The Extended JODI Oil Questionnaire

Transcription

1 10 th Regional JODI Training Workshop November 2014, Doha, Qatar The Extended JODI Oil Questionnaire Agnieszka Kościelniak International Energy Agency

2 In JODI Oil - Simplified Primary Secondary Out

3 Country: Month: Production Imports Exports Stocks Closing Change Refinery Intake 1 x 6 Initial JODI Questionnaire Crude Oil Refinery Output Imports Exports Stocks Demand Closing Change 6 x 6 42 Data Points LPG Unit: Petroleum Gasoline Gas/Diesel Oil Fuel Oil Oil

4 Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand Extended JODI Questionnaire 126 Data Points (10 x 4) x 9 Fuel Oil Other (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

5 Timeliness M-1 M-1 One-month old data (On November 25 th 2014, data to be reported is for October 2014) Some countries not able to collect all the required data from all data sources Some have limitations in data collection system in their respective areas. They are therefore allowed to report M-2. M-2 Two-month old data (On November 25 th 2014, data to be reported is for September 2014) M-2 data more complete and available Organizations strongly encourage submission of M-1 data

6 Timetable Monthly data are to be submitted preferably every 25 th of the month to respective organizations Organizations process and evaluate the data until the 15 th of the following month Organizations submit the data to IEF IEF posts the data through the JODI World Database as soon as the data are received from the Organizations

7 Data Processing Schedule Revisions to M-2 and earlier data are encouraged

8 JODI Oil Manual Extended JODI format Definitions of products and flows Data verification methods Examples of practices from countries Questionnaire and database overview Released in October 2012 Available in English The manual for the original JODI format is available in Spanish, Chinese and Russian.

9 This session Main concepts Selected Product/Flow definitions Useful tips/information

10 Oil Refining: It is complicated!

11 Oil Refining: It is complicated! But you don t need to know it all!

12 Oil refining

13 Supply Chain from the Refinery to the End-User

14 What is produced? Crude Oil Refining What is consumed? % LPG Naphtha Motor Gasoline Gas/diesel Oil Fuel Oil Other

15 Definition of Country Month Unit : Crude Oil The one critical issue is whether the volumes of NGL, lease or field condensates and oils extracted from bituminous minerals are included. All organisations exclude NGL from crude oil. If condensates are able to be excluded, it should be noted to the JODI organisation(s) of which the country/economy is a member. Most OPEC member countries exclude condensates. Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand Petroleum is a Closing complex stocks mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, chemical compounds Fuel Oil Crude Oil: Including lease condensate excluding NGL containing hydrogen and carbon, occurring naturally in underground reservoirs in sedimentary rock. Petroleum is normally found at considerable depths beneath the earth s surface, where, under pressure it is essentially liquid. At the surface and atmospheric pressure, petroleum comprises both natural gas and crude oil. Important: Don t include Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) Other (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

16 Definition of Country Month Unit : NGL Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS (NGL) Fuel Oil Other NGL are liquid or liquefied hydrocarbons recovered from natural gas in separation facilities or gas processing plants. Natural gas liquids include ethane, propane, butane (normal and iso-), (iso) pentane and pentanes plus (sometimes referred to as natural gasoline or plant condensate). (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

17 Definition of (NGL) Source: EIA-USDOE, Office of Oil and Gas, Natural Gas Processing: The Crucial Link Between Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation to Market, January 2006

18 Definition of Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand Other Other Fuel Oil Other Other = Refinery Feedstocks + Additives/oxygenates + Other Hydrocarbons (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

19 Definition of OTHERS 1/2 A refinery feedstock is a processed oil destined for further processing (e.g. straight run fuel oil or vacuum gas oil) excluding blending. With further processing, it will be transformed into one or more components and/or finished products. This definition also covers returns from the petrochemical industry to the refining industry (e.g. pyrolysis gasoline, C4 fractions, gas oil and fuel oil fractions). Additives/Oxygenates: Additives are non-hydrocarbon compounds added to or blended with a product to modify fuel properties (octane, cetane, cold properties, etc.): oxygenates, such as alcohols (methanol, ethanol), ethers (such as MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether), ETBE (ethyl tertiary butyl ether), TAME (tertiary amyl methyl ether)); esters (e.g. rapeseed or dimethylester, etc.); chemical compounds (such as TML, TEL and detergents).

20 Definition of About Additives and Oxygenates Lead was added to gasoline to greatly simplify blending for octane number. Lead, in the form of tetraethyl lead (TEL) or tetramethyl lead (TML), increases the octane number of gasoline without affecting any other properties, including vapour pressure. TEL is a very toxic chemical, and even in low concentration in the vapour form can induce violent illness or death. That's why national administrations quickly set a maximum amount of TEL allowed in gasoline.

21 Definition of About Additives and Oxygenates When national administrations required the lead content to be reduced to meet environment requirements, refiners looked for other octane enhancers. From petrochemicals industry came several alternatives: methanol, ethanol, tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). The two classes of compounds to be considered here are alcohols and ethers. Since the 1970s, alcohols (methanol and ethanol) and ethers have been added to gasoline to increase octane levels, reduce carbon monoxide generation and reduce negative impact on atmospheric ozone layer due to the lower reactivity of resulting VOC emissions. As a result of the lead additives withdrawal, a number of different ethers are currently added to the gasoline and are better able to meet both the new oxygen requirements and the vapour pressure limits. The most common ethers being used as additives are MTBE, ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), and tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME). Some refineries manufacture their own supplies of those ethers.

22 Definition of About Additives and Oxygenates Isobutylene and/or isoamylene and methanol (or ethanol) are necessary to produce MTBE (or ETBE) and/or TAME. Isobutylene is obtained from a number of refinery sources including: the light naphtha from the FCC and coking units; conversion of TBA recovered as a by-product in the manufacture of propylene oxides... Methanol (CH3OH) is commonly called wood alcohol because the early commercial source was the destructive distillation of fresh-cut lumber from hardwood trees. Now methanol has been made commercially from methane or naphtha. The source of the methane is usually natural gas, which is predominately methane. However, the ability to produce methanol from non-petroleum feedstocks such as coal or biomass is of interest for reducing petroleum needs. Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or ethyl alcohol, is the alcohol most intimately familiar to everyone, the primary constituent of whiskey. Like methanol, ethanol had natural beginnings; the fermentation of sugar in grapes (wine), potatoes (vodka), and grain and corn (whiskey). Now synthetic ethanol is produced either by the direct or indirect hydration of ethylene.

23 Definition of OTHERS 2/2 Biofuels such as biogasoline and biodiesel that are blended into gasoline and diesel at oil refineries. Biogasoline: a gasoline quality liquid fuel produced from biomass or used cooking oils, consists of bioethanol, biomethanol, BioETBE and biomtbe Biodiesel: a diesel quality liquid fuel produced from biomass or used cooking oils, consists of Biodiesel, bio-dimethylether, Fischer-Tropsh and cold pressed biooil. Bioethanol: ethanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste; Biomethanol: methanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste; Biodimethylether: a diesel quality fuel produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste; Biooil: a pyrolysis oil fuel produced from biomass Other Hydrocarbons: This category includes synthetic crude oil from tar sands, shale oil, etc., liquids from coal liquefaction, output of liquids from natural gas conversion into gasoline, hydrogen and emulsified oils (e.g. Orimulsion).

24 Definition of Country For all organisations LPG comprises mainly propane and butane. LPG from gas plants should be reported to all flows of the JODI Oil questionnaire except refinery output Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers LPG LPG: Comprises Propane and Butane - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference Fuel Oil Other Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is the generic name for commercial propane and = Refinery Intake = Demand commercial butane Closing it stocks can be produced from natural gas processing plants or from (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12) refineries. LPG naturally occurs as gas at atmospheric pressure. It has the special property of becoming liquid at atmospheric temperature if moderately compressed. They can easily be converted from liquid into gas by releasing them to atmospheric pressure. In order to facilitate transport and storage, LPG are usually bottled in liquid state (they are about 250 times as dense than when they are gases), propane however can also be supplied in bulk for storage tanks at consumers premises.

25 LPG How is LPG reported if it comes from a refinery or from a gas plant?

26 Definition of Definitions given are generally comparable among different JODI organisations. Naphtha is semi-final product and it is further processed to become other products so there is no homogeneous definition. Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand Naphtha Fuel Oil Other Naphtha is a feedstock destined for the petrochemical industry (e.g. ethylene manufacture or aromatics production). Naphtha comprises material in the 30 o C and 2l0 o C distillation range or part of this range. Naphtha imported for blending is reported as an import of naphtha, then shown on the interproduct transfer row, as a negative entry for Naphtha, and a positive entry for the corresponding finished product. (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

27 Definition of For APEC, Eurostat, IEA, OPEC and UNSD Motor and aviation gasoline comprises aviation gasoline and motor gasoline (including blending components such as bioethanol) natural gasoline is classified under NGL. For OLADE gasoline comprises Country aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, natural gasoline and alcohol Month Unit : (ethanol/methanol) used as fuel. JODI Oil definition does not include pure biofuels used directly in engines. Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred Gasoline: Comprises motor gasoline and aviation gasoline - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers Gasoline - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference Fuel Oil Other Motor gasoline is the principal fuel used in the transport/road sector and accounts for = Refinery Intake = Demand some 25% of total oil Closing use stocks in the world. In some countries, for example in the US, motor gasoline consumption is almost half of total oil consumption (around 9 Mb/d out of 20). Aviation gasoline which is principally used for aviation piston engines, is also a mixture of many different hydrocarbon compounds. The specification requirements for aviation gasoline, especially antiknock, volatility, fluidity, stability, non-corrosivity, and cleanliness impose severe limitations on the compounds that can be used. (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

28 Definition of comprises kerosene type jet fuel and other kerosene for all organisations. type jet fuel needs to be reported separately in the category column 9 (of which: Country type jet fuel). JODI Oil definition does not include pure biofuels used directly in engines. Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers Petroleum kerosene & Jet kerosene : Comprises jet kerosene and other kerosene - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand Jet kerosene is a middle Closing distillate stocks fuel, generally produced to exact the stringent Fuel Oil specifications of international civil specifications, for use as civil aviation fuel. For JODI definition, jet kerosene includes also naptha or gasoline type jet fuel. Other Other kerosene, which is of lower quality specification kerosene or a dual purpose grade, is used in some regions as domestic heating oil, especially in Asia, notably in Japan and Korea. This is also used for lighting in remote areas in many developing countries. (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

29 Definition of Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows Gas/Diesel Oil: For -automotive Transferred and other purposes - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand Gas/diesel oil for all organisations includes diesel used for transport as well as heating oil and other gas oil. JODI Oil definition does not include pure biofuels used directly in engines. Gas/Diesel Gas/ Diesel Oil Fuel Oil Other Gas/diesel oil is a lighter fuel oil distilled off during the refining process and used primarily for heating, for automotive purposes in diesel engines and for power generation. Two main types are distinguished by their use: Transport diesel: Fuel used for internal combustion in on-road diesel engines, cars and trucks etc., usually of low sulphur content. Heating Oil and Other Gas oil: This is a distillate fuel oil used mainly in stationary or marine diesel engines. It includes light heating oil which is used for residential or commercial space heating, or in industrial plants. It also includes marine diesel which is used for barge and boat engines and other heavier gas oils which may be used as petrochemical feedstocks. (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

30 Definition of Definitions given are generally comparable and uniformly refer to a high kinematic viscosity, flash point and density of this product. APEC, Eurostat and IEA differentiate additionally according Country to the sulphur content of this product, whereas OLADE and OPEC differentiate in relation to its use. Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Other Oil Oil Fuel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference processes. 0 It is 0 a viscous 0 liquid 0 - Statistical with a Difference characteristic odour 0 and 0 it requires 0 heating 0 for 0 storage 0 and = Refinery Intake = Demand Fuel Oil: Heavy residual oil / boiler oil, including bunker oil Heavy fuel oil is a blended product based on the residues from various refinery distillation and cracking combustion. Heavy fuel oil is used in medium to large industrial plants, marine applications and power stations in combustion equipment such as boilers, furnaces and diesel engines. Heavy fuel oil is a general term and other names commonly used to describe this range of products include: residual fuel oil, bunker fuel, bunker C, fuel oil No 6, industrial fuel oil, marine fuel oil and black oil. Moreover, terms such as heavy fuel oil, medium fuel oil and light fuel oil are used to describe products for industrial applications to give a general indication of the viscosity and density of the product. (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

31 Definition of Double counting should be avoided. For example, if additives and oxygenates (e.g. ethanol or biofuels) are included with gasoline (APEC, Eurostat/IEA and OLADE) then these products should not be added again to the Oil category. This is similar to the treatment of Country natural gasoline, if it was already accounted for under gasoline. Crude oil for direct use should be added to the Other products category. Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil In order to simplify the JODI questionnaire, only specific data for the seven main products are reported. However to obtain a full picture, it is essential to know what the total oil produced, traded, delivered etc is on the market. Fuel Oil (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand All the foregoing categories and all other petroleum products: Other (refinery gas, ethane, gasoline type jet fuel, petroleum coke, white spirit & SBP, paraffin waxes, bitumen, lubricants and others). Demand for Oil includes crude oil.

32 Definition of OTHER PRODUCTS 1/2 Other is the sum of Refinery Gas (not liquefied), Ethane, Petroleum Coke, Lubricants, White Spirit & SBP, Bitumen, Paraffin Waxes and Other products as defined below: Refinery Gas (not liquefied) includes a mixture of non-condensible gases mainly consisting of hydrogen, methane, ethane and olefins obtained during distillation of crude oil or treatment of oil products (e.g. cracking) in refineries. This also includes gases which are returned from the petrochemical industry. Ethane: A naturally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon, (C2H6) extracted from natural gas and refinery gas streams. Petroleum coke is a black solid by-product, obtained mainly by cracking and carbonising petroleum derived feedstock, vacuum bottoms, tar and pitches in processes such as delayed coking or fluid coking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95%) and has a low ash content. It is used as a feedstock in coke ovens for the steel industry, for heating purposes, for electrode manufacture and for production of chemicals. The two most important qualities are "green coke" and "calcinated coke". This category also includes "catalyst coke" deposited on the catalyst during refining processes; this coke is not recoverable and is usually burned as refinery fuel. Lubricants are hydrocarbons produced from distillate by product; they are mainly used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces. This category includes all finished grades of lubricating oil, from spindle oil to cylinder oil, and those used in greases, including motor oils and all grades of lubricating oil base stocks.

33 Definition of OTHER PRODUCTS 2/2 White Spirit and SBP are defined as refined distillate intermediates with a distillation in the naphtha/kerosene range. They are sub-divided as: Industrial Spirit (SBP): Light oils distilling between 30 o and 200 o C. There are 7 or 8 grades of industrial spirit, depending on the position of the cut in the distillation range. The grades are defined according to the temperature difference between the 5% volume and 90% volume distillation points (which is not more than 60 o C). White Spirit: Industrial spirit with a flash point above 30 o C. The distillation range of white spirit is 135 o to 200 o C. Bitumen is a solid, semi-solid or viscous hydrocarbon with a colloidal structure, being brown to black in colour, obtained as a residue in the distillation of crude oil, by vacuum distillation of oil residues from atmospheric distillation. Bitumen is often referred to as asphalt and is primarily used for construction of roads and for roofing material. This category includes fluidized and cut back bitumen. Paraffin Waxes: These are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. These waxes are residues extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils. They have a crystalline structure which is more-orless fine according to the grade. Their main characteristics are as follows: they are colourless, odourless and translucent, with a melting point above 45 o C. Other : All products not specifically mentioned above, for example: tar and sulphur. This category also includes aromatics (e.g. BTX or benzene, toluene and xylene) and olefins (e.g. propylene) produced within refineries. This should not be confused with "OTHER PRODUCTS" above.

34 Feedstocks from Production to Refinery Input

35 Definition of Flows Country Month Unit : Production The term production is defined differently by the 6 organisations according to either more general or more specific energy or fuel reporting. APEC, Eurostat and IEA, use the term for all liquid production i.e. crude oil, NGL, condensates and oil from shale and tar sands as well as additives/ oxygenates. The definition of production in OLADE is Petroleum used for all energy production, for UNSD it is used for all Of which: Gas/ Diesel Other Crude Oil energy NGL Other as well as more specifically LPG Naphtha Gasoline for crude Jet oil and Fuel refined Oil (1)+(2)+(3) Oil products. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred Marketable production, after removal of impurities but including - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference quantities 0 0 consumed Statistical by Difference the producer 0 in 0 the production process = Refinery Intake = Demand Wellhead production is all oil which exits the ground (wellhead). When the crude oil has been brought to the surface, it will need further treatment so that it can be sent to refineries for processing. The oil produced at the wellhead varies considerably from field to field, due not only to the physical characteristics, but also due to the amount of gas and water which it contains. Before the oil can be sold, the remaining gas, water and other impurities need to be removed. Once this is done, the oil is stored at the terminal before transport to refineries. It is at this point that the produced oil becomes marketable (production). (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

36 Crude Oil Production

37 Definition of Flows Country Month Unit : From Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production other + Refinery Output + From Other + Receipts + Imports sources + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + - Transferred /Backflows - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand and Other Hydrocarbons that are produced from non-oil Fuel Oil Other From other sources refers to supplies of Additives, Biofuels (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12) sources such as: coal, natural gas and renewable energy such as biofuels.

38 Definition of Flows Country Month Unit : Crude Oil exports NGL Otherand are reported in LPG oil Naphtha demand. Gasoline (1)+(2)+(3) Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + Goods having - Transferred physically crossed the international boundaries, /Backflows - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand Trade definitions are common to all organisations, and emphasize the crossing of national territory whether or not customs clearance has taken place and the exclusion of oil in transit quantities. Crude oil and NGL are reported as coming from the country of ultimate origin. Refinery feedstocks and finished products are reported as coming from the country of last consignment. International bunkers are excluded from Fuel Oil Other excluding transit trade, international marine and aviation bunkers Both imports and exports should reflect amounts of oil having crossed the national territorial boundaries. It is therefore essential that there is a clear definition of what the statistical national boundary of the country is. Trade figures should report physical flows of oil and oil products. To that extent, customs clearance which sometimes is delivered much after the goods have crossed the national frontier should not be taken as the point of registering the import. Important: products in transit should not be included. (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

39 Definition of Flows Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports Product Product transfer/backflow: - Exports Transferred + /Backflows transfer/ (Sum of - Transfers Transferred and Backflows from petrochemical Industry) backflow - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand Fuel Oil Other (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12) Transferred / Transfer are imported petroleum products which are reclassified as feedstocks for further processing in the refinery, without delivery to final consumers. For example, naphtha imported for upgrading would be first reported as imports of naphtha, and then appear also as products transferred of naphtha. Backflows from Petrochemical Industry are finished or semi-finished products which are returned from final consumers to refineries for processing, blending or sale. They are usually by-products of petrochemical manufacturing. For integrated petrochemical industries this flow should be estimated. Transfers from one refinery to another within the country should be excluded

40 Definition of Flows Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred Direct use - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand burned for electricity generation. Fuel Oil Other Direct use refers to Crude oil, NGL and other hydrocarbons which are used directly without being processed in oil refineries are reported as Direct use. This includes, for example, crude oil (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

41 Definition of Flows Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts Closing Stocks represents the primary stock level at the end + Imports + Imports - Exports of the month -within Exports national territories; includes stocks held Transferred + - Transferred /Backflows - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers Stock Change For all the organisations, the definition for stocks is defined geographically or by territory except for OPEC which is characterized by the ownership. by importers, refiners, stock holding organisations and governments - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference Stock Changes = Closing minus opening level. A positive number corresponds to a stock build; A negative number corresponds to a stock draw. = Refinery Intake = Demand stocks Closing stock Fuel Oil Other (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

42 What Comprise Stocks Data? * Please note that there is a distinction between oil stocks and reserves. Reserves of oil (oil not yet produced) are not included ** Stocks held on board incoming ocean vessels in port or at mooring should be included irrespective of whether they have been cleared by customs or not. Exclude stocks on board vessels at high seas.

43 Definition of Flows Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference Receipts = Refinery Intake = Demand In the extended JODI questionnaire this data is calculated automatically Statistical differences For primary oil products: - Transferred Production + From Other Sources + Imports - Exports + Product Transfers/Backflows - Direct Use - Stock Change - Refinery Intake Fuel Oil For secondary oil products: Refinery Output + Imports - Exports - Product Transfers + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Demand Other (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

44 Definition of Flows Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference Refinery Intake Refinery Intake definitions are common to all organisations, comprising crude, NGL, condensates, feedstocks and additives. Refinery Intake are the observed refinery throughputs = Refinery Intake = Demand In this flow the quantities of crude oil and several other inputs including Natural Gas Liquids (NGL), refinery feedstocks, additives, biofuels and other hydrocarbons inputs entering the refinery should be reported. Fuel Oil Other Please note that the volume of crude oil and other inputs reported as refinery intake should reflect the real quantities of inputs to the refinery process and not the deliveries of crude oil to the refinery. The difference between the two measures is the stock changes of crude oil at the refinery. (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

45 Definition of Flows Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production Refinery + Output Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand APEC, Eurostat, IEA and UNSD exclude refinery loss but include refinery fuel. OPEC excludes both. The OLADE definition does not mention anything about refinery fuel or loss. Inter-product transfers are excluded by all organisations except OLADE. Fuel Oil Refinery Output is the Gross output (including refinery fuel) This is the production of finished petroleum products at a refining or blending plant. Production equals the Input into the refinery minus the Refinery Losses. Other The terms Net and Gross production are frequently used when referring to refinery output. Gross production comprises the amount of fuel which is used in the refinery in support of the operation of the refinery (refinery fuel). Net refinery production excludes the refinery fuel. Important: There should be no double-counting. Double-counting may occur when handling data of products produced from intermediate products, e.g. gasoline produced from naptha. (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

46 Definition of Flows Country Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + Receipts (Includes primary - product Transferred receipts and recycled products) /Backflows - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change condensate) - Statistical Difference 0 and 0 indigenous 0 0 NGL which are used - Statistical Difference 0 directly 0 without 0 being 0 processed 0 0 in an 0 oil 0 0 = Refinery Intake = Demand Receipts Primary Product Receipts: Quantities of indigenous or imported crude oil (including Fuel Oil Other refinery. For example, crude oil used to generate electricity should be placed in primary product receipts of crude oil. Quantities Closing of stocks indigenous NGL which are not included in refinery intake should be reported in primary product receipts of NGL, then transferred through the Interproduct transfers line to the allocated product type. Please note that this flow includes the amounts of backflows from the petrochemical industry which, although not primary fuel, are used directly. Recycled : These are finished products which pass a second time through the marketing network, after having been once delivered to final consumers (e.g. used lubricants which are reprocessed). These quantities should be distinguished from petrochemical Backflows. (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

47 Definition of Flows Interproduct Transfers result from reclassification of products either because their specification has changed, or because they are blended into another product. For example, quantities of kerosene may be Country reclassified as gasoil after blending with the latter in order to meet its winter diesel specification. A negative entry for one product must be compensated by a positive entry (or several entries) for one or several products and vice versa. The total net effect should be zero. Month Unit : Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand Interproduct Transfers Fuel Oil Other (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

48 Definition of Flows Demand are the deliveries or sales to the inland market (domestic consumption) plus Refinery Fuel plus International Marine and Aviation Bunkers. Demand for Oil includes Crude Oil Country The total demand of oil in a country includes all the amounts of oil which are needed in a Month country, on the one hand to supply all final consumers, energy transformation units Unit : (including refineries), energy producers within the country and on the other hand to provide all the national and foreign customers with fuels which they will use for international navigation and aviation (e.g. international aviation, marine bunkers, fishing etc.). Crude Oil NGL Other (1)+(2)+(3) LPG Naphtha Gasoline Petroleum Of which: Jet Gas/ Diesel Oil (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) + Production + Refinery Output + From Other sources + Receipts + Imports + Imports - Exports - Exports Transferred + /Backflows - Transferred - Direct Use + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change - Stock Change - Statistical Difference Statistical Difference = Refinery Intake = Demand Demand Fuel Oil Other (5)+(6)+(7) +(8)+(10) +(11)+(12)

49

50 LPG from a refinery

51 LPG from a natural gas plant NGL included with other oil products

52 Reporting Unit Unit of Mass, Thousand Metric Tons, is the preferred unit Volume units such as barrels, kiloliters, cubic meters are also accepted National administrations should however provide the specific gravities such as kg/liter or kilogram/barrel of each of the products, including Oil, in order to convert the data to common units

53 Conversion Factors 1 barrel = liters 1 cubic meter = 1,000 liters 1 ton = 1,000 kilograms No direct conversion from barrels to tons; this requires specific gravity or density data which varies for every product and country Conversion factor for Oil should be the weighted average of all included products

54 Conversion Factors Decimal System Prefixes 10 1 deca (da) 10-1 deci (d) 10 2 hecto (h) 10-2 centi (c) 10 3 kilo (k) 10-3 milli (m) 10 6 mega (M) 10-6 micro (μ) 10 9 giga (G) 10-9 nano (n) tera (T) nico (p) peta (P) femto (f) exa (E) atto (a)

55 Conversion Factors Units of Volume From: To: US gal UK gal bbl ft 3 l m 3 multiply by: US gallon (gal) UK gallon (gal) Barrel (bbl) Cubic foot (ft 3 ) Litre (l) Cubic metre (m 3 )

56 Conversion Factors Units of Mass From: kilogramme (kg) To: kg t lt st lb multiply by: x x tonne (t) long ton (lt) short ton (st) pound (lb) x x x

57 Conversion Factors Energy Units From: To: TJ Gcal Mtoe Mbtu GWh multiply by: Terajoule (TJ) x Gigacalories (Gcal) Million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) Million BTU x x x x x x x GWh X

58 Typical Densities, Conversion Factors and Calorific Values for Crude Oil and Petroleum

59 Example How many metric tons is 100 thousand barrels of motor gasoline? The problem is converting a volume unit to mass (barrels to tons) Use Density of motor gasoline to convert the unit from barrel to tons From previous slide, the density of motor gasoline is 8.49 bbl/ton 100 kbbl 8.49 bbl/ton = kton Note: The density of motor gasoline in your country may be different from the typical values shown in the previous slide

60 Other Useful Conversion Factors Imports Crude Oil Motor Gasoline Reported data in barrel* per day (volume) (*) 1 barrel = 159 litres Number of days in Month Density: Mass/ Volume (ton/m 3 - Average) Volume/Mass Barrel per Ton Conversion Factor Conversion into Metric Tons (Mass) (1/0.853)/0.159*=7.37 (1020x31)/7.37= (1/741)/0.159*=8.49 (546x28)/8.49=1801

61 Refinery Inputs Checks sum (primary) : - Crude Oil - NGL - Other ' Transferred/Backflows' should be positive No data should be reported in blocked out cells Refinery losses: Refinery Output Refinery Intake Statistical Difference : Production + From Other Sources + Imports - Exports + Product Transfers/Backflows - Direct Use - Stock Change - Refinery Intake

62 Petroleum Checks Transferred should be positive Interproduct Transfers should be zero Jet should be smaller than products sum: - LPG - Naphtha - Gasoline - - Gas/Diesel Oil - Fuel Oil - Other Statistical Difference : Refinery Output + Receipts + Imports - Exports - Product Transfers + Interproduct Transfers - Stock Change -Demand

63 Thank you For more information at