JBIC-LPEM Workshop: Competitiveness in Indonesian Manufacturing: Issues and Prospects 3 November 2008, Shangri-La Hotel, Jakarta Indonesia Background tables for: Session 1: Trends in Indonesia s Manufacturing Activities and Export Competitiveness Eric D. Ramstetter and Sadayuki Takii Table 1: Manufacturing Employment, Value Added, and Related Indicators Table 2: Employment and Value Added in Large & Medium (L&M) Manufacturing Plants Table 3: Labor Costs in Manufacturing Plants by Size Group Table 4: Shares Indonesia's Export and Shares of World Exports by Commodity Group Table 5: Indonesia's Shares of Imports in Major Import Markets by Commodity Group Session II: Comparisons with Experiences and Policies in Other Asian Economies Eric D. Ramstetter and Sadayuki Takii Table 6: Shares of World Imports for Major Developing Asian Suppliers Table 7: Shares of EU 27 Imports for Major Developing Asian Suppliers Table 8: Shares of U.S. Imports for Major Developing Asian Suppliers Table 9: Shares of Japanese Imports for Major Developing Asian Suppliers Table 10: Shares of Chinese Imports for Major Developing Asian Suppliers Table 11: Selected Business Indicators from the World Bank
Table 1: Manufacturing Employment, Value Added, and Related Indicators Indicator 1991 2001 2006 2007 2008 EMPLOYMENT (millions, growth rates & unemployment rate in %) Labor force survey estimates 7.95 12.09 11.73 12.23 12.44 -average annual growth - 4.3-0.6 4.2 1.7 All manufacturing plants 7.76 10.49 11.91 - - -average annual growth - 3.1 2.6 - - Large-medium plants (20+) 2.99 4.38 4.73 - - -average annual growth - 3.9 1.5 - - Addendum: Unemployment rate - 8.1 10.4 9.4 8.5 VALUE ADDED (trillion current rupiah, growth rates in %) National accounts estimates 48 478 936 1,088 - -average annual growth, % - 25.9 14.4 16.2 - All manufacturing plants 34 293 569 - - -average annual growth, % - 24.1 14.2 - - Large-medium plants (20+) 30 267 507 - - -average annual growth, % - 24.4 13.7 - - Addendum: GDP inflation, mfg - 18.2 8.7 11.1 - VALUE ADDED/EMPLOYEE (million current rupiah, growth rates in %) National accounts estimates 6 40 80 89 - -average annual growth, % - 20.8 15.1 11.5 - All manufacturing plants 4 28 48 - - -average annual growth, % - 20.4 11.3 - - Large-medium plants (20+) 10 61 107 - - -average annual growth, % - 19.8 12.0 - - LABOR COSTS/EMPLOYEE (million current rupiah, growth rates in %) All manufacturing plants 0.93 5.70 8.28 - - -average annual growth, % - 19.9 7.8 - - Large-medium plants (20+) 2.08 12.02 17.58 -average annual growth, % - 19.2 7.9 - - LABOR COSTS/VALUE ADDED (=productivity-adjusted labor cost/employee, %) All manufacturing plants 21 20 17 - - Large-medium plants (20+) 21 20 16 - - Note: 2005-2007 labor force data are averages of 2 surveys (February and August or November [for 2005]); 2008 labor force data refer to February. Sources: ADB, Key Indicators, 2007 issue. BPS Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia, 1994, 2004, 2005/6, 2007 issues. IMF, International Financial Statistics, June 2005 CD-ROM World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2006 issue www.bps.go.id 1
Table 2: Employment and Value Added in Large & Medium (L&M) Manufacturing Plants Average L&M plant shares MNC shares of annual of all plants L&M plants Level growth, Share Change Share Change Indicator, industry 2006 2001-06 2006 2004-06 2005 2001-05 EMPLOYMENT (level in thousand workers, others indicators in %) Manufacturing 4,730 2 40 0 23 2 Food & beverages 739 5 22-4 12 1 Textiles 746 5 60 10 13-1 Apparel 534 1 61 3 32 8 Leather & footwear 228-4 67 2 48 1 Wood products 202-13 13-6 9 0 Rubber & plastics 407 4 91 2 20 3 Electric & electronic machinery 273 12 98-1 64 11 Motor vehicles 80 10 95 4 53 4 Other transport equipment 40-10 66-10 32 4 Other manufacturing 1,481 1 41-2 20-2 VALUE ADDED (level in trillion current rupiah, others indicators in %) Manufacturing 507 14 89-1 37 3 Food & beverages 77 17 82-2 28 9 Textiles 38 18 92 1 23 0 Apparel 16 12 74-2 37 8 Leather & footwear 10 6 84 0 55-2 Wood products 13-6 62-12 13-3 Rubber & plastics 33 27 99 0 30 3 Electric & electronic machinery 31 14 100 0 65 3 Motor vehicles 51 23 100 0 79-1 Other transport equipment 10 10 96-2 68 14 Other manufacturing 228 12 90-1 27-4 VALUE ADDED PER WORKER (level in million current rupiah, others indicators in %) Manufacturing 107 6 224-2 159 1 Food & beverages 105 3 372 45 223 58 Textiles 51 12 154-30 180 20 Apparel 30 9 121-11 114-2 Leather & footwear 42 4 125-3 113-7 Wood products 65 2 486 87 137-24 Rubber & plastics 82 17 109-3 149-7 Electric & electronic machinery 113 3 102 1 100-14 Motor vehicles 642 2 105-4 148-13 Other transport equipment 255 19 145 16 211 21 Other manufacturing 154 5 222 6 134-6 BPS Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia, 2004, 2005/6, 2007 issues. BPS Statistics, Raw data underlying Statistik Industri, 2001 and 2005 issues 2
Table 3: Labor Costs in Manufacturing Plants by Size Group Large & medium plants Small & household Growth/ Growth/ Growth/ Level change change Level change Indicator, industry 2006 2001-06 2004-06 2006 2004-06 LABOR COSTS PER WORKER (levels in million current rupiah, growth rates in %) Manufacturing 17.6 8 20 2.2 19 Food & beverages 15.1-2 26 1.2 14 Textiles 9.7 7 0 1.5 15 Apparel 20.0 22 41 5.5 22 Leather & footwear 13.9 17 5 6.6 23 Wood products 14.3 12 14 1.2 26 Rubber & plastics 15.9 15 15 3.2 19 Electric & electronic machinery 24.3 4 30 3.0 12 Motor vehicles 20.2-3 -5 6.3 26 Other transport equipment 20.0 13 23 5.5 15 Other manufacturing 21.9 7 21 3.2 18 LABOR COSTS/VALUE ADDED (levels and changes in levels in in %) Manufacturing 16-3 2 25 0 Food & beverages 14-14 1 19-1 Textiles 19-5 -1 24 0 Apparel 66 26 30 33 1 Leather & footwear 33 8-7 39 2 Wood products 22 4 0 21 2 Rubber & plastics 20-7 1 30 0 Electric & electronic machinery 22 2 9 14 0 Motor vehicles 3-3 -3 20 1 Other transport equipment 8-4 2 26-1 Other manufacturing 14-3 1 28 0 Note: The ratio of labor costs to value added is also equivalent to the ratio of labor costs per employee to value added per employee, or a productivity adjusted measure of labor costs. BPS Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia, 2004, 2005/6, 2007 issues. 3
Table 4: Shares Indonesia's Export and Shares of World Exports by Commodity Group Shares Shares of World Exports of Indo- Indo- Malay- Philip- Thai- Viet- Indicator, commodity group nesia nesia China sia pines land nam SHARES IN 2006 (%) Manufactures 63.7 0.7 10.3 1.5 0.5 1.3 0.3 Food & beverages 11.2 1.7 4.0 1.6 0.4 2.2 1.1 Fixed vegetable oils 5.7 16.4 0.9 16.5 1.7 0.4 0.0 Textiles 3.9 1.6 20.8 0.7 0.1 1.4 0.5 Apparel 5.7 1.9 31.9 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.9 Leather & footwear 1.7 1.8 25.1 0.2 0.0 1.3 3.8 Wood products 2.8 5.0 12.9 4.9 1.2 1.2 0.2 Rubber & plastics 6.6 1.8 3.9 1.7 0.1 3.5 0.5 Crude rubber 4.3 15.7 0.7 8.3 0.2 20.4 4.6 Other rubber 1.0 1.2 8.4 1.2 0.2 3.0 0.2 Plastics 1.3 0.5 2.9 1.2 0.1 1.9 0.1 Electric & electronic machinery 9.7 0.4 16.6 3.4 1.3 1.7 0.1 Motor vehicles 1.7 0.2 2.8 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.0 Other transport equipment 0.7 0.3 3.8 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.0 Other manufactures 19.6 0.5 7.8 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.2 Non-manufactures 36.3 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 CHANGES IN SHARES, 2001-2006 (%) Manufactures -4.3-0.1 5.2-0.1-0.1 0.1 0.1 Food & beverages 2.9 0.5 0.6 0.3-0.1-0.4 0.1 Fixed vegetable oils 3.3 7.1 0.2-1.5-1.2-0.2-0.2 Textiles -2.0-0.4 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 Apparel -2.3-0.4 13.0-0.1-0.4-0.4 0.9 Leather & footwear -1.1-0.6 7.8 0.0-0.1-0.5 1.3 Wood products -2.4-4.3 7.1-0.1 0.8 0.0-0.1 Rubber & plastics 3.2 0.7 2.4 0.6 0.0 1.2 0.3 Crude rubber 2.9 6.8-0.1 2.7 0.0 5.4 2.8 Other rubber 0.4 0.3 4.9 0.4 0.1 1.3 0.1 Plastics 0.0-0.1 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.1 Electric & electronic machinery -4.5-0.2 10.5-0.5-0.4 0.1 0.1 Motor vehicles 0.8 0.1 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Other transport equipment 0.6 0.2 2.3 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 Other manufactures 0.5 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Non-manufactures 4.3-0.4-0.2 0.0 0.0-0.1 0.0 AMOUNTS IN 2006 (US$ billions) Manufactures 64 942 133 45 120 29 Non-manufactures 37 27 27 3 10 10 Note: This commodity classification does not correspond exactly to that in Tables 2-3 4
Table 5: Indonesia's Shares of Imports in Major Import Markets by Commodity Group Singa- Indicator, commodity group World Japan EU27 USA China Korea pore SHARES IN 2007, 2006 FOR WORLD (%) Manufactures 0.8 2.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 4.7 Food & beverages 1.8 1.8 2.5 2.1 9.0 1.6 7.0 Fixed vegetable oils 16.0 0.1 22.9 3.4 19.2 8.1 0.2 Textiles 1.6 5.6 2.0 1.1 0.9 4.9 5.0 Apparel 2.4 0.6 2.0 5.1 0.7 0.6 12.9 Leather & footwear 2.1 2.3 4.1 1.9 1.8 3.2 9.2 Wood products 5.1 19.9 6.8 3.4 15.6 10.8 12.2 Rubber & plastics 1.8 13.2 2.8 4.7 1.8 3.0 5.8 Crude rubber 16.1 37.4 14.8 39.4 11.2 17.2 35.3 Other rubber 1.2 12.6 2.1 1.5 3.5 0.9 3.6 Plastics 0.4 4.2 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.4 2.3 Electric & electronic machinery 0.7 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 4.4 Motor vehicles 0.2 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 3.9 Other transport equipment 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 Other manufactures 0.5 1.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 5.0 Non-manufactures 1.7 7.8 0.6 0.2 2.6 5.8 8.4 CHANGES OF SHARES IN 2001-2007, 2001-2006 FOR WORLD (%) Manufactures 0.0-0.3-0.3-0.1-0.2-0.2 - Food & beverages 0.4-0.7 0.1 0.1 4.6 0.3 - Fixed vegetable oils 5.5-0.6-3.6 0.9-4.1 5.9 - Textiles -0.2 0.0-0.9-0.2-0.6 0.0 - Apparel 0.0-0.6-2.1 1.3 0.3 0.2 - Leather & footwear -0.8-0.3-2.6-2.6 1.3 0.8 - Wood products -4.0-11.5-8.6-1.5-11.0-15.8 - Rubber & plastics 0.6 7.1 0.8 2.0 0.2 1.1 - Crude rubber 7.3 22.7 5.3 14.7 4.5 7.1 - Other rubber 0.3 5.4 0.1 0.5 2.5-1.7 - Plastics -0.1 0.5-0.3 0.2-0.9 0.2 - Electric & electronic machinery 0.1-0.5-0.1-0.4-0.1 0.0 - Motor vehicles 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 - Other transport equipment 0.0 0.0-0.1 0.0 0.0-0.1 - Other manufactures 0.0-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.3-0.2 - Non-manufactures -0.2-1.1-0.2-0.2-1.8-2.0 - IMPORTS FROM INDONESIA IN 2007, 2006 FOR WORLD (US$ billions) Manufactures 74.8 8.5 14.0 14.2 6.9 2.1 9.4 Non-manufactures 44.3 18.0 3.5 1.0 5.5 7.0 5.2 Note: This commodity classification does not correspond exactly to that in Tables 2-3 5
Table 6: Shares of World Imports for Major Developing Asian Suppliers Indo- Malay- Philip- Thai- Viet- Indicator, commodity group China nesia sia pines land nam SHARES IN 2006 (%) Manufactures 13.2 0.8 1.8 0.7 1.4 0.3 Food & beverages 3.9 1.8 1.5 0.6 2.0 1.0 Fixed vegetable oils 0.9 16.0 16.8 1.9 0.4 0.0 Textiles 20.0 1.6 0.6 0.2 1.2 0.4 Apparel 36.0 2.4 1.1 0.9 1.6 2.0 Leather & footwear 39.1 2.1 0.2 0.0 1.4 5.3 Wood products 14.9 5.1 5.2 0.6 1.3 0.2 Rubber & plastics 4.2 1.8 1.7 0.1 3.1 0.3 Crude rubber 0.8 16.1 8.8 0.2 17.0 1.9 Other rubber 8.4 1.2 1.2 0.2 2.6 0.3 Plastics 3.2 0.4 1.2 0.1 1.8 0.1 Electric & electronic machinery 22.5 0.7 4.7 2.0 2.1 0.1 Motor vehicles 1.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.0 Other transport equipment 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 Other manufactures 10.2 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.2 Non-manufactures 1.3 1.7 1.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 CHANGES OF SHARES IN 2001-2006 (%) Manufactures 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Food & beverages 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0-0.4 0.3 Fixed vegetable oils 0.2 5.5-1.7-1.0-0.1-0.1 Textiles 8.2-0.2-0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 Apparel 9.5 0.0-0.3-0.3-0.3 1.2 Leather & footwear 6.4-0.8-0.1-0.1-0.4 1.8 Wood products 6.5-4.0-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1 Rubber & plastics 2.4 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.2 Crude rubber 0.0 7.3 2.8 0.1 1.9 0.7 Other rubber 4.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.1 0.2 Plastics 2.0-0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 Electric & electronic machinery 12.4 0.1-0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 Motor vehicles 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Other transport equipment 1.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 Other manufactures 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Non-manufactures -0.2-0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Note: This commodity classification does not correspond exactly to that in Tables 6
Table 7: Shares of EU 27 Imports for Major Developing Asian Suppliers Indo- Malay- Philip- Thai- Viet- Indicator, commodity group China nesia sia pines land nam SHARES IN 2007 (%) Manufactures 22.7 1.0 1.7 0.6 1.6 0.8 Food & beverages 4.3 2.5 1.8 0.6 2.7 2.2 Fixed vegetable oils 1.4 22.9 15.6 4.3 0.7 0.0 Textiles 25.9 2.0 0.5 0.2 1.4 0.7 Apparel 38.3 2.0 1.1 0.3 1.6 1.9 Leather & footwear 38.2 4.1 0.3 0.1 2.0 13.1 Wood products 31.6 6.8 3.8 0.2 1.8 0.8 Rubber & plastics 8.2 2.8 2.7 0.2 3.7 0.6 Crude rubber 0.6 14.8 14.1 0.1 12.5 3.0 Other rubber 16.8 2.1 1.4 0.6 3.9 0.2 Plastics 5.6 0.4 0.7 0.0 1.5 0.2 Electric & electronic machinery 35.0 0.7 4.1 1.5 2.1 0.2 Motor vehicles 5.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 2.4 0.1 Other transport equipment 4.7 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 Other manufactures 19.9 0.6 0.6 0.1 1.1 0.4 Non-manufactures 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 CHANGES OF SHARES IN 2001-2007 (%) Manufactures 12.0-0.3-0.3-0.3-0.1 0.1 Food & beverages 1.3 0.1 0.1-0.1-0.2 1.2 Fixed vegetable oils 0.7-3.6-7.8-4.6 0.7 0.0 Textiles 13.8-0.9-0.2 0.0-0.3 0.4 Apparel 16.5-2.1-0.5-0.4-0.7 0.1 Leather & footwear 17.5-2.6-0.2-0.4-1.2-3.3 Wood products 17.7-8.6-0.4-0.2-1.3 0.1 Rubber & plastics 5.6 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.3 Crude rubber 0.4 5.3 1.0 0.1-0.8 1.1 Other rubber 11.6 0.1-0.9 0.2 0.9 0.1 Plastics 3.7-0.3-0.1 0.0 0.8 0.2 Electric & electronic machinery 21.9-0.1-0.5-0.8 0.2 0.1 Motor vehicles 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0-0.8-0.1 Other transport equipment 2.5-0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0-0.4 Other manufactures 9.2-0.1-0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Non-manufactures -0.4-0.2-0.8-0.6-0.3 0.0 Note: This commodity classification does not correspond exactly to that in Tables 7
Table 8: Shares of U.S. Imports for Major Developing Asian Suppliers Indo- Malay- Philip- Thai- Viet- Indicator, commodity group China nesia sia pines land nam SHARES IN 2007 (%) Manufactures 21.6 0.9 2.1 0.6 1.5 0.7 Food & beverages 5.6 2.1 1.5 1.2 3.6 1.7 Fixed vegetable oils 0.5 3.4 22.3 10.1 0.1 0.0 Textiles 30.8 1.1 0.2 0.2 1.4 0.4 Apparel 33.6 5.1 1.7 2.1 2.7 5.4 Leather & footwear 70.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 1.3 5.1 Wood products 27.3 3.4 2.7 0.3 1.2 0.3 Rubber & plastics 11.7 4.7 0.7 0.2 3.3 0.2 Crude rubber 0.7 39.4 3.9 0.0 14.6 1.1 Other rubber 21.7 1.5 0.7 0.4 3.1 0.1 Plastics 5.9 1.0 0.2 0.0 1.4 0.0 Electric & electronic machinery 33.1 0.6 6.6 1.3 2.5 0.2 Motor vehicles 3.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Other transport equipment 2.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other manufactures 20.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.4 Non-manufactures 1.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 CHANGES OF SHARES IN 2001-2007 (%) Manufactures 10.6-0.1-0.2-0.6-0.1 0.6 Food & beverages 3.0 0.1 1.0-0.1-1.0 0.3 Fixed vegetable oils 0.0 0.9 11.6-4.7 0.1 0.0 Textiles 18.3-0.2-0.2-0.4-0.9 0.4 Apparel 19.7 1.3-0.3-0.9-0.7 5.4 Leather & footwear 10.0-2.6 0.0-0.1-0.7 4.3 Wood products 15.8-1.5 0.2-0.1-1.0 0.2 Rubber & plastics 8.0 2.0 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.1 Crude rubber 0.3 14.7 0.1 0.0 2.1 0.9 Other rubber 15.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.7 0.1 Plastics 3.5 0.2-0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 Electric & electronic machinery 19.9-0.4-0.4-1.5 0.3 0.2 Motor vehicles 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Other transport equipment 1.5 0.0 0.1-0.1 0.0 0.0 Other manufactures 7.3-0.2-0.1-0.2-0.2 0.4 Non-manufactures 0.2-0.2-0.2-0.1 0.0 0.1 Note: This commodity classification does not correspond exactly to that in Tables 8
Table 9: Shares of Japanese Imports for Major Developing Asian Suppliers Indo- Malay- Philip- Thai- Viet- Indicator, commodity group China nesia sia pines land nam SHARES IN 2007 (%) Manufactures 31.1 2.2 2.4 1.8 4.1 1.2 Food & beverages 15.8 1.8 1.6 1.9 5.1 1.8 Fixed vegetable oils 3.7 0.1 52.3 6.1 1.6 1.2 Textiles 50.9 5.6 1.4 0.6 2.9 2.1 Apparel 82.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 1.1 3.0 Leather & footwear 68.1 2.3 0.0 0.2 1.3 3.9 Wood products 27.6 19.9 24.8 6.0 1.3 0.5 Rubber & plastics 11.0 13.2 4.5 0.5 15.0 0.7 Crude rubber 0.4 37.4 1.4 0.0 41.1 1.2 Other rubber 23.9 12.6 2.9 1.6 14.9 1.0 Plastics 10.9 4.2 6.2 0.4 5.2 0.4 Electric & electronic machinery 37.0 1.4 4.5 3.8 5.2 1.1 Motor vehicles 14.7 1.6 0.4 1.6 3.7 0.7 Other transport equipment 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other manufactures 26.0 1.9 0.9 0.7 3.2 0.7 Non-manufactures 2.6 7.8 3.5 0.8 1.0 0.7 CHANGES OF SHARES IN 2001-2007 (%) Manufactures 9.7-0.3-1.1-0.5 0.3 0.3 Food & beverages 1.5-0.7 0.8 0.4-0.4 0.5 Fixed vegetable oils 2.4-0.6 12.2 2.6 0.8 0.4 Textiles 10.2 0.0-0.2-0.1 0.6 0.4 Apparel 5.4-0.6 0.0-0.2-0.3 0.2 Leather & footwear 5.8-0.3-0.1-0.1 0.0 1.8 Wood products 10.5-11.5 3.6 3.0 0.3 0.2 Rubber & plastics 7.0 7.1-0.5-0.4 2.0 0.4 Crude rubber -0.1 22.7-2.3 0.0-9.4 0.4 Other rubber 15.3 5.4-1.9-0.8 4.7 0.3 Plastics 7.5 0.5 0.9-0.3 0.5 0.3 Electric & electronic machinery 19.7-0.5-3.2-1.7 0.8 0.8 Motor vehicles 8.4 1.0 0.1 0.5 1.0 0.6 Other transport equipment -2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other manufactures 9.4-0.1-0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 Non-manufactures -1.4-1.1-0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 Note: This commodity classification does not correspond exactly to that in Tables 9
Table 10: Shares of Chinese Imports for Major Developing Asian Suppliers Indo- Malay- Philip- Thai- Viet- Indicator, commodity group China nesia sia pines land nam SHARES IN 2007 (%) Manufactures 11.5 0.9 3.6 2.9 2.8 0.2 Food & beverages 0.1 9.0 15.5 0.7 5.9 1.9 Fixed vegetable oils 0.0 19.2 40.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 Textiles 13.9 0.9 0.7 0.2 1.4 0.3 Apparel 9.6 0.7 1.5 0.4 1.0 1.3 Leather & footwear 12.2 1.8 0.0 0.1 3.2 2.7 Wood products 2.3 15.6 15.6 0.5 11.1 0.8 Rubber & plastics 3.4 1.8 4.7 0.2 6.9 0.6 Crude rubber 0.4 11.2 15.6 0.1 24.7 2.7 Other rubber 2.5 3.5 13.0 0.4 13.4 3.1 Plastics 4.0 0.3 2.4 0.2 3.8 0.0 Electric & electronic machinery 19.4 0.6 5.2 5.6 3.4 0.1 Motor vehicles 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 Other transport equipment 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other manufactures 3.9 0.7 0.8 0.3 1.2 0.1 Non-manufactures 0.0 2.6 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 CHANGES OF SHARES IN 2001-2007 (%) Manufactures 7.3-0.2 0.9 2.0 0.7 0.1 Food & beverages -0.1 4.6 8.3-0.9-2.1 0.2 Fixed vegetable oils 0.0-4.1-18.1-4.0-0.6-1.0 Textiles 4.9-0.6 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 Apparel 8.3 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.9 1.2 Leather & footwear 8.9 1.3-0.4 0.0 1.6 2.5 Wood products 1.8-11.0-3.1 0.4 4.2 0.7 Rubber & plastics 1.8 0.2 2.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 Crude rubber -0.4 4.5 10.1-0.2-2.4-0.8 Other rubber 0.1 2.5 10.0 0.3 9.3 2.4 Plastics 2.3-0.9 0.1 0.1-0.9 0.0 Electric & electronic machinery 12.2-0.1 0.4 3.7 1.1 0.1 Motor vehicles 0.1 0.3-0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other transport equipment 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other manufactures 1.9-0.3-0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 Non-manufactures 0.0-1.8-1.0 0.6-0.4-1.3 Note: This commodity classification does not correspond exactly to that in Tables 10
Table 11: Selected Business Indicators from the World Bank Indicator 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Cost of Business Startups (% of GNI per capita) China - 18 16 14 9 8 Indonesia - 137 131 102 87 80 Malaysia - 26 25 21 20 18 Philippines - 24 20 21 19 27 Thailand - 7 7 6 6 6 Vietnam - 62 58 28 24 20 Time Required to Start a Business (days) China - 48 48 48 35 35 Indonesia - 168 151 151 97 105 Malaysia - 30 30 30 30 24 Philippines - 50 50 58 58 58 Thailand - 33 33 33 33 33 Vietnam - 63 56 50 50 50 Ease of Doing Business Index (1=most business friendly regulations) China - - - 108 93 83 Indonesia - - - 131 135 123 Malaysia - - - 25 25 24 Philippines - - - 121 126 133 Thailand - - - 19 18 15 Vietnam - - - 98 104 91 Rigidity of Employment Index (1=less rigid to 100=more rigid) China - 23 23 24 24 24 Indonesia - 43 43 44 44 44 Malaysia - 10 10 10 10 10 Philippines - 38 38 39 39 35 Thailand - 17 17 18 18 18 Vietnam - 47 47 48 37 27 Time to Enforce a Contract (days) China - 292 292 292 292 406 Indonesia - 570 570 570 570 570 Malaysia - 450 450 450 450 600 Philippines - 740 620 600 600 842 Thailand - 425 425 425 425 479 Vietnam - 356 356 295 295 295 11
Table 11 (continued) Indicator 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Highest Corporate Tax Rate (percent) China 30 - - - - - Indonesia 30 30 30 30 30 - Malaysia 28 28 28-28 - Philippines 32 32 32-35 - Thailand 30 30 30-30 - Vietnam 32 32 28-28 - Time Required to Prepare & Pay Taxes (hours) China - - - 872 872 872 Indonesia - - - 560 576 266 Malaysia - - - 190 190 166 Philippines - - - 94 94 195 Thailand - - - 104 104 264 Vietnam - - - 1050 1050 1050 Time to Resolve Insovency (years) China - 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 1.7 Indonesia - 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 Malaysia - 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 Philippines - 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 Thailand - 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 Vietnam - 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2008 12