Electronic STEM Kit. 15 Projects-in-1. Documentation

Transcription

1 Electronic STEM Kit 15 Projects-in-1 Documentation

2 Online Resource: INDEX

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4 About EdgeFX STEM Kit STEM Kits Basics Anatomy of a Block: Each Block has a defined function. Blocks are in different colors and have Block IDs and polarities on them so that you can easily identify and properly mount them on the base. Note: Some Blocks are integrated with other supporting components (ex. resistors) that are always needed with them, and so we call them units as in PSU (Power Supply connector Unit). This was done to simplify the connections you need to make to use them and also to protect the components from damage. Voltage, Current, Resistance The three main electrical quantities are Voltage, Current and Resistance. Voltage is like an overhead water tank filled with water. Water flowing in the pipe is the current and the pipe is the resistance. Thinner the pipe diameter lesser is the water flow and thicker is the pipe higher is the flow. The whole setup is similar to an electric circuit where top of the tank is positive and the ground is the negative where the current flows, like the water flowing to the ground. A battery or a power supply similarly has +ve and -ve. Page 1

5 Circuit Circuit diagrams, or schematics, are a way to represent a circuit using symbols for each component, with lines representing the connections between the components. Color-coded by function Blocks are grouped into four different categories, which are color-coded. WIRE (BLACK) WIRE: Wire Blocks connect to other systems and let you build circuits in new directions. INPUT (RED, BLUE) Input Blocks accept input from you (Red) or the environment (Blue) and send signals that affect the Blocks that follow. ACCESSORIES Accessories are mechanical components. Note: Occasionally Blocks and accessories get updated, so the features or appearance of your Blocks may differ from those used in this guide. Breadboard (Base) A breadboard is an insulated base plate with several conducting hole points and also electrically separated from each other and are used to try any solderless electronic circuit. The base has rows labeled A-J and columns labeled till 64. Breadboard has some numbers, letters, and plus and minus signs written on them. These labels help you locate certain holes on the breadboard so you can follow directions when building a circuit. Row numbers and column letters help you identify individual holes in the breadboard, just like cells in a spreadsheet. Page 2

6 fundamentals Page 3

7 Blocks Table Block Name Power Indicator Power Supply Connector Unit Resistor 330R Buzzer Block & Component Block ID PI PSU R2 L4 Block Function Power Power Wire Output Block Color Black Black Black Green Polarity Yes Yes No Yes Qty Description 1 A power indicator is a red LED that emits light when combined with a current limiting resistor in series connected to +ve and -ve in a circuit. It is used to indicate the presence of electricity in the circuit. This Block has polarity. Insert the (+) and (-) indicated on the Block in the (+) and (-) rows of the breadboard. 1 A PSU is a micro USB connector, that powers the breadboard by connecting to the USB charger. This Block has polarity. Insert the (+) and (-) indicated on the Block in the (+) and (-) rows of the breadboard. 1 Resistor as the name implies, resists the flow of electricity and are used to control or limit the electricity in a circuit. Increasing circuit resistance reduces the flow of electricity. 1 A buzzer is a sound generating device; it is a polarized device, which means, it has dedicated terminals for positive and negative connections. Buzzer Block has polarity. Insert the (+) and (-) indicated on the Block as per the physical diagram. Page 4

8 Jumper wires J Wire Red Black Blue No As per Requirement The red, black and blue jumper wires come in different lengths to make flexible connections on the breadboard, for times when using CN (connectors) would be difficult. They have rigid pin attached to both ends which are easy to push into the breadboard. They do not change the circuit in any way. Real world example: Extension cord. No CN1-2 CN3-4 CN4-1 A connector unlike jumper is a Block used to provide easy connection between two or more points in a circuit. They do not change the circuit in any way. CN4 Connector CN3 CN Wire Black CN1 Touch Point Breadboard Z1 Base Input - Blue - No - 1 A touch point is a metallic header with two vertical strips. It is used to sense human touch. While both the points are touched same time, it conducts like a wire for micro level electric current to flow in a circuit. 1 A breadboard is an insulated base plate with several conducting hole points and also electrically separated from each other and are used to try any solderless electronic circuit. The base has rows labeled A-J and columns labeled till 64. Breadboard has some numbers, letters, and plus and minus signs written on them. Page 5

9 Switches are essentially binary (meaning double function) devices: they are either completely on ( closed ) or completely off ( open ). S1 Push Button Switch Input Red No 1 A push button is a mechanical switch that allows electricity to flow between its two contacts when held pressed in. When the button is released, the circuit is broken. Real life example: Household electric switch. Diodes are like one-way valves that only let electricity flow in one direction. They are usually small cylinders marked with a band or stripe on one end (this is the direction electricity can flow toward). A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs have a positive side (called the anode) and a negative side (called the cathode). The cathode side also usually has a flat edge on the plastic part of the LED. It has a very low resistance so it cannot be directly connected to +ve and -ve but is always used in series with an additional external resistance. LED Blocks have polarity. Insert the (+) and (-) indicated on the Block as per the physical diagram. LU3 White LED 10mm Output Green Yes 1 White LED emits bright white light when powered. Transistors are like electronically controlled switches. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) generally have three pins c,b,e. With the printed side facing you the center leg is the base, the right leg is the emitter and the left leg is the collector. Transistor Blocks have polarity. Insert the transistor Block on the breadboard with the flat side and its writing facing against you. BC 547 NPN Transistor QU1 Wire Black BC547 Micro USB Charger Yes 2 When its base terminal is provided with some very little positive electricity, it connects c to e and while electricity to the base point is removed, it disconnects c to e. In this transistor but the direction of electric current flow is only from c to e and can never be from e to c. The charger converts the 230 volts of electricity in the socket to the 5 volts that EFX Electronic Learning Kits run on. Ex.Micro USB Phone charger, Power bank. Note: Not included with the kit. Page 6

10 Online Resource: Assembly Procedure and Troubleshooting Exciting Fact! The most exciting fact about the EdgeFX STEM Kits is that you can correlate the Physical diagram, Circuit diagram and the Actual project. Assembly Procedure 1. Identify and match the physical components and their polarity. 2. Place the Breadboard properly, so the rows A to J marked on the breadboard are from top to bottom and the numbers 1 to 64 are from left to right. 3. Follow the physical diagram for the circuit, connecting one component at a time starting with smaller to bigger height components, and lastly the wire jumper. 4. Jumpers color makes no difference to the functioning of the circuit. Black, Red Jumpers are used to indicate polarity in circuits, whereas Blue color jumpers act as plain connectors and is the right way to build circuits. 5. Disconnect the power while working on the project, Always connect the batteries or power supply to your circuit last. 6. Power on the kit to watch that the red power LED glow. If not remove the power immediately and check for either wrong connections or loose contact. 7. You may remove the adhesive sticker from bottom of the breadboard to fix it on any larger surface for ease of handling and also it does not move while mounting the components. Basic Troubleshooting Getting row numbers wrong: It can be difficult to spot such a tiny error! However, it only takes one misplaced wire or component lead to stop a circuit from working completely. This is why you should always carefully check and double-check your wiring before you test a circuit. If your circuit is not working, carefully double-check all your connections and make sure to count the row numbers. Most of the circuit problems are owing to incorrect connections. So always double-check that the circuit assembled exactly matches the diagram for it. Page 7

11 Not pushing the leads in all the way can result in loose connections that lead to strange circuit behavior, like an LED flickering on and off. Make sure that all connections are fully pressed to the holes. Putting components in backwards: For some electronic components, direction matters. Some components have polarity, meaning they have a positive side and a negative side that must be connected correctly. Other components have multiple pins that all serve different functions. Putting these components into your circuit backwards or facing the wrong way will prevent your circuit from functioning properly. If your circuit is not working and it involves any of these components, check to make sure they are inserted the right way. Motor operation: If the motor spins but is not stable, check if the fan blade is properly fixed onto the motor shaft. Be sure that fan blade is at the top of the shaft facing the ceiling. Short circuits: Short circuits occur when "accidental" connections are made on a breadboard between two components that are not supposed to be connected. Make sure the components leads are not touching each other. Never change connections when powered: By far, the easiest way to damage a circuit is to change a connection while the circuit is powered. Warning: SHOCK HAZARD: Power the Blocks only through the USB mobile charger and in no other way. Always verify your connections before connecting the power to a circuit. Never leave a circuit unattended while the power supply is connected. CHOKING HAZARD: Tiny and pointed parts. Children under 3 years to stay away. MOVING PARTS: Do not try to stop the motor or fan during operation. ADULT SUPERVISION: This product is meant for use by adults and children who have gained sufficient proficiency to read and follow directions and warnings. Never try to modify the kit components, as doing so, may compromise safety features in them, and could put the child at risk of minor injury. Note: If any parts are missing or damaged, us at: info@edgefxkits.com. 105, Liberty Plaza, Himayatnagar, Hyderabad , INDIA. Page 8

12 Project Documentation A Introduction B Build new project C Retain E Experiment D Activity F Create and Share Project 1 Aim: To demonstrate the concept of open and closed circuits. A PSU (Power Supply Connector Unit) Block and PI LED (Power Indicator) Block B New Project as per the physical diagram Description: In electronics when the current flows from the PSU(+) and reaches the PSU(-), through other components the path is completed and it is called a closed circuit. On the other hand if there is an interruption in the current flow between PSU(+) and PSU(-), the path is incomplete and so it is referred to as open circuit. In all the projects listed below, when the breadboard is powered by connecting the mobile charger pin to the PSU socket, the Path 1 becomes a closed circuit and the PI LED glows. Check for a loose contact if it does not glow. Page 9

13 Project 2 Aim: To demonstrate the Push Button Switch, Buzzer function and how electricity is used to generate sound. A Push Button Switch S1 Block and Buzzer L4 Block B New Project as per the physical diagram Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. When you press the Push Button Switch S1, electric current flows from the PSU(+), through the Push Button Switch (S1) and then through the Buzzer L4, to PSU(-), completing the Path 2 and forming a closed circuit. As soon as the current flows in the closed circuit, the Buzzer L4 starts emitting a sound. When the Push Button Switch S1 is released, the path is interrupted and therefore, the Buzzer L4 goes off. F1 Make a calling bell for yourself. Take a video of your creation. Mail it on info@edgefxkits.com and share it with friends and family. Page 10

14 Projects 3 & 4 Project 3 Aim: To demonstrate the LED function and how electricity is used to light up an LED. Replace Buzzer with LED LU3 (D30(+), F30(-)) L4 (E30(+), F30(-)) A LED LU3 C Retain Project 2 and Replace the Buzzer L4 with the LED LU3 Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. As soon as the current flows in the closed circuit Path 2, the LED LU3 glows. When the Push Button Switch S1 is released, the current stops flowing in the circuit and therefore, the LED LU3 goes off. F2 Brighten your doll-house with this creation. Take a video of your creation. Mail it on info@edgefxkits.com and share it with friends and family. Page 11

15 Project 4 Aim: To demonstrate how LED s like one-way valves let electricity flow only in one direction. Replace LED in reverse direction LU3 (D30(-), F30(+)) LU3 (D30(+), F30(-)) Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. Reverse the LED LU3 connection and see that the LED LU3 does not glow. LED LU3 is an electronic component that needs to be connected in one direction only. Placing the LED in backwards (meaning reverse direction) does not harm it because the small voltage of 5v only used, is not large enough to damage it. However had the voltage been above 30 volts it would have surely damaged the LED permanently. D1 Learn more about the Diodes and find out if there are any more. Page 12

16 Projects 5 & 6 Project 5 Aim: To demonstrate conductor and insulator of electricity. Replace Push button switch with Jumper J S1 (E12, E14) E12 E14 Place conductor to test A Jumper J C Retain Project 3 and Replace the Push Button Switch S1 with a Jumper J Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. As soon as the current flows in the closed circuit Path 2, across the Push Button Switch S1 and LED LU3, the LED glows. Now leave out the switch as shown in the circuit. When you place a Jumper J or metal paper clip across the terminals, it completes the circuit and the LED LU3 glows. In simple terms, a conductor allows for electric current to flow through it freely, while an insulator cannot. Metals such as copper are conductors, while most non-metallic solids like a piece of wood are good insulators. That is the reason why plastic is used to insulate copper wires, to eliminate possibilities of any electrical hazards when working with live wires. E1 Check and find out, if a material like paper is a good conductor or a poor conductor. D2 Place your fingers across the terminals and the see that the LED does not light. Your body has too high of a resistance to allow enough current to flow to light the LED. If the voltage, which is electrical pressure, was higher, current could be pushed through your fingers and the LED would light. Page 13

17 Project 6 Aim: To demonstrate the use of fuse to make electrical circuits safer. Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. A fuse is nothing more than a short length of low resistance metallic wire designed to melt and separate in the event of excessive current. Fuses are always connected in series with the component(s) to protect them from overcurrent, so that when the fuse blows (opens) it will open the entire circuit and stop current through the component(s) and prevent them from damage. In this project fuse is nothing but a Jumper J (E12, E14) for demo purpose. When the fuse is intact the Path 2 is completed and the LED LU3 emits light. But due to overcurrent if the fuse melts the circuit is an open path, the LED LU3 is put off. You can see this by removing the jumper from the circuit. D3 Fuses protect our homes and appliances. Ask your daddy dear to show you a real fuse. Page 14

18 Projects 7 & 8 Project 7 Aim: To demonstrate the function of a Resistor in series with a Buzzer. A Series Resistor (330R) R2 Block B New Project as per the physical diagram Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. Since the Resistor R2 is connected in series connection with the Buzzer L4 in Path 2, the Resistor restricts the current flow; some voltage across the Resistor drops. This causes a reduction in voltage across the Buzzer L4 and the intensity of the sound emitted by the Buzzer L4 decreases to a large extent. You will have a very low sound. D4 Compare the sound intensity of the Buzzer L4 with that of Project 2 to clearly understand the function of a Resistor. Page 15

19 Project 8 Aim: To demonstrate how a series Resistor is used to protect an LED. Replace Buzzer with LED LU3 (D30(+), F30(-)) L4 (E30(+), F30(-)) C Retain Project 7 and Replace the Buzzer L4 with LED LU3 Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. Since the Resistor R2 is connected in series connection with the LED LU3, the Resistor restricts the current flow, and some voltage across the Resistor drops. This causes a reduction in voltage across the LED LU3 and the intensity of the light emitted by the LED LU3 reduces. D5 Compare the brightness of the LED in Project 3 to clearly understand the effect of a Resistor on the output load, in this case LED LU3. Page 16

20 Project 9 Aim: To demonstrate how electric circuits can be build to turn on multiple loads at a time without affecting the performance of the other load. B New Project as per the physical diagram Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. The current in this circuit is bifurcated. PI LED glows in closed Path 1. Current flows through Buzzer L4 in closed Path 2 and the Buzzer L4 generates sound. Current flows through LED LU3 in closed Path 3 and the LED LU3 emits light. Both the parallel loads are independent of each other. If the Buzzer L4 fails or the path is open it does not have the effect on working of LED LU3 and vice-versa. E2 Remove one load and see it has any effect on the intensity of the other load. Page 17

21 Projects 10 & 11 Project 10 Aim: To demonstrate the use of electronically controlled switches like Transistors using Push Button Switch for Input and Buzzer for Output. B Build New Project as per the physical diagram A Transistor BC 547 QU1 Block Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. When you press the Push Button Switch S1, electric current flows from the PSU(+), through the Push Button Switch (S1) and then through the Base B of the Transistor QU1, to Emitter E of the Transistor QU1, to PSU(-), completing the Path 2 and forming a closed circuit. Path 3 is then completed, with the flow of current from PSU(+) through the Buzzer and QU1 to PSU(-). QU1 thus acts as an electronic switch and the buzzer sounds. When the Push Button Switch S1 is released, the current flow in Path 2 is interrupted, also interrupting Path 3, and the Buzzer L4 goes off. F3 Create a panic button for your grandmom. Take a video of your creation. Mail it on info@edgefxkits.com and share it with friends and family. Page 18

22 Project 11 Aim: To demonstrate how transistor as a switch can control an LED output. Replace Buzzer with LED LU3 (D30(-), F30(+)) L4 (E30(-), F30(+)) C Retain Project 10 and Replace the Buzzer L4 with the LED LU3 Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. As soon as Push Button Switch S1 is pressed, Path 2 and thus Path 3 are closed, and the LED glows. When the Push Button Switch S1 is released, the LED LU3 goes off. F4 Create a Ultra Bright LED Torch Light for your daddy dear. Take a video of your creation. Mail it on info@edgefxkits.com and share it with friends and family. Page 19

23 Projects 12 & 13 Project 12 Aim: Get creative with circuits, demonstration of Push Button Switch in reverse function with Buzzer for Output. B Build New Project as per the physical diagram Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. As long as you do not press the Push Button Switch S1, electric current flows from the PSU(+), through the Push Button Switch (S1) and then through the Base B of the Transistor QU1, to Emitter E of the Transistor QU1, to PSU(-), completing the Path 2 and forming a closed circuit. Path 3 is then completed, with the flow of current from PSU(+) through the Buzzer and QU1 to PSU(-). Transistor QU1 thus acts as an electronic switch and the buzzer sounds. But while the Push Button Switch S1 is pressed, the current flow in Path 2 is bypassed to ground PSU(-), not allowing any current to flow into the Base B of the Transistor thus switching it off, therefore interrupting Path 3, and the Buzzer L4 goes off. E3 Change the Buzzer into the reverse direction and see of it still works. State reasons for your conclusions. Page 20

24 Project 13 Aim: To try and see for your self if the switch is reverse function works for an LED output. Replace Buzzer with LED L4 (E30(-), F30(+)) LU3 (D30(-), F30(+)) C Retain Project 12 and Replace the Buzzer L4 with the LED LU3 Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. Replace the Buzzer L4 in Project 12 with an LED LU3. As soon as Push Button Switch S1 is pressed, the current through P2 is bypassed PSU(-), not allowing any current to flow into the Base B of the Transistor switching it off, therefore opening the Path 3, and the LED LU3 goes off. When the Push Button Switch S1 is released, the LED LU3 glows again. E4 Replace the Switch with a Conductor (Ex. Jumper) and see if the circuit still works. Page 21

25 Projects 14 & 15 Project 14 Aim: To demonstrate if human body is a good conductor of electricity using human touch as Input and Buzzer as Output. A Touch Point Block B Build New Project as per the physical diagram Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. When you hold the both Touch Points 1 & 2 with your index finger and thumb, the electric current flows from the PSU(+), through the Touch Point Z1 and then through the Base B of the Transistor QU1-B, to Emitter E of the Transistor QU1-B, again to the to Base B of the Transistor QU1-A, to Emitter E of the Transistor QU1-A to PSU(-), completing the Path 2 and forming a closed circuit. Path 3 is then completed, with the flow of current from Base B of the Transistor QU1-A, to Emitter E of the Transistor QU1-A to PSU(-), and the buzzer sounds. This demonstrates that human body is a good conductor of electricity. D6 Connect both the Touch Points with a paper or plastic and see if the buzzer sounds. Page 22

26 Project 15 Aim: To demonstrate the amplification of current via darlington Transistor with LED as Output. Replace Buzzer with LED L4 (E30(-), F30(+)) LU3 (D30(-), F30(+)) C Retain Project 14 and Replace the Buzzer L4 with the LED LU3 Description: PI LED glows in the closed Path 1. The circuit operation remains the same. When you hold the both Touch Points 1 & 2 with your index finger and thumb the LED LU3 emits light and vice versa. The Darlington Transistor named after its inventor, Sidney Darlington is a special arrangement of a pair of standard NPN or PNP bipolar junction Transistors (BJT) connected together. The Emitter E of one Transistor is connected to the base of the other to produce a more sensitive Transistor with a larger current gain, useful in applications where current amplification or switching is required. In this project current is made to pass through the finger by holding the Touch Points. Since human body provides a huge resistance, the current needs to be amplified such that the LED glows through the set of Darlington Transistors. D7 Find out if there is any difference in intensity of the LED output in Project 3 and in Project 15. Page 23

27 EMPOWERING STUDENTS TO INNOVATE Push Button Switch Power Indicator Manual Inputs Connectors Jumper wires Power Supply Unit Jumper Power Resistor Transistor White LED Buzzer Outputs Connectors & Wires Touch Point Environmental Inputs EdgeFX STEM Kit 30-in-1 75-in-1 Arduino Step-by-Step Robotics