EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM TH & 26 TH February 2016 Brunel University

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Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas

diesel engines focus on soot and black carbon - Particle number concentration

particles in wet scrubber Vessel Technical Services srl TECHNICAL and R&D Responsible

com Università Federico II of Naples Francesco Di Natale, Assistant Professor

1 Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements: particle capture Highlights: - Particulate emissions from heavy duty diesel engines focus on soot and black carbon - Particle number concentration measurements - Particle removal in wet scrubbers - Strategies to capture fine particles in wet scrubber Vessel Technical Services srl TECHNICAL and R&D Responsible Via Fausto Coppi, Quarto Napoli, Italy luca.daddio@vtssrl.com Università Federico II of Naples Francesco Di Natale, Assistant Professor Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" P.le Vincenzo Tecchio, Napoli (Italy) francesco.dinatale@unina.it

2 IFO fuelled marine diesel engine Emissions of Particulate matter

Impact of maritime transport emissions on air quality in Europe PM 0.5 On average, shipping emissions contribute with 1-7% to annual mean PM10 levels, with1-20% to PM2.

3 Impact of maritime transport emissions on air quality in Europe PM 0.5 On average, shipping emissions contribute with 1-7% to annual mean PM10 levels, with1-20% to PM2.5, and with 8-11% to PM1 The impact of maritime transport on air quality is high. The contribution of maritime transport on fine particle is even greater. >8% >11% Viana et. al.[21], 2014

$.. Di Natale and Carotenuto (2015) 20 μm PM of diesel exhaust gas comprises: (a) a mass dominant, coarse, fraction made by sulfates and$ $fuel (d p >1 μm) (c) An organic fraction, dominant by number, made by elemental (EC stable T>350 C) and organic matter (OM unstable at T>350$ C) coming from lube oil and fuel Marine transportation accounts for : 1-5% BC g.e. Black Carbon: 0.07 MTons/year Particulate Matter: 0.

C) coming from lube oil and fuel Marine transportation accounts for : 1-5% BC g.e. Black Carbon: 0.07 MTons/year Particulate Matter: 0.

$BC contains more than 80% carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary$

4 IFO fuelled marine diesel engine Particle emission characteristics 20 nm EC 10 nm d p - [µm] OM 100 nm Ash, Sulphates... Di Natale and Carotenuto (2015) 20 μm PM of diesel exhaust gas comprises: (a) a mass dominant, coarse, fraction made by sulfates and water associated to sulphates (d p >2 μm) (b) Ash, the combustion product of lubricating oil and minor amounts of metal compounds in the fuel (d p >1 μm) (c) An organic fraction, dominant by number, made by elemental (EC stable T>350 C) and organic matter (OM unstable at T>350 C) coming from lube oil and fuel Marine transportation accounts for : 1-5% BC g.e. Black Carbon: 0.07 MTons/year Particulate Matter: 0.7 MTons/year Black Carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material [ ]. BC contains more than 80% carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths. The strength of the light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.

Is affected by sulphur and ash contents of the fuel 2.

5 IFO fuelled marine diesel engine Particle Size Distribution Ref. [3] PM of diesel exhaust gas: 1. Is affected by sulphur and ash contents of the fuel 2. EC and OM depend on combustion conditions 3. EC and OM is almost unchanged using biodiesel, LSO or ULSF [4] 1.6 % Sulphur [7] 2.2% Sulphur [23] 0.05 % Sulphur [6]

IFO fuelled marine diesel engine Particle Toxicity Associated Pathologies Rhinitis Nose Tracheitis Bronchitis Larynx Asthma Reduced Lung

are related to severe pathologies and classified as carcinogenic of Class I by the World Health Organization.

6 IFO fuelled marine diesel engine Particle Toxicity Associated Pathologies Rhinitis Nose Tracheitis Bronchitis Larynx Asthma Reduced Lung performances Cardiovascular illness Lung and cardiovascular cancer (WHO 2012) Bronchi Secondary Bronchi Terminal Bronchi Alveoli Soot particles are related to severe pathologies and classified as carcinogenic of Class I by the World Health Organization. 3-8% mortality correlable to shipping [8] Researches are still ongoing, but several authors highlighted the impact on air quality in port cities, expecially in USA & EU. (e.g. [8-11])

7 How to make particle measurements?

8 How to make particle measurements? What? Where? How? Mass concentration, mg/nm 3 - Easy to measure filtration - Mirror the S content of the fuel - Not related to DPM toxicity Total number conentration, 1/Nm 3 - Count by condensation particles counters (CPC) - Gives the overall picture - May be an effective term of comparison Particle size distribution, PSD - Requires specific instruments - Available online - Experience allow correlation with toxicologic effects Chemical analysis + PSD - Provide deeper insigths on DPM properties and associated exposure risk - Typical of scientific studies - Partially offline

edu Ship plume: - Plume aging effects; - Better for climate and atmospheric studies and for long distance toxicity -

9 How to make particle measurements? What? Ship stack - Cold fumes - More effective to assess toxicity - On-board technique Where? How? cheme.caltech.edu Ship plume: - Plume aging effects; - Better for climate and atmospheric studies and for long distance toxicity - Stationary or travelling (helicopter/airplane) facility Ship engine exhaust - Hot fumes - Larger number of finer particles which evolve later (coagulation/condensation) - On-board technique

size Particle concentration Acquisition rate Sampling

10 How to make particle measurements? What? Where? The choice of a particle instrumente depends: Particle size Particle concentration Acquisition rate Sampling flow rate Laboratory or field measures? Instrument cost How?

How measure PM The sampling procedure Thermodenuder T>100 C Dilution Heating at 350 C PSD measurement Dilution The sampling must be isocinetically All the sampling pipes must be metal made Sampling

11 How measure PM The sampling procedure Thermodenuder T>100 C Dilution Heating at 350 C PSD measurement Dilution The sampling must be isocinetically All the sampling pipes must be metal made Sampling poin up to the thermodenuder must be heated to avoid water condensation. Particle sample need to be heated at 350 C to eliminate volatile particles (about 2/3 of the total particles [23]). Due to the high particle number concentration, the particle analyser generally requires a particle dilution. The first dilution must be carried out at T>100 C to avoid water condensation.

12 How scrubber remove PM?

13 How scrubber remove PM? Scavenging rate Particle concentration d p r d p, t Impact cone Collisional efficiency 2 n D( t) d U ( ) E D( t), d p p 4 t Droplet concentration N D( t) D Inertial impact: E in - d p - U Directional interception: E DI - d p - U Brownian diffusion: E BD - d p E tot <1 For large d p inertial forces prevail For small d p diffusion forces prevails

Wet Scrubbers performances Scrubber ΔP (mbar) 5-12 Capital costs (1000Nm 3 ) 0.5-2.

8-28k$/y Application limits - Up to 170,000Nm 3 /h, scrubbing water >3L/Nm 3, Gas up to

Considering mass (PM>1) YES Venturi Scrubber ΔP (mbar) 25-200 Energy (KWh/1000Nm 3 ) 0.

4-70k$/y Application limits Gas up to 100,000Nm 3 /h, temperature up to 370 C, scrubbing

14 Wet Scrubbers performances Scrubber ΔP (mbar) 5-12 Capital costs (1000Nm 3 ) k$ Operating costs (1000Nm 3 ) k$/y Application limits - Up to 170,000Nm 3 /h, scrubbing water >3L/Nm 3, Gas up to 170,000Nm 3 /h Are wet scrubbers able to capture PM? Considering mass (PM>1) YES Venturi Scrubber ΔP (mbar) Energy (KWh/1000Nm 3 ) Capital costs (1000Nm 3 ) k$ NO Operating costs (1000Nm 3 ) k$/y Application limits Gas up to 100,000Nm 3 /h, temperature up to 370 C, scrubbing water 0.5-5L/Nm 3 Considering numbers (PM<1) McKenna [17] IPPC- Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment / Management Systems in the Chemical Sector

Potential alternatives - DPF Diesel Particulate Filters DPF - Conceptually identical to Fabric Filters. - New car DPFs capture 30 to greater than 95% of soot.

15 Potential alternatives - DPF Diesel Particulate Filters DPF - Conceptually identical to Fabric Filters. - New car DPFs capture 30 to greater than 95% of soot. - Regeneration by combustion of carbonaceous particles: Passive filters use flue gas heat and catalytic surface; Active regeneration uses other heat sources, such as fuel burning or electric heaters Considerations on nanometric particles emissions during regeneration! - Developed for ULSF (S<15 ppm) was adopted to resist sulphur percentage in fuel up to 500 ppm (MDO/MGO are ppm!!) - Pressure drop before regeneration up to 100 mbar. - Size concerns.

Potential alternatives - ESP Electrostatic precipitators ESP Grounded wall High Voltage needle Corona charging ΔP (mbar) 0.5-5 Energy (KWh/1000Nm 3 ) 0.5-2k$ Capital costs (1000Nm 3 ) 8.

IPPC- Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment / Management Systems in the Chemical Sector Mostly, they were experienced for particles with size

16 Potential alternatives - ESP Electrostatic precipitators ESP Grounded wall High Voltage needle Corona charging ΔP (mbar) Energy (KWh/1000Nm 3 ) 0.5-2k$ Capital costs (1000Nm 3 ) k$ Operating costs (1000Nm 3 ) k$/y Application limits Gas up to 1,800,000Nm 3 /h, temperature up to 700 C, Resistivity: 5x10 3-2x10 10 ohm cm. IPPC- Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment / Management Systems in the Chemical Sector Mostly, they were experienced for particles with size larger than 2 mm, to comply with regulations for stationary sources. Often retrofitted with Fabric filters to allow compliances. ESP has great potentialities in reducing PM2 particles but are far less effective for particles finer than 200 nm, due to physical limitaion in particle charging. Complex functioning for sticky particles as OM or EC. Need for high space volumes and high voltages (30-70 kv).

Wet Electrostatic Wet Scrubber Scrubber (open or closed loop) Water - + Gas + Jaworek and Krupa (2010) Electrostatic interaction: E EI - U - Q

17 Improving scrubber technology for particle capture Wet electrostatic scrubbing Inertial impact: E in - d p - U Directional interception: E DI - d p - U Brownian diffusion: E BD - d p Cloud Chamber Scrubber Tri.Mer corp. Wet Electrostatic Wet Scrubber Scrubber (open or closed loop) Water - + Gas + Jaworek and Krupa (2010) Electrostatic interaction: E EI - U - Q p Q d Water recycle The wet electrostatic scrubbing allows increase the particle capture by adding electric dropletpartcles interactions to hydrodynamic and diffusion forces active in conventional scrubbers.

18 DEECON: Innovative After-Treatment System for Marine Diesel Engine Emission Control The aim of this project is to create a new, modular, on-board, aftertreatment unit that combines different sub-units, each of which is optimized to remove a specific primary pollutant (SOx, NOx, PM and VOC ). Targhet Reduction of NOx > 98% Reduction of PM 90% in number; > 99% in weight Reduction of HC > 80% Reduction of CO > 80% Reduction of SOx > 98%

11.5 15.4 20.5 27.4 36.5 48.7 64.9 86.6 115.5 154 205.4 273.8 365.

19 dn/dlogd [N/m3] Pilot scale prototypes WES Experimental efficiency DEECON tests at VTS DEECON tests at Southampton Free Gasoline flame in air at 50 C and 1 bar Pressure drop <3 mbar Water-to-gas mass ratio: ~1.2 kg/kg charged water We developed robust models for WES PM<1 abatement! Patented component design Diesel particles (2% S fuel) Pressure drop <5mbar Water-to-gas mass ratio: ~1.5 kg/kg charged water SWS outlet WES outlet D Addio et. (2014) Di Natale et al. (2015) DPM diameter [nm]

20 Conclusions Maritime sector emit large amounts of toxic particulate matter close to coastal areas and in port cities. Fine and ultrafine particles are the most dangerous on the human body. Recent studies are focusing on black carbon as a climate forcing agent rather than on particulate matter and its toxicological effects: The WHO officially classified diesel particulate matter as carcinogenic. In spite of its relevance, this sector remained largely unregulated until the last years. The same IMO indications are relatively mild when compared with actual regulations in force for industrial activities or automotive transport. Fuel switching or use of biodiesel is ineffective toward PM emission. After-treatment systems, based on industrial system design are very effective in removing PM 2.5, but have several drawbacks when applied on-board and they are largely ineffective towards PM <1. Specific devices as DPF are available only if ULSF is used. The capture of fine and ultrafine particles still remain a challenge, especially in the ship sector.

21 25 TH & 25 TH February 2016 Brunel University Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements Thank you! Vessel Technical Services srl TECHNICAL and R&D Responsible Via Fausto Coppi, Quarto Napoli, Italy T: F: luca.daddio@vtssrl.com

22 References [1] E. Fridell et al. / Atmospheric Environment 42 (2008) [2] EPA Report: Analysis of Commercial Marine Vessels Emissions and Fuel Consumption Data, EPA420-R , February [3] The Second IMO GHG Study 2009, [4] Wang et al., CHINA PARTICUOLOGY Vol. 3, No. 5, , 2005 [5] P. Kumar, A. Robins, S. Vardoulakis, P. Quincey, Particuology, Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2011, Pages [6] S. Ushakov et al., Fuel Processing Technology 106 (2013) [7] H. Winnes and E. Friedell, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 59: (2009) [8] Corbett J.J. Et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, [9] Eyring et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, , 2007 [10] Eyring et al., Atmospheric Environment 44 (2010) [11] Gonzales et al. Atmospheric Environment 45 (2011) 4907e4914 [12] D. A. Lack and J. J. Corbett Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, , 2012 [13] Litehauz, Lack, D.A. et al., Investigation of appropriate control measures (abatement technologies) to reduce Black Carbon emissions from international shipping -Study Report, 20th of November 2012 [14] C. Carotenuto, et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 165(1), (2010), [15] E. Santini et al., Colloids Surf. A. 365 (2010) 189. [16] E. Santini et al., Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Volume 413, 5 November 2012, Pages [17] McKenna, Fine Particle Emission, Wiley ed [18] Tammaro M., et al., Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 74, 28 May 2012, Pages [19] Byun J. C., et al. J. Aerosol Sci., 1998, 29 (1), S479-S480. [20] L. D Addio et al, XXXVI Meeting of the Italian Section of the Combustion Institute Isola di Procida June 13-15, [21] Viana et al, Atmospheric Environment 90 (2014) Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe [22] Di Natale et. al. Capture of fine and ultrafine particles in a wet electrostatic scrubber, J. of Env. Chem. Eng. 3 (2015) [23] A. Petzold et. al. - Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, , 2008

REMOVAL OF FINE AND ULTRAFINE COMBUSTION DERIVED PARTICLES IN A WET ELECTROSTATIC SCRUBBER

REMOVAL OF FINE AND ULTRAFINE COMBUSTION DERIVED PARTICLES IN A WET ELECTROSTATIC SCRUBBER L. D Addio, F. Di Natale, C. Carotenuto, G. Scoppa, V. Dessy, A. Lancia francesco.dinatale@unina.it Dipartimento