Automotive Lighting and Human Vision

Transcription

1 Automotive Lighting and Human Vision Bearbeitet von Burkard Wördenweber, Jörg Wallaschek, Peter Boyce, Donald D. Hoffman 1. Auflage Buch. xviii, 410 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 801 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Technik > Elektronik > Mikrowellentechnik Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents 1 Introduction How Vision Constructs Reality Visual construction Constructing shape and depth Constructing shading and colour Constructing objects and their parts Limits of attention General principles Models of visual perception Signal detection theory Vision as bayesian inference Vision, evolution, and user interface Visual structure and capabilities The physiology of vision Continuous adjustments of the visual system Visual capabilities Conclusions Automotive Lighting - State of the Art Headlamps Installation and function Optical concepts Design aspects of headlamps Quality in development and production Day and night appearance Advanced front lighting Night vision systems Rear and signal lights Installation and functions Design concepts Optical concepts Styling freedom Adaptive signal lights Interior lighting Installation and function Filling space with light and colour Special light sources...197

3 VIII Contents and Index of External Spotlights Control systems Ever-changing technologies for luminaires Man made light sources Electronics for lighting Materials for lighting Updating standards Fundamental Problems with Automotive Lighting Mesopic vision Mesopic vision The problem Performance in mesopic vision Implications for practice Mesopic vision Conclusion Glare The forms of glare The quantification of glare Performance in the presence of glare Recovery from glare Behaviour in glare Glare in practice Xenon and halogen headlights Conclusion Automotive Lighting and Mechatronics Introduction Limitations of passive lighting systems Technology push Solving conflicts with active systems The promises of active lighting systems Automotive lighting systems from the perspective of mechatronics Systems, energy, mass and information flows System structure of classical headlamp systems Mechatronic systems Basic system structures for automotive lighting Simplify your life - Improving passive lighting by adding just a little touch of mechatronics Switching the lights on and off automatically Headlamp levelling Dynamic bending Interior light control Lighting bus and wiring...340

4 Contents and Index of External Spotlights IX 5.4 Active lighting Sensors and sensor systems for active lighting Actuators for active lighting Functional structures and functions of active lighting systems Active signal lights Adding additional channels of perception Active lighting or additional displays? The principle of immediacy Lighting future Rating of lighting systems Recommendations References...395

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6 Contents and Index of External Spotlights XI Index of Spotlights Index of Examples We have used spotlights to illustrate the validity of the points made in this book. Many of the spotlights have been contributed by authors with different areas of expertise in various industries or institutes. We are grateful to the authors and appreciate their cooperation and the diversity of views they represent. You will recognise spotlights in the text by their special formatting. A list of the external authors of spotlights is provided at the end of the index. Structure from motion...13 Colour from motion...20 Why do I sometimes see flickering rear lights?...27 Change blindness...31 Information take-rate...46 The closed loop: Driver Car...58 Glance and the perceived present...64 Glance behaviour during driving...66 Conspicuity: Visible and different...69 Road lighting and headlights...74 Contour lighting...79 Braking is hard to do...87 Optical and kinaesthetic feedback...92 Automotive projector modules The emergence of the LED headlamp...110

7 XII Contents and Index of External Spotlights Are my headlamps any good? CAE in exterior lighting Fogging and de-fogging of headlamps and tail lamps? Nanotechnology anti-fog coatings in automotive lighting and sensor applications Design appearance of headlamps Advanced front lighting Concept overview Automotive night vision systems Light guides for automotive application Ultra-thin LED lamps offering new design freedom Entropy strikes The bulb can make a difference LED control Exterior lighting Lenses and reflectors history Thermoset The plastic that keeps its shape Reflective coatings - Mirror surfaces in luminaires Projection lenses for headlamps Advanced front lighting reaching approval Impact behaviour of automotive headlamp Guidelines for visibility and mounting requirements (SAE) The origins of glare Luminance as criterion to evaluate disability and discomfort glare...281

8 Contents and Index of External Spotlights XIII Don t kill the jogger Reducing the stress of driving Headlights aren t nearly as good as they used to be ways of dealing with glare Local lighting habits Lighting without glare Compensating for a heavy load, sharp braking or accelerating, by headlamp-levelling systems Dynamic lighting Interior lighting Not just a bright car interior Bi-Xenon: Actuators and mechanisms competing for their role in front-lighting Vehicle surroundings - Sensing technologies for active lighting Quality of automotive headlamp beam patterns Emergency vehicle lighting Virtual reality tools for headlamp design Humanocentric design of driver assistance systems A day in the life...389

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10 External Spotlights Author Affiliation Spotlight Heiner Bubb TU München The closed loop: Driver Car Heiner Bubb TU München Glance and the perceived present Heiner Bubb TU München Glance behaviour during driving Heiner Bubb TU München Optical and kinaesthetic feedback Marek Olivik Visteon Automotive projector modules Mitch Sayers Visteon The emergence of the LED headlamp Martin Formanek Visteon CAE in exterior lighting Florian Haake Genthe Nanotechnology anti-fog coatings in automotive lighting and sensor applications Milan Cejnek, Martin Kocian Jasmin von Göler, Jörg Moisel Vladimir Kubena, Jan Martoch Visteon Advanced front lighting Concept overview DaimlerChrysler Visteon Cornelius Neumann Hella Fritz Lorek Automotive night vision systems Light guides for automotive application Ultra-thin LED lamps offering new design freedom Freelance journalist The bulb can make a difference Viren Merchant Visteon LED control Svatopluk Bajer Visteon Exterior lighting Lenses and reflectors history

11 XVI External Spotlights Author Affiliation Spotlight Andreas Alers Alers Technology Thermoset The plastic that keeps its shape Stefan Trippe Visteon Reflective coatings Mirror surfaces in luminaires Steffen Holtz Docter Optics Projection lenses for headlamps Rainer Neumann Visteon Advanced front lighting reaching approval Vladimir Dobrus Visteon Impact behaviour of automotive headlamp Ingo Schneider Visteon Guidelines for visibility and mounting requirements (SAE) Sabine Raphael University of Paderborn / L-LAB Luminance as criterion to evaluate disability and discomfort glare Patrick Kuhl BMW Compensating for a heavy load, sharp braking or accelerating, by headlamplevelling systems Markus Klein Visteon Dynamic lighting Steffen Pietzonka Hella Interior lighting Not just a bright car interior Jacek Roslak Hella Vehicle surroundingssensing technologies for active lighting Stephan Völker Jan Berssenbrügge University of Paderborn / L-LAB University of Paderborn / L-LAB Quality of automotive headlamp beam patterns Virtual reality tools for headlamp design Jürgen Locher Hella / L-LAB Humanocentric design of driver assistance systems