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2 1. mechanical linkage are replaced with a solid state differential pressure sensor). Principle of Operation These threaded and wafer style flowmeters measure flow rate by sensing the pressure differential created across the flow nozzle which is machined into the body of the flowmeter. A pair of matched, opposed bellows sense the differential pressure and drive a mechanical linkage to indicate flow rate directly on the dial. (When fitted with a blind transmitter or digital display readout, the bellows and 2. orientation at 90 degree increments and can be easily re-oriented in the field. See Select a site which is convenient for viewing and which provides service access to the front and rear of the flowmeter. Note that the dial can be ordered in any Changing â the Dial Orientation πin the installation section. The site selected should provide at least 10 pipe diameters of straight meter size pipe between the flow meter inlet and any upstream fitting such as elbow, tee or valves. There are no special requirements for the downstream connections to the meter. Installation Planning and Site Selection Note that the flow meters are calibrated based on schedule 40 pipe connections. Tubing and hoses do not have the same ID as pipe and should be transitioned to pipe at least 10 pipe diameter upstream of the flowmeter to achieve rated accuracy. Installation Conditions Figure 2 Avoid placing the flow meter where it will be subjected to water hammer and mount the flowmeter rigidly to minimize shock or vibration. Flow meters installed outdoors or exposed to splashing liquids should be ordered with a gasketed case. Protect from freezing liquids. Page 2

3 3. Installation 3.1 Safety Considerations Do not exceed the pressure and temperature limits marked on the nameplate of the flow meter. Although each flow meter is pressure tested to 150% of nameplate rating, overpressure may cause injury, leaking or flow meter damage. Temperature ratings are determined by the effects on the mechanical linkage, elastomer seals and electronics (if electronics are fitted). If temperature ratings are exceeded, the flow meter may be damaged or fail. Contact the factory for application assistance for expanded temperature operation. 3.2 Changing the Dial Orientation Note the flow direction arrows on the body. If necessary, change the dial facing direction by removing the four screws holding the body to the housing. Do not remove the two screws holding the housing to the cell block assembly. Position the housing at any 90 degree position. Replace the four screws taking care not to pinch the o-ring seals. O-Rings O-Ring Installation Figure Changing from Horizontal to Vertical or Vertical to Horizontal ABS Housing Aluminum Housing Either Housing Remove the lens by rotating counter-clockwise by hand. Do not remove the pointer. Move the dial forward gently by prying with a small knife at the 12:00 o clock position. Rotate the dial to the desired viewing position and push the dial into position. There are 4 locating indents on the dial edge and housing to position the dial at 90 degree increments. Using a small screwdriver blade to lift the end of the retainer ring up and out of the housing recess, remove the retainer ring and dial crystal. Do not remove the pointer. Remove the two screws holding the dial and rotate the dial to the desired viewing position. Reinstall the screws to hold the dial in position. It may be necessary to shorten the screws to approximately 1/8 π(3mm) to avoid contact with gear movement. Rezero the flow meter using the FINE ADJUSTMENT procedure. 3.4 Threaded Bodies Make up thread joints using a suitable sealant. Be sure threads are clean and free of burrs before making up joint. 3.5 Wafer Style Bodies Install the flow meter between mating flanges. Take care to center the gaskets so that they do not protrude at all into the pipeline which will cause significant error. Page 3

4 4. Operation and Maintenance 4.1 Preventative Maintenance The flow meter does not require routine lubrication or service of any kind. Keep the interior of the flow meter housing clean and free of dust, moisture, oils or corrosive materials. Protect the flow meter from dripping or splashing corrosives or solvents which may attack meter exterior and eventually damage the internal mechanism. 4.2 Checking Zero Water hammer or pressure surges can displace the bellows and cause the zero to shift. If the pointer does not return to the zero reference point when flow through the meter is zero, or if the pointer does not move away from the zero reference point at 12-15% of full scale flow, then check the zero adjustment as follows: Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Stop flow. Remove the lens Observe the position taken by the pointer. When properly adjusted, the pointer should point to the zero reference point as shown in Figure 4. If the pointer is positioned within 1/2 π(12mm) of zero reference point, then follow FINE ADJUSTMENT procedure to re-zero flow meter. If the pointer is positioned more then 1/2 π(12mm) from the zero reference point, then follow the COARSE ADJUSTMENT procedure π π Dial Zero Reference Point Pointer Zero Mark Zero Reference Point Pinter Preload Figure 4 Figure Checking the Pointer Preload If the fine adjustment has been performed repeatedly, the pointer return spring preload should be checked. Manually rotate the pointer CCW toward full scale. The pointer should stop at full scale. If the pointer goes beyond full scale, adjust with the cam nut following the COARSE ADJUSTMENT procedure. Otherwise, go to the FINE ADJUSTMENT procedure. 4.4 Coarse Zero Adjustment If necessary to restore spring preload, place a small screwdriver in the slotted pointer hub. Grip the pointer close to the hub on both sides of the hub and rotate the hub approximately one-quarter turn clockwise with respect to the pointer. Check preload by rotating the pointer CCW toward full scale. When properly adjusted, the pointer should stop at full scale. Page 4

5 4. Operation and Maintenance (Continued) Release the pointer. Using the cam nut, adjust the lever so that the pointer points to the zero reference point. Check the position of the stop nut. Applying force to the stop nut, manually move the center shaft to the right (as seen from the rear) and make certain that the stop nut contacts the cell block when the pointer stops. If necessary, adjust the stop nut to stop the pointer near the 6 o clock position. The factory set point is the U â πin USA â.π Cam Nut and Stop Nut Figure 6 IMPORTANT: The stop nut must stop the center shaft movement before the bellows hit the cell cap. If the bellows hit the cell cap, the bellow or cap can be damaged causing leaking or meter error. Adjust the cam nut until the pointer points at the zero reference point. Gently tap the flow meter housing to overcome residual friction while making the adjustment. Test for freedom of the pointer movement by rotating the pointer approximately 30 degrees and releasing. Pointer should return quickly to the zero reference point. Clean and reinstall the lens. 4.5 Fine Zero Adjustment Note: if fitted with 4-wire transmitter or with reed switches, do not use this procedure. Do all adjustments with the coarse zero adjustment. Adjustment of the zero using this method will require recalibration of the reed switches or transmitter. Grip the pointer close to the hub on both sides of the hub and rotate the hub with respect to the pointer. The pointer should aim directly at the zero â reference point π printed on the dial as shown in figure 4. Gently tap the flow meter housing to overcome residual friction while making the adjustment. Test for freedom of pointer movement by rotating the pointer approximately 30 degrees and releasing. Pointer should return quickly to zero reference. Clean and reinstall lens. 4.6 Flow Calibration The orifice has been factory adjusted to provide the proper differential pressure for accurate flow meter operation. NIST traceable certifications are available when ordered prior to shipment or may be obtained by returning the flow meter for recalibration. Field calibration may be verified using the following procedure: Check the zero adjustment of the pointer. Cycle the flow rate from zero to full scale three to four times and observe the pointer motion. Pointer should return to zero smoothly. Page 5

6 4. move the cam follower down, place the screwdriver on top of the cam follower. Operation and Maintenance Establish a known flow rate through the flow meter corresponding to approximately 90% of full scale and observe the flow meter indication. Move the camfollower up to decrease the pointer indication or down to increase the pointer indication. To move the cam follower up, rest a screwdriver on the cell block with the blade between the cell block and center shaft. Pry gently up on the cam follower. To With the blade resting against the case press gently down. Take care not to put excessive forward pressure on the cam follower to prevent the Câ πclip on the pivot shaft from coming off. Re-zero the flow meter using the cam nut. Cam Follower Cam Follower Adjustment Figure 7 Check flow meter indication at 50% of full scale. The flow meter should indicate actual flow rate within 3% of full scale. If meter does not indicate actual flow, consult factory. 4.7 Cleaning of Pressure Ports Remove the flow meter housing from the body by removing the 4 screws. Remove the pulsation snubbers from the body by inserting a small wood screw into the hole in the pulsation snubbers and gently pull them out. Clean the passages in the body and snubbers and reassemble. If you are unable to clean without further disassembly, the flow meter should be returned to the factory for service. Reassemble the flow meter housing to the body in the desired viewing position. Take care to properly seat the inner and outer o-rings before tightening screws. 4.8 Adjustment of Reed Switches Check the flow meter zero and correct if necessary using the coarse or fine zero procedure before proceeding. Connect continuity tester to N.O. contact. Loosen the switch clamp. Establish the desired flow rate for switch tripping. Slide the switch to the left most position. Range window should show a partial or complete green mark. Slowly slide to the right while monitoring N.O. contact. Switch will close. Continue to slide to the right. Switch will open (false trigger). Continue to slide to right until switch closes again. Adjust by sliding to the right to raise set point, left to lower. Tighten clamp. Note: Tiny adjustments may be required to reach the desired set point. Page 6 Reed Switch Adjustment Figure 8

7 Pointer Fluctuation Mechanical fluctuation of the pointer is usually a symptom of excessive turbulence in the pipeline. This is frequently caused by valves or fittings installed too close to the flow meter inlet. If moving the meter is not practical, snubbers with smaller holes (heavy duty snubbers) can be installed to increase the mechanical dampening of the flow meter. (Pulsation snubbers are installed standard on all gas flowmeters and on liquid flow meters unless ordered with viscosity correction). 5.2 Zero Shift Troubleshooting The need to frequently re-zero the flow meter is an indication of excessive water hammer. Piping or operating procedures should be changed to reduce water hammer in order to prolong the life of the flowmeter. 5.3 Sluggish Meter Response Sluggish flow meter response can be caused by inadequate pointer return spring preload or by clogging of the pressure passages with debris. To check spring preload, see CLEANING OF PRESSURE PORTS Liquid Service If the specific gravity of the fluid being metered differs from the value marked on the flowmeter dial, a correction factor, J, must be applied to the flow meter reading to obtain the actual flow rate. Correction Factors Actual flow rate = J x flow meter reading where: Sc = Specific Gravity for which the flow meter is calibrated Sa = Actual specific gravity of the fluid being metered. Example: Flow meter, calibrated for water (specific gravity = 1.0) reads 12.5 GPM for a lubricating oil with a specific gravity of What is the actual flow rate? Therefore, actual flow = x 12.5 = GPM Page 7

8 6. Correction Factors (Continued) 6.2 Compressed Gas Service If the gas pressure or temperature varies from the values marked on the flow meter dial, then a correction factor, K, must be applied to the flow meter reading to obtain the actual flow rate. Actual flow rate = K x flow meter reading where: K = Pa = Actual gas pressure at inlet to flow meter, psig Pc = Calibrated gas pressure marked on the flow meter dial, psig Ta = Actual gas temperature at inlet to flow meter, F Tc = Calibrated gas temperature marked on the flow meter dial, F Example: Flow meter calibrated for compressed gas air at 100 F and 80 psig, reads 100 SCFM at an actual temperature of 70 F and pressure of 85 psig. What is the actual flow rate? K = K = 7. Therefore, actual flow rate = 1.05 x 100 = 105 SCFM Cutaway View Cutaway View Front Figure 9 M1 Rev H Installation, Operation and Manintenance Manual Page 8

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11 WIRING AND CALIBRATION Transmitter Options W,X,Y & Z Table of Contents 1. Installation and Wiring General Precautions...1 Page 2. Interfacing the frequency output Interfacing the limit switches Field Calibration (4-20 ma dc) Field Calibration ( Hz)... 4 Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Terminal Strip...1 K-factor Table... 2 Transmitter Connections... 3 Transmitter Board General The transmitter board is fitted inside the enclosure of either the threaded or wafer style flowmeter. Option W provides a 4-20 ma dc, option Y provides a Hz frequency, option X provides set point switching and option Z combines W, X &Y. Installation & Wiring The position of the gear lever is detected using a pair of magnets mounted on the lever and a solid state Hall effect sensor mounted on the circuit board. The output of the transmitter is linear with flow. The transmitter is powered by an external 24 volt dc power supply provided by the user. A rated capacity of 100 ma is required to power all options. 1.2 Precautions The power supply used to power the transmitter MUST BE ISOLATED. This means that the power supply ground and the input signal grounds must NOT be common. Some batch controllers and counters have auxiliary power supplies which are not isolated. Use of these non-isolated power supplies will cause a failure of the power supply and/or the transmitter board. Terminal Strip Figure 1 Important. Do not connect terminals 7 and 9 together. Damage will result. The installation must be 4-wire. One pair of wires supplies 24 Vdc to pins 7 and 8 and one pair carries the 4-20 ma signal to the peripherals. Page 1

12 Interfacing the frequency output 2.1 Frequency output interfacing The frequency output is always factory set to 1000 Hz at full scale flow. To count total flow from the frequency output, it is necessary to scale this output. The scaling factor, K is derived as follows: 1000 pulses / sec x 60 sec / min K = full scale flow rate (units / min) The table below was computed from the above equation and is presented for your convenience. Scale K-factor Scale K-factor Scale K-factor Scale K-factor K-factor Table Figure 2 The frequency output is a square wave with an amplitude of 5 Vp (into a 10 Kohm or greater impedance). The on time is controlled at 270 microseconds ± 30 microseconds. The frequency output falls to 0 Hz. whenever the flow rate falls below approximately 20% F.S. Important. Do not connect terminals 6 and 7 together. Damage will result. The installation must be 4 wire. One pair of wires supplies 24 V dcto pins 7 and 8 and one pair of wires carries the frequency signal to the peripherals. If the current option is fitted, an additional pair of wires is required to carry the current output. Interfacing the limit switches 3.1 Limit switch interfacing Power is required to the transmitter board in order for the limit switches to operate. When no power is available, both switches are open and do not close regardless of the flow rate. LO Switch When power is applied at zero flow, the LO switch closes. As flow increases to the set point, the LO switch opens. HI Switch When power is applied at zero flow, the HI switch remains open. As flow increases to the set point, the HI switch closes. Each switch can be independently set to anywhere in the range. Therefore, the terminology of HI or LO is purely arbitrary. The user can achieve the desired fail safe system wiring by reversing the convention if necessary. As a result the relays can be wired to suit most system or alarm applications. Page 2

13 OP AMP Internal Voltage Regulator Internal 24V } 4-20mA Loop i.e.; Control Panel, Batch Controller, etc. or other device requiring 4-20mA signal@24vdc with 800 max. impedence. } +24 Vdc IN Frequency output to frequency counter or other control driven by frequency signal 0-1KHz@»5.1Vp } Low Output Any switched device, i.e. bells, buzzers lamps, computer/controller inputs, etc. Not to exceed: } 0.5A@230Vac High Output NOTE: ALL GROUNDS, +24Vdc in, 4-20 ma, and frequency output MUST be isolated from each other. Transmitter Connections Figure Test equipment Fluke 9600A digital multimeter or equivalent Non-metallic screwdriver Field Calibration (4-20 ma dc) 4.2 Setup Remove the back cover plate to gain access to the adjustment pots and the mechanical parts of the flowmeter. (Refer to the Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual for the Series 7000 and Series 8000 Flo-Gage if necessary.) Remove the housing lens to gain access to the pointer. Make all mechanical adjustments before proceeding. DO NOT APPLY POWER UNTIL ALL CONNECTIONS ARE MADE. Connect 24 Vdc power supply positive to terminal 8and negative to terminal 7. Set multimeter to milliamp scale and connect to terminal 9 and 10. Turn power on. Observe current output reading. Page 3

14 Field Calibration (4-20 ma dc) (Continued) 4.3 Adjustment pot location Transmitter Board Figure 4 Pots VR1, VR2 and VR3 are located just to the right of the terminal strip when viewing the meter from the rear. VR1 is adjacent to terminal 10, VR2 is the center pot and VR3 is the rightmost. See Figure Calibration Note: The easiest way to set the pointer for calibration of the transmitter is with the vertical lever. By manipulating this lever, the pointer canbe drivenup/down scale to the desired location, simulating the flowrate at any given point. (Take care not to flex this lever front to back as calibration will be affected.) Adjust zero pot VR1 fully CCW. Adjust 4 ma output pot VR2 to 4.00 ma. Set pointer to 30%. Adjust zero pot VR1 to 8.8 ma ±0.2 ma. Set pointer to 95%. Adjust span pot VR3 to 19.2 ma ±0.2 ma. Repeat zero (VR1) and span (VR3) adjustments until both adjust within specifications. 5.1 Field Calibration If the transmitter is fitted with current output, adjust current output first. With the pointer at 95% F.S. set VR6 span pot for 950 Hz ±30 Hz. If current output is not fitted, the meter MUST be returned to the factory for calibration. Field calibration Hz M2 REV D 0599 Page 4

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17 1. Install 2. Remove 3. Connect Installation and Startup Instructions Option R2 and R3 with KT-1 and KT-3 the body in the piping system according to the Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual (M1). 2.1 ABS Housing Installation the back cover plate screws. Mount the housing assembly to the wall, panel or bracket using #6 screws in from the front through the back cover plate and into the wall. (These screws and other hardware are NOT INCLUDED). Caution: Do not over tighten the mounting screws, damage may result. 3.1 Piping Installation the housing assembly and body with ³ tubing or piping suitable for the process condition. Accessory kits provide suitable fittings (KT-1 Brass or KT SST). Tubing not included. Close ball valve at the flow meter body. Open the equalizing valve. Pressurize the system by establishing flow. Open the ball valve and check for leaks. Purge the air from the system until steady flow is attained (1-2 minutes). Close the equalizing valve to complete the installation. Figure 1 Remote Mount ABS Housing Page 1

18 4. Remove 4.1 Aluminum Housing Installation the back cover plate screws. Mount the housing assembly to a bracket or panel using #8-32X3/8 Pan HD screws. (These screws and other hardware are NOT INCLUDED). Installing the aluminum housing may require an additional custom fabricated bracket to mount to a wall or rigid surface. Caution: Do not over tighten screws as damage may result. Be sure to check proper connection before startup with respect to high and low pressure ports, reversing the connection may result in damage to the indicator assembly. Figure 2 Remote Mount Aluminum Housing M5 Rev F Installation Instructions Option R2 and R3 Page 2

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26 sfqmbdfe!tipsumz!bgufs"!pomz!psjhjobm!cbuufsjft!tvqqmjfe!cz!uif!nbovgbduvsfs!nbz!cf! vtfe-!ps!fmtf!uif!hvbsbouff!boe!mjbcjmjuz!xjmm!cf!ufsnjobufe/!uif!sfnbjojoh!mjgfujnf! bgufs!uif!gjstu!npnfou!pg!joejdbujpo!jt!hfofsbmmz!tfwfsbm!ebzt!vq!up!tpnf!xfflt/! Gjh/!5;!Fybnqmf!pg!mpx.cbuufsz!bmbsn! Sbohf!fssps! Bt!tppo!bt!uif!joqvu!wbmvf!jt!6&!pvutjef!uif!dbmjcsbufe!nfbtvsjoh!sbohf-! BMBSN xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe/!nfboxijmf-!uif!dbmjcsbufe!wbmvf!xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe/!bgufs!qsfttjoh! uif!tfmfdu!lfz-!uif!sfbtpo!pg!uif!bmbsn!xjmm!cf!ejtqmbzfe;! MP!SBOHF!ps! IJ! SBOHF/! Bmbsn!12.14! Xifo! BMBSN!jt!ejtqmbzfe-!qsftt!uif!TFMFDU!lfz!up!ejtqmbz!uif!sfbtpo!pg!uif! bmbsn;!2.4/!qmfbtf!bqqfoejy!c;!qspcmfn!tpmwjoh/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Qbhf!9!pg!39!

27 4/!! DPOGJHVSBUJPO! 4/2! JOUSPEVDUJPO! Uijt!boe!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dibqufst!bsf!fydmvtjwfmz!nfbou!gps!fmfdusjdjbot!boe!opo.pqfsbupst/! Jo!uiftf-!bo!fyufotjwf!eftdsjqujpo!pg!bmm!tpguxbsf!tfuujoht!boe!ibsexbsf!dpoofdujpot!bsf! qspwjefe/! Npvoujoh-!fmfdusjdbm!jotubmmbujpo-!tubsu.vq!boe!nbjoufobodf!pg!uif!jotusvnfou!nbz!pomz! cf!dbssjfe!pvu!cz!usbjofe!qfstpoofm!bvuipsj{fe!cz!uif!pqfsbups!pg!uif!gbdjmjuz/! Qfstpoofm!nvtu!sfbe!boe!voefstuboe!uijt!Pqfsbujoh!Nbovbm!cfgpsf!dbsszjoh!pvu!jut! jotusvdujpot/!uif!ejtqmbz!nbz!pomz!cf!pqfsbufe!cz!qfstpoofm!xip!bsf!bvuipsj{fe!boe! usbjofe!cz!uif!pqfsbups!pg!uif!gbdjmjuz/!bmm!jotusvdujpot!jo!uijt!nbovbm!bsf!up!cf! pctfswfe/!fotvsf!uibu!uif!nfbtvsjoh!tztufn!jt!dpssfdumz!xjsfe!vq!bddpsejoh!up!uif! xjsjoh!ejbhsbnt/!uif!ipvtjoh!nbz!pomz!cf!pqfofe!cz!usbjofe!qfstpoofm/!ublf! dbsfgvm!opujdf!pg!uif! Tbgfuz!svmft-!jotusvdujpot!boe!qsfdbvujpobsz!nfbtvsft!jo!uif! gspou!pg!uijt!nbovbm/!! 4/3!!!!!!QSPHSBNNJOH!TFUVQ.MFWFM! 4/3/2! HFOFSBM! Dpogjhvsbujpo!pg!uif!ejtqmbz!jt!epof!bu!TFUVQ.mfwfm/!TFUVQ.mfwfm!jt!sfbdife!cz! qsfttjoh!uif!qsph0foufs!lfz!gps!8!tfdpoet<!bu!xijdi!ujnf-!cpui!bsspxt!!xjmm!cf! ejtqmbzfe/!jo!psefs!up!sfuvso!up!uif!pqfsbups!mfwfm-!qsph!xjmm!ibwf!up!cf!qsfttfe!gps! uisff!tfdpoet/!bmufsobufmz-!jg!op!lfzt!bsf!qsfttfe!gps!3!njovuft-!uif!voju!xjmm!fyju!tfuvq! bvupnbujdbmmz/!tfuvq!dbo!cf!sfbdife!bu!bmm!ujnft!xijmf!uif!ejtqmbz!sfnbjot!gvmmz! pqfsbujpobm/!! Opuf;!B!qbtt!dpef!nbz!cf!sfrvjsfe!up!foufs!TFUVQ/!Xjuipvu!uijt!qbtt!dpef!bddftt! up!tfuvq!jt!efojfe/!bmm!ejhjubm!ejtqmbz!jt!qsf.dbmjcsbufe!gspn!uif!gbdupsz!qfs!npefm! tfmfdufe!op!beejujpobm!dbmjcsbujpo!jt!sfrvjsfe/!dpoubdu!uif!gbdupsz!gps!dbmjcsbujpo! efubjmt!jg!sfrvjsfe/! Up!foufs!TFUVQ.mfwfm;! Qsftt! gps!8!tfdpoet!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Qbhf!:!pg!39!

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30 Opuf;!bmufsbujpot!xjmm!pomz!cf!tfu!bgufs!FOUFS!ibt!cffo!qsfttfe"!Puifsxjtf!uif!gpsnfs! wbmvf!xjmm!cf!sfjotubufe/! Up!sfuvso!up!PQFSBUPS.mfwfm;!!!Qsftt gps!4!tfdpoet Jo!psefs!up!sfuvso!up!uif!pqfsbups!mfwfm-!QSPH!xjmm!ibwf!up!cf!qsfttfe!gps!4!tfdpoet/! Bmtp-!xifo!op!lfzt!bsf!qsfttfe!gps!3!njovuft-!TFUVQ!xjmm!cf!mfgu!bvupnbujdbmmz/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Qbhf!23!pg!39

31 TFUVQ!GVODUJPOT!BOE!WBSJBCMFT! 2! UPUBM! 22! VOJU! M!!n4!!lh!!mc!!HBM!!VTHBM!!ccm!!op!vojut!! 23! EFDJNBMT! 1!!2!!3!!4!)Sfg;!ejtqmbzfe!wbmvf*!! 24! TQBO! 1/ !:-:::-:::!voju!0!tfdpoe! 25! EFDJNBMT! 1!!7! TQBO! 3! GMPXSBUF 32! VOJU! nm!!m!!n4!!nh!!h!!lh!!upo!!hbm!!ccm!!mc!!dg! SFW.!op!voju!!tdg!!On4!!OM!!Q! 33! UJNF!VOJU! tfd!!njo!!ipvs!!ebz! 34! EFDJNBMT! 1!!2!!3!!4!)Sfg;!ejtqmbzfe!wbmvf*! 35! TQBO! 1/ !:-:::-:::!voju!0!ujnf!voju! 36! EFDJNBMT! 1!!7! TQBO! 4! EJTQMBZ! 42! GVODUJPO! upubm.gmpxsbuf! 43! CBDLMJHIU! pgg!!hsffo!!bncfs! )pqujpobm*! 44! CM! 2.6! CSJHIUOFTT! 5! QPXFS!NBOBHFNFOU! 52! MDE!VQEBUF! gbtu!!2!tfd!!4!tfd!!26!tfd!!41!tfd!!pgg! 53! CBUUFSZ! pqfsbujpobm.tifmg! NPEF! 6! GMPXNFUFS! 62! GPSNVMB! joufsqpmbujpo-!trvbsf!sppu! 63! GJMUFS! 11!!::! 64! DVU.PGG! 1/1!!::/:& 65! DBMJCSBUF!MP! efgbvmu!!dbmjcsbuf!!dbmjcsbuf!tfu!!! 66! DBMJCSBUF!IJ! efgbvmu!!dbmjcsbuf!!dbmjcsbuf!tfu!!! 7! QVMTF!PVUQVU! 72! QVMTF!XJEUI! 1/112!!:/:::!tfd! 73! EFDJNBMT! 1!!2!!3!!4! 74! JNQVMTF!QFS! Y!!rvboujuz! 8! PUIFST! 82! UZQF!0!NPEFM! O0B! 83! TPGUXBSF! O0B! 84! TFSJBM!OP/! O0B! 85! QBTT!DPEF! 1111!!::::! 86! UBH!OVNCFS! !!:::::::!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Qbhf!24!pg!39

32 NFBTVSFNFOU! VOJU!!22!! 2!!UPUBM! TFUVQ.!22!Efufsnjoft!uif!nfbtvsfnfou!voju!gps!upubm-!bddvnvmbufe! upubm!boe!qvmtf!pvuqvu/!uif!gpmmpxjoh!vojut!dbo!cf!tfmfdufe;! M!!n4!!lh!!mc!!HBM!!VTHBM!!ccm!!op!vojut! EFDJNBMT! 23! Bmufsbujpo!pg!uif!nfbtvsfnfou!voju!xjmm!ibwf!dpotfrvfodft!gps!pqfsbups! boe!tfuvq.mfwfm!wbmvft/!qmfbtf!opuf!uibu!uif!tqbo!ibt!up!cf!bebqufe! bt!xfmm<!uif!dbmdvmbujpo!jt!opu!epof!bvupnbujdbmmz/! Uif!efdjnbm!qpjou!efufsnjoft!gps!upubm!boe!bddvnvmbufe!upubm!uif! ovncfs!pg!ejhjut!gpmmpxjoh!uif!efdjnbm!qpjou/!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbo!cf! tfmfdufe;! !!222222/2!!33333/33!!4444/444! TQBO 24! Xjui!uif!tqbo-!uif!gmpxnfufs!tjhobm!jt!dpowfsufe!up!b!rvboujuz/!Uif!tqbo! gps!upubm!jt!efufsnjofe!po!uif!cbtjt!pg!uif!nfbtvsfnfou!voju!)tfuujoh! 22*!boe!uif!gmpxsbuf!qfs!tfdpoe!bu!31nB/!Foufs!uif!tqbo!jo!xipmf! ovncfst!)efdjnbmt!bsf!tfu!xjui!tfuvq!25*/!uif!npsf!bddvsbuf!uif! tqbo-!uif!npsf!bddvsbuf!uif!gvodujpojoh!pg!uif!tztufn!xjmm!cf;! Fybnqmf!2!!!!!Dbmdvmbujoh!uif!Tqbo/! Mfu!vt!bttvnf!uibu!uif!gmpxnfufs!hfofsbuft!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!31nB!bu!b!sbuf!pg!763/42!VTHBM!qfs!ipvs-!uif!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Tfmfdufe!voju!jt!cbssfmt/!Uifsf!bsf!53!hbmmpot!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Jo!pof!cbssfm<!tp!uif!sbuf!jt!763/42053!jt!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!26/6422:!cbssfmt0ipvs/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Uijt!jt!1/ !cbssfmt0tfdpoe-!xijdi!jt!uif!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Tqbo/!Foufs!gps!TFUVQ.24;! !boe!gps!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!TFUVQ.25! 7 /!! Fybnqmf!3!!!!!Dbmdvmbujoh!uif!Tqbo/! Mfu!vt!bttvnf!uibu!uif!gmpxnfufs!hfofsbuft!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!31nB!bu!b!gmpxsbuf!pg!3-592/4!Mjufst0njovuf!boe!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Uif!tfmfdufe!voju!jt! dvcjd!nfufs0n4 /!Uif!sbuf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!qfs!tfdpoe!jt!3-592/7 71!jt!52/466!M0tfd/!Uijt!jt!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1/152466!n40tfd/-!xijdi!jt!uif!tqbo/!Foufs!gps!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!TFUVQ.!24;! !boe!gps!TFUVQ.25.efdjnbmt!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!tqbo! 7 /! EFDJNBMT! TQBO 25! Uijt!tfuujoh!efufsnjoft!uif!ovncfs!pg!efdjnbmt!gps!uif!Tqbo/! )TFUVQ!24*/!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbo!cf!tfmfdufe;! 1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7! Qmfbtf!opuf!uibu!uijt!gvodujpo!jogmvfodft!uif!bddvsbdz!pg!uif! Tqbo!joejsfdumz/!!Uijt!tfuujoh!ibt!OP!jogmvfodf!po!uif!ejtqmbzfe!! ovncfs!pg!ejhjut!gps!upubm!)tfuvq!23*"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Qbhf!25!pg!39

33 3!!GMPXSBUF! Uif!tfuujoht!gps!upubm!boe!gmpxsbuf!bsf!foujsfmz!tfqbsbuf/!Jo!uijt!xbz-!ejggfsfou!vojut!pg! nfbtvsfnfou!dbo!cf!vtfe!fbdi!f/h/!dvcjd!nfufst!gps!upubm!boe!mjufst!gps!gmpxsbuf/!! Uif!ejtqmbz!vqebuf!ujnf!gps!gmpxsbuf!jt!pof!tfdpoe!ps!npsf/ NFBTVSFNFOU! TFUVQ.!32!efufsnjoft!uif!nfbtvsfnfou!voju!gps!gmpxsbuf/! VOJU!32! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!vojut!dbo!cf!tfmfdufe;! nm!!m!!n4!!nh!!h!!lh!!upo!!hbm!!ccm!!mc!!dg!!sfw.!op!voju! tdg!!on4!!om!!q! Bmufsbujpo!pg!uif!nfbtvsfnfou!voju!xjmm!ibwf!dpotfrvfodft!gps!pqfsbups! boe!tfuvq.mfwfm!wbmvft/!qmfbtf!opuf!uibu!uif!tqbo!ibt!up!cf!bebqufe! bt!xfmm<!uif!dbmdvmbujpo!jt!opu!epof!bvupnbujdbmmz/! UJNF!VOJU! Uif!gmpxsbuf!dbo!cf!dbmdvmbufe!qfs!tfdpoe!)TFD*-!njovuf!)NJO*-!ipvs! 33! )IS*!ps!ebz!)EBZ*/! EFDJNBMT! Uif!efdjnbm!qpjou!efufsnjoft!gps!upubm!boe!bddvnvmbufe!upubm!uif! 34! ovncfs!pg!ejhjut!gpmmpxjoh!uif!efdjnbm!qpjou/!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbo!cf! tfmfdufe;! !!222222/2!!33333/33!!4444/444! TQBO 35! Xjui!uif!tqbo-!uif!gmpxnfufs!tjhobm!jt!dpowfsufe!up!b!rvboujuz/!Uif!tqbo! gps!gmpxsbufm!jt!efufsnjofe!po!uif!cbtjt!pg!uif!tfmfdufe!nfbtvsfnfou! voju!boe!ujnf!voju!bu!31nb/!!foufs!uif!tqbo!jo!xipmf!ovncfst!)efdjnbmt! bsf!tfu!xjui!tfuvq!36*/!uif!npsf!bddvsbuf!uif!tqbo-!uif!npsf! bddvsbuf!uif!gvodujpojoh!pg!uif!tztufn!xjmm!cf;! Fybnqmf!2!!!!!Dbmdvmbujoh!uif!tqbo!gps!gmpxsbuf/! Mfu!vt!bttvnf!uibu!uif!gmpxnfufs!hfofsbuft!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!31nB!bu!b!gmpxsbuf!pg!3-592/4!Mjufst0njovuf-!uif!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!tfmfdufe!voju!jt! Mjufst!boe!ujnf!voju! njovuf /!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Uif!tqbo!jt!3592/4/!foufs!gps!TFUVQ.!35;! 3592/4!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Boe!gps!TFUVQ.!36!!efdjnbmt!tqbo! 3 /!! EFDJNBMT! TQBO 36! Fybnqmf!3!!!!!Dbmdvmbujoh!uif!tqbo!gps!gmpxsbuf/! Mfu!vt!bttvnf!uibu!uif!gmpxnfufs!hfofsbuft!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!31nB!bu!b!gmpxsbuf!pg!763/42!VTHBM!qfs!ipvs-!uif!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Tfmfdufe!voju!jt!VTH!boe!uif!ujnf!voju!jt!njovuf/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Uif!tqbo!jt!763/42071!njovuft!jt!21/98294!)HQN*/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Foufs!gps!TFUVQ.!35;! !boe!gps!TFUVQ.36! 5 /! Uijt!tfuujoh!efufsnjoft!uif!ovncfs!pg!efdjnbmt!gps!uif!Tqbo/! )TFUVQ!35*/!Uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbo!cf!tfmfdufe;! 1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7! Qmfbtf!opuf!uibu!uijt!gvodujpo!jogmvfodft!uif!bddvsbdz!pg!uif! Tqbo!joejsfdumz/!!Uijt!tfuujoh!ibt!OP!jogmvfodf!po!uif!ejtqmbzfe!! ovncfs!pg!ejhjut!gps!upubm!)tfuvq!34*"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Qbhf!26!pg!39