G, new 13H; Revised text 1 Jan 07 1 Jul 92 Annex III - Packaged 5 Apr 05; 1 Jan Dec May 05 1 Jul 10 Annex VI - SOx NOx Amdt

7 Revised MARPOL Annex VI: ECA Introduced by latest MARPOL Amendments: 1 July 2010 Sea area with special mandatory measures for emissions For prevention and control NOx/SOx/PM Original MARPOL VI: SECA (SOx only) Current ECAs: the Baltic Sea and the North Sea Any other sea area or port areas, designated by IMO: Annex VI criteria and procedures 7

8 Proposed US Emission Control Area US and Canada requested IMO to designate US and Canadian coast as ECA including Pacific, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and 8 main Hawaiian Islands ECA would extend 200 NM from coastal baseline After consideration, and if adopted entry into force (EIF) as early as August 2012 Impact after entry into force: Fuel oil sulfur content 1.0% (12 months after EIF), down to 0.1%, after 2014 New engines to meet reduced NOx emission standards 8

9 ABS Operational CO2 Index Know where you are Operational index voyage specific: g of CO2 emitted (based on fuel burnt) t of cargoes carried * N-M traveled Design index design specific: g of CO2 emitted (based on specific fuel consumption) Design cargo capacity * Design speed Various deduction allowed in numerator: Innovative technologies that reduces fuel consumption CO2 capture Weather factor allowed in denominator: improving hull shape 9

10 SOx Limits Worldwide Area Vessel Type % Sulphur Max & ISO 8217 DM Grade Effective Regulation Worldwide All 4.5% All Grades 19 May05 IMO All EU Ports All 0.1% MGO (DMA;DMX) 1 Jan 08 EU 19 May 06 IMO 1.5% MDO (DMB;DMC) Baltic Sea All 1.5% All Grades EU EU Waters Passenger Ships 1.5% 11 Aug 06 EU N. Sea & English Channel All 1.5% 22 Nov 07 IMO All EU Ports All vessels at berth for > 2 hours 0.1% or use Cold Ironing 1 Jan 2010 EU All EU Inland Waters/ Rivers EU Inland Waterways and Vessels 0.1% 1 Jan 2010 EU Greece Ports 16 Designated Greek Ferries 0.1% 1 Jan 2012 EU From 24 Miles offshore California All ME & Aux Boilers on Ships Auxiliary Diesel Engines on Ships 1.5% MGO/ 0.5% DMA 1 Jan 2009 CARB 0.1% MGO/ MDO 1 Jan 2012 CARB 10

11 SOx Limits: EU Requirement to use 0.1% sulfur level in fuel used when in EU ports effective 1 January 2010 Many ships unable to comply due to lack of availability of parts from suppliers 21 December 2009, the EU Commission recommended Member States take account of any detailed evidence of efforts to comply with the Directive by ships EU Member States may consider the existence of an approved retrofit plan when assessing penalties It is up to each EU/EEA Member State to how they choose to respond to the EU 11

12 Complying with New Emissions Limits Various options exist or are under development to reduce NOx or SOx emissions (some methods reduce both) NOx emission reduction technologies: Internal engine modifications (30-70% reduction) Water injection (humid air engine) (65-85% reduction) Exhaust gas recirculation (30-70% reduction) Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) (90-95% reduction) SOx emission reduction: Exhaust gas cleaning (scrubbing) (90-99% reduction) Switch from HFO to MDO (40% reduction with 1.5% MDO, 80% reduction with 0.5% MDO) 12

13 SOx Emission Reduction: EGCS Exhaust gas cleaning systems: approved to MEPC.170(57) Guidelines for Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems Guidelines specify requirements for the testing, survey, certification and verification of EGC systems System approved subject to either: Periodic parameter and emission checks Continuous emission monitoring When EGC system is operated in ports/harbors/estuaries, discharge water ph, turbidity, nitrates not to exceed limits Washwater residue to be delivered shore reception facilities 13

14 SOx Fuel Switching News: 1 October 2009 Low sulfur fuel causing power loss (Motor Ship) The US Coast Guard and international shipping lines are becoming seriously alarmed at the number of ships suffering loss of power after switching to low sulfur fuel. This is particularly the case in California where the state ordered all ships (with a few special exceptions) from July to use a maximum of 1.5% marine gas oil (or 0.5% marine diesel oil) within 24 nautical miles off the coast. From January 2012 the limit for both types of fuel goes down to 0.1%. According to the Coast Guard, six ships suffered complete loss of power in July, out of 720 arrivals, compared with 11 out of 8,600 arrivals in the nine months before that. Even more worrying, San Francisco Bar Pilots say they have seen an incident every one to three days, some involving engine starts while at berth, due to insufficient air pressure or lack of fuel suction, leading to delays of a couple of hours. 14

15 Can Technology Change the Game? Single system for CO2, NOx and SOx Test results show almost 100% removal of NOx and SOx Test results indicate substantial reduction (35-50%) in CO2 First units now being fitted to newbuildings 15

16 Emissions in Port Emissions capture Cold ironing 16

17 Ship/Day Emission Reduction Shipboard generators vs. cold ironing *Note: NOxSOxPMShip Power (tons/day)* shore Power (tons/day)* emission Reduction (tons/day)*

18 Future Air Pollution Reduction Options Hybrid systems combing diesel electric with high capacity storage batteries (eg: for harbor tugs as majority of time engines idling or at low power) Fuel cell technology: marine applications of shore units LNG: dual-fuel LNG and medium speed diesel electric (passenger vessels/coastal ro/ros) 30% lower CO2, 85% NOx, no SOx, low PM Sail assist propulsion, Flettner rotors, solar, more efficient propellers/hulls 18

19 Less Fuel Consumption, Fewer Emissions 19

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