Menjalniki Gear boxes. Prof. dr. Jernej Klemenc
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1 Menjalniki Gear boxes Prof. dr. Jernej Klemenc
2 Ročni predležni menjalnik / Manual gerbox with a layshaft Prestave / Gears: 5. (direktna / direct) R Vhodna gred / Input shaft Izhodna gred / Output shaft Predležna gred / Countershaft (Layshaft) Sklopi za sinhronizacijo vrtenja / Syncroniser components Prestavna shema / Shifting scheme: R 2
3 Ročni predležni menjalnik sinhron / Manual gerbox with a layshaft synchroniser 3
4 Ročni predležni menjalnik sinhron / Manual gerbox with a layshaft synchroniser 4
5 Ročni menjalnik s pomičnim trnom / Sequential gearbox with a selector pin 5
6 Avtomatski menjalnik / Automatic transmission gearbox Triosno planetno gonilo tipa 1AI: Three-axis planetary gear with an 1AI arrangement: Planetni zobnik / Planetary gear 1 Sončni zobnik / Sun gear Planetna os / Planetary axis 2 Gred zobniškega venca / Shaft of a gear wheel with internal teeth P Planetna gred / Planetary shaft 6
7 Avtomatski menjalnik / Automatic transmission gearbox Možne prestave za avtomatski menjalnik: 1. prestava (gred 2 je blokirana, gred 1 je poganjana); 2. prestava (gred 1 je blokirana, gred 2 je poganjana); 3. prestava (vse tri gredi so povezane, gred 1 je poganjana); R prestava (gred P je blokirana, gred 1 je poganjana). Possible gear ratios for automatic transmission: 1 st gear (shaft 2 is fixed, shaft 1 is a drive shaft); 2 nd gear (shaft 1 is fixed, shaft 2 is a drive shaft); 3 rd gear (all the three shafts are fixed together, shaft 1 is a drive shaft); R gear (shaft P is fixed, shaft 1 is a drive shaft). 7
8 Avtomatski menjalnik / Automatic transmission gearbox Štiriosno planetno gonilo Ravigneaux: Four-axis planetary gear Ravigneaux: 8
9 Avtomatski menjalnik / Automatic transmission gearbox Štiriosno planetno gonilo Simpson: Four-axis planetary gear Simpson: Predvsem starejši This planetary gear was a avtomatski menjalniki na basic transmission gear for ameriškem trgu so temeljili older automatic gearboxes na planetnem gonilu tega mainly in USA. tipa. 9
10 Hidravlični menjalnik / Automatic transmission gearbox Zgradba hidravličnega menjalnika: A torque-converter assembly: 10
11 Hidravlični menjalnik / Torque converter Hidravlični menjalnik v menjalniškem načinu delovanja (ω V =0): Torque converter in a fixedstator operation mode (ω V =0): Tok olja / Fluid flow V=0 M V =3 M T /M Č =1 Č M Č T M T 0 1 T/ Č 11
12 Hidravlični menjalnik / Torque converter Hidravlični menjalnik v sklopčne načinu delovanja (ω V >0): Torque converter in a loosestator operation mode (ω V >0): Tok olja / Fluid flow V>0 M V =0 =1 Č T M Č M T =1 M T /M Č 0 1 T/ Č 12
13 Hidravlični menjalnik / Torque converter Dejanska karakteristika hidravličnega menjalnika, uporabljenega v avtomatskih menjalnikih: Actual characteristics of the torque converter as applied in automatic transmission gearboxes: =PT/PČ 13
14 Avtomatski menjalnik zgradba / Automatic gearbox assembly 14
15 Avtomatski menjalnik nevtralna prestava / Automatic gearbox neutral gear 15
16 Avtomatski menjalnik 1. prestava / Automatic gearbox 1 st gear 16
17 Avtomatski menjalnik 2. prestava / Automatic gearbox 2 nd gear 17
18 Avtomatski menjalnik 3. prestava / Automatic gearbox 3 rd gear 18
19 Avtomatski menjalnik moderna izvedba / Automatic gearbox modern variant 19
20 Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem / Continuously Variable Transmission CVT Uporaba gonil z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem (CVT) v avtomobilski industriji v zadnjih letih kontinuirano narašča. Po pričakovanjih bo delež CVT gonil v naslednjem desetletju dosegel 25% vseh avtomatskih gonil. Application of continuously variable transmissions (CVT) in the automotive industry is increasing in the past few years. It is expected that a share of the CVT drives will be 25% in the next 10 years. Pričakovani razvoj trga avtomatskih menjalnikov / Expected market development of automatic transmissions [Pennings] 20
21 Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem / Continuously Variable Transmission CVT Osrednji strojni element CVT gonila je bodisi jermenski variator bodisi toroidno torno gonilo. CVT gonilo omogoča brezstopenjsko izbiro prestavnih razmerij od redukcijskih do multiplikacijskih vrednosti prestave. Pri jermenskem variatorju se navor in moč prenašata s primarne na sekundarno jermenico s pomočjo trenja med jermenicami in členkastim kovinskim jermenom. The main component of the CVT drive is either a belt variator or a toroidal friction drive. The CVT drive enables level-less selection of gear ratios from reduction gear ratios to the multiplication gear ratios. The belt variator transmitts power and torque from the primary to the secondary pulley with a help of friction between the pulleys and the segmented steel belt. 21
22 Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem / Continuously Variable Transmission CVT Brezstopenjsko prestavljanje se izvede s spreminjanjem aksialnih sil na pomičnih jermenicah, kar rezultira v spremembi dotikalnega polmera jermena. Jermenski element je obremenjen z nateznimi in upogibnimi obremenitvami. Level-less gear ratio change is carried out by modifying the axial forces on the two pulleys, which changes a negotiating radius of the belt. The belt guiding element is loaded with tensile and bending loads. Princip delovanja jermenskega variatorja / Principle of operation of the belt variator [Pennings] Obremenitev jermenskega elementa / Loading conditions of belt segments [Pennings] 22
23 Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem / Continuously Variable Transmission CVT Van Doorne-ovsegmentni jekleni jermen / Van Doorne s segmented steel belt: Vir / Source: Jeklena veriga s prečnimi tornimi sorniki / Steel chain with lateral friction pins: Vir / Source : 23
24 Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem / Continuously Variable Transmission CVT Brezstopenjsko prestavljanje v toroidnih tornih gonilih se izvede z nagibom tornega kolesa, ki se nahaja med pogonskim in odgonskim toroidnim tornim kolesom. Level-less gear ratio change is carried out with an inclination of the middle friction wheel that is mounted between the input and output toroid friction wheel. Power roller Output disk Power roller Input disk Input disk Output disk Toroidni variator s polno votlino / Toroid variator vith a full toroid [Pennings] Toroidni variator s pol-votlino / Toroid variator vith a halftoroid [Pennings] 24
25 Menjalniki z zvezno nastavljivim prestavnim razmerjem / Continuously Variable Transmission CVT Toroidno CVT gonilo z dvojnim vmesnim kolesom: Znotraj toroidne votline je postavljen par nasprotivrtečih se koničnih tornih koles. Na ta način se minimizira izgube zaradi nasprotne rotacije v širokem področju prestavnih razmerij in zmanjšajo aksialne sile na ležaje pri vmesnih kolesih. Toroid CVT drive with a pair of the mid wheels: Inside a toroid space a pair of counter-rotating conical friction wheels is mounted. In this manner the losses due to a counter-rotation of the main toroids are reduced in a large domain of gear ratios. Besides, the axial bearing forces of the mid wheels are reduced. CVT gonilo z dvojnim vmesnim tornim kolesom / CVT drive with a pair of mid friction wheels [Walker et al.] 25
26 Kontrola prestavljanja pri jermenskem CVT gonilu / Gear-shifting control for CVT drive Pri CVT gonilu z jeklenim jermenom za kontrolo prestavnega razmerja uporabljamo direktni pritisk na jermenico. Kontrolni mehanizem je navadno izveden s koračnim električnim motorjem in servo ojačevalcem. The axial force acting on the pulley is applied to control the gear ratio of a CVT drive with the steel belt. A controlling mechanism is usually composed of a stepper electric motor and a servo amplifier. Jermensko CVT gonilo / Belt CVT drive [Seiichiro et al.] Koračni motor s servo ojačevalcem / A steper motor with a servo amplifier [Seiichiro et al.] 26
27 Reverzibilna Variabilna Transmisija / Reversible variable transmission RVT RVT transmisija je nov tip transmisije, ki omogoča kontinuirano obratovanje motorja z notranjim zgorevanjem na krivulji minimalne porabe tako, da eliminira nepotrebne potrošnike energije v transmisiji (torne sklopke, sinhroni, hidravlični menjalnik itn.). RVT gonilo je oblikovano tako, da hkrati minimizira t.i. rotacijski zdrs (ang. drill-slip) tornih koles, kar poveča učinkovitost prenosa in zmanjša izgube pri prenosu. RVT transmission is a new type of transmission, which enables continuous function of the ICE within the maximum fuel efficiency domain in such a manner that the un-necessary transmission losses are avoided (friction clutch(es), synchronisers, hydraulic transmissions etc.) RVT drive minimises the drill-slip of the friction wheels and maximises the transmission efficiency at the same time. 27
28 Reverzibilna Variabilna Transmisija / Reversible variable transmission RVT RVT gonilo je dvojno torno planetno gonilo. RVT drive is a double friction planetary drive. Nevtralna prestava RVT gonila / Neutral gear of the RVT drive [De Maziere] Prestavljanje je brezstopenjsko tudi med spremembo smeri vrtenja. Prestavna razmerja variirajo med 2.4 (prestava navora 0.417) v smeri naprej in 0.26 (prestava navora 3.846) v smeri nazaj. Rotacijski zdrs med tornimi kolesi se pojavi le med spremembo prestave. Level-less gear change is possible even when the rotation direction changes. Gear ratios are between 2.4 (torque ratio of 0.417) in the forward direction and 0.26 (torque ration 3.846) in the reverse direction. The drill-slip between the friction wheels occurs only during gear-ratio change. 28
29 Reverzibilna Variabilna Transmisija / Reversible variable transmission RVT Najvišja prestava v smeri naprej / The highest gear ratio in the forward direction [De Maziere] Najvišja prestava v smeri nazaj / The highest gear ratio in the reverse direction [De Maziere] 29
30 Avtomatski brezstopenjski menjalnik FENDT vario / Automatic CVT drive FENDT vario 30
31 Avtomatski brezstopenjski menjalnik FENDT vario / Automatic CVT drive FENDT vario 1 1 M t,1 =pogon / input 3 <>0 M t,1 =pogon / input 3 <>0 Motor z notranjim zgorevanjem / ICE 0 Vklop počasne/hitre prestave / Selection of a slow/fast gear M t,2 =odgon / output Motor z notranjim zgorevanjem / ICE <>0 Vklop počasne/hitre prestave / Selection of a slow/fast gear <>0 M t,2 =odgon / output Transport (100% mehanski prenos) / Transport (100% mechanical transmission) Pluženje(75% hidravlični prenos) / Plowing (75% hydraulic transmission) [Vir / Source: Honzek R., AGCO-Fendt ] 31
32 Seznam literature / List of references Motorno vozilo. Ljubljana: Tehniška založba Slovenije, Spletna stran podjetja FENDT / FENDT company web site: _fendtvario-getriebe.asp(zadnji obisk / last visit: ) HonzekR.: Firmenpräsentation: Stufenlose Getriebe und MotormanagementNeues stufenloses leistungsverzweigtes Traktorgetriebe. Marktoberdorf: AGCO-Fendt. Pennings, B. Recent material developments for further optimisation of the pushbelt CVT. FISITA Conference 2014: F2014-TMH-003 Walker, P., Durack, J., Durack, M. Laboratorytestingof newform of toroidal CVT. FISITA Conference 2014: F2014-TMH-025 Seiichiro, T., Hiroyasu, T., Hideaki, S., Masahiro, Y., Tetsuya, I. Applicationof slidingmode controlto a CVT ratiocontrolsystem. FISITA Conference 2014: F2014-TMH-043 De Mazière, F. Reversible variable transmission new transmission systemforoptimumfuelefficiencyandsharpdynamics. FISITA Conference 2014: F2014-TMH
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