EU energy and transport in figures

Transcription

1 ISSN EU energy and transport in figures Statistical pocketbook 2009

2 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server ( Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009 Photos courtesy of: DB AG/Petra Schwaiger, European Communities, istockphoto ISBN doi: /39718 European Communities, 2009 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Printed on white chlorine-free paper

3 EU Energy and Transport in Figures Statistical Pocketbook 2009 Preface Energy and transport are two crucial sectors of the economy. This publication provides an overview of the most recent and most pertinent annual energy- and transport-related statistics in Europe. It covers the European Union and its 27 Member States and, as far as possible, the current EU candidate countries and the EFTA countries Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. The content of this pocketbook is based on a range of sources including Eurostat, international organisations, national statistics and, where no data were available, own estimates. Own estimates have mainly been produced to get an idea of the EU total. At the level of individual countries, they are merely indicative and should by no means be (mis-)interpreted as 'official' data. The publication consists of four parts: (1) a general part with general economic and other relevant data, (2) an energy part with data on energy production, consumption, taxation and prices, (3) a transport part covering both passenger and freight transport as well as other transport-related data, and, finally, (4) an environmental part with data on the impact which the energy and transport sectors have on the environment. Most of the tables have data up to 2006; where available, more recent data have been provided. The tables of this pocketbook may also be found on the Europa internet site under and under Many tables on the internet contain more data than could be presented in this pocketbook. Some tables may be updated on the web before the publication of the next paper version. Eurostat, the main data provider, may be accessed directly on the internet under Comments on this publication and suggestions for improving it are appreciated. They should be sent to tren-figures@ec.europa.eu 1

4 Contents PART 1 GENERAL DATA 1.1. General Data Growth in GDP and Industrial Production Employment and Unemployment Share of Gross Value Added and Employment by Sector Population a. Member States External Trade: Imports b. Member States External Trade: Exports Comparison EU-27 World: general data...18 PART 2 ENERGY 2.1. General Information Glossary Average Calorific Values, Energy Content Conversion Factors Methodology for the calculation of EU-wide average fuel prices Overview and Security of Supply Indicators (EU-27 aggregated) Gross Inland Consumption Gross Inland Consumption, Renewables Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel EU-27, Graph Import Dependency Crude Oil and Gas Imports Hard Coal Imports into the EU Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Final Energy Consumption by Fuel EU-27, Graph Final Energy Consumption by Sector Final Energy Consumption by Sector EU-27, Graph Share of Renewables to final energy consumption Taxation Taxation of Energy Products Electricity Electricity Production Capacity Electricity Production Capacity EU-27, Graph Electricity from Renewable Sources Electricity from Renewable Sources, Graph Gross Electricity Generation Gross Electricity Generation, from Renewables Gross Electricity Generation EU-27, Graph Prices Automotive Diesel Oil Prices Unleaded Petrol (95 RON) Prices Electricity Prices for Industry Residual Fuel Oil Prices for Industry Natural Gas Prices for Industry

5 Contents Electricity Prices for Households Heating Gasoil Prices for Households Natural Gas Prices for Households Country Energy Statistics EU Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovak Republic Finland Sweden United Kingdom Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Croatia Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey Iceland Norway Switzerland World Context Gross Inland Consumption by Country Gross Inland Consumption by Country, Shares in % Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel / Product Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel / Product, Graphs Energy Intensity

6 Contents 4 PART 3 TRANSPORT 3.1. General Statistical Overview EU Transport Transport Growth EU-27, Graph Road Transport: Speed Limits, Blood Alcohol Limits Road Transport: Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight Employment by Mode of Transport Number of Enterprises by Mode of Transport Turnover by Mode of Transport Final Consumption of Households for Transport EU-27: Evolution of Consumer Prices for Passenger Transport External Trade by Mode of Transport Comparison EU-27 World: Infrastructure and Vehicles Comparison EU-27 World: Passenger and Freight Transport Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres EU-27 Performance by Mode for Freight Transport, Graph EU-27 Performance by Mode for Freight Transport EU-27 Performance by Inland Mode for Freight Transport a. Road: National Haulage b. Road: International Haulage c. Road: National and International Haulage Railways Inland Waterways Oil Pipelines USA Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres EU-27 Performance by Mode for Passenger Transport, Graph EU-27 Performance by Mode for Passenger Transport Modal Split of Passenger Transport on Land by Country Passenger Cars Buses & Coaches Tram + Metro Railways Rail: High Speed Rail Transport USA Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport. using indicators other than tonne-kilometres or passenger kilometres Air: Passenger Traffic Between Member States. (including domestic flights) Air: Major Regular European Airlines Air: Passenger Traffic at Major EU Airports a. Air: Main Intra-EU Airport Pairs in Passenger Transport b. Air: Main Connections Between EU and Non-EU Airports in Passenger Transport Air: Freight Traffic at Major EU Airports...132

7 Contents Air: Movements of Aircraft at Major EU Airports Sea: Inward and Outward Flow of Passengers by Country Sea: Passenger Traffic at Major EU Seaports Sea: Freight Traffic at Major EU Seaports Sea: Intra-EU Maritime Transport Sea: Container Traffic at Major EU Seaports Combined Transport: Traffic by Company Road: Alps Crossing Freight Traffic Road: Pyrenees Crossing Traffic Rail: Alps and Pyrenees Crossing Traffic Rail: Channel Tunnel Traffic Infrastructure Road: Length of Motorways Road: Length of Road Network Railways: Length of Lines in Use Railways: High Speed Rail Network Railways: Main Railway Gauge and Electric Current Used Air: Number of Airports Inland Waterways: Length in Use Pipelines Means of Transport Road: Motorization Road: Passenger Cars Road: Buses and Coaches Road: Goods Vehicles Road: Powered Two-Wheelers Road: Passenger Cars Road: Goods Vehicles Road: Buses and Coaches Road: Motorcycles Road: Mopeds Sea: EU Merchant Fleet a.Sea: World Merchant Fleet by World Region b.Sea: World Merchant Fleet by Type of Ship Air: Passenger Aircraft Air: Freight, Special, Business aircraft Rail: Locomotives and Railcars Rail: Passenger Transport Vehicles Rail: Goods Transport Wagons Safety Road Fatalities by Year Road Fatalities Country Rankings a. Road Fatalities by Type of User b. Road Fatalities of Vehicle Occupants by Type of Vehicle Road Accidents Railway Fatalities Air: Lives Lost Sea: Ships Lost (World)

8 Contents PART 4 ENVIRONMENT 4.1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) Total GHG Emissions GHG Emissions by Sector EU GHG Emissions by Sector EU-27, Shares GHG Emissions by Sector GHG Emissions by Sector, Shares GHG Emissions from Transport GHG Emissions from Transport EU GHG Emissions from Transport EU-27, Shares GHG Emissions from Transport GHG Emissions from Transport, Shares GHG Emissions Intensity GHG Emissions per Capita CO 2 Emissions Total CO 2 Emissions CO 2 Emissions by Sector EU CO 2 Emissions by Sector EU-27, Shares CO 2 Emissions by Sector CO 2 Emissions by Sector, Shares CO 2 Emissions from Transport CO 2 Emissions from Transport EU CO 2 Emissions from Transport EU-27, Shares CO 2 Emissions from Transport CO 2 Emissions from Transport, Shares CO 2 Emissions Intensity CO 2 Emissions per Capita World Comparison World Comparison CO 2 Emissions by Country CO 2 Emissions by Country, Shares Other emission indicators Emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors from Transport Biofuels Final Energy Consumption Biofuels Production Other environment-related indicators Oil Spills at Sea Notes

9 Symbols and abbreviations 12 Estimates are printed in italic % per cent - not applicable, does not exist blank data not available 0 zero or figure less than half of unit used ca. circa = approximately euro DG dwt GDP grt mio mio t mtow pkm PPP rpk TEU tkm Directorate-General of the European Commission deadweight ton (shipping) Gross Domestic Product gross registered tonnage (shipping) 1 million 1 million tonnes maximum take-off weight (aircraft) passenger-kilometre: a unit of measure: 1 passenger transported a distance of 1 kilometre Purchasing Power Parities revenue passenger kilometres (air) Twenty foot Equivalent Unit tonne-kilometre: a unit of measure: 1 tonne transported a distance of 1 kilometre break in horizontal time series break in vertical time series 7

10 8 Title Country abbreviations subtitle European Union Countries (EU-27) (also EEA Members) EU Member State since: Also in sub-total of: AT Austria 1995 EU-15 BE Belgium 1958 EU-15 BG Bulgaria 2007 EU-12 CY Cyprus 2004 EU-12 CZ Czech Republic 2004 EU-12 DE Germany 1958 EU-15 DK Denmark 1973 EU-15 EE Estonia 2004 EU-12 EL Greece 1981 EU-15 ES Spain 1986 EU-15 FI Finland 1995 EU-15 FR France 1958 EU-15 HU Hungary 2004 EU-12 IE Ireland 1973 EU-15 IT Italy 1958 EU-15 LT Lithuania 2004 EU-12 LU Luxembourg 1958 EU-15 LV Latvia 2004 EU-12 MT Malta 2004 EU-12 NL Netherlands 1958 EU-15 PL Poland 2004 EU-12 PT Portugal 1986 EU-15 RO Romania 2007 EU-12 SE Sweden 1995 EU-15 SI Slovenia 2004 EU-12 SK Slovak Republic 2004 EU-12 UK United Kingdom 1973 EU-15 Other European Economic Area (EEA) and in EFTA IS Iceland EEA: 1994 EFTA: 1960 LI Liechtenstein EEA: 1994 EFTA: 1991 NO Norway EEA: 1994 EFTA: 1960 Other European Free Trade Association (EFTA) CH Switzerland EFTA: 1960 European Union Candidate Countries HR Croatia MK Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) TR Turkey Other Countries CS Czechoslovakia (until 1992) BR Brazil CA Canada CN China IN India JP Japan KR Korea MX Mexico RU Russia USA United States of America Notes: The countries which were Members of the EU in 1994 became Members of the EEA in 1994, those which joined the EU in 1995 had already been EEA members since 1994 and those which joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 became Members of the EEA upon accession to the EU. The former GDR is always included in DE; unification on

11 PART 1 GENERAL DATA

12 GENERAL DATA PART 1 summary 1.1. General Data Growth in GDP and Industrial Production Employment and Unemployment Share of Gross Value Added and Employment by Sector Population a. Member States External Trade: Imports b. Member States External Trade: Exports Comparison EU World: general data

13 GENERAL DATA GENERAL DATA 1.1 General Data Area Population GDP (nominal) GDP per head in PPP million billion EU-27= km 2 1/1/ EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat 11

14 1.2 GENERAL DATA Growth in GDP and Industrial Production Growth in GDP and Industrial Production (compared to the previous year) Growth in GDP Real growth Growth in Industrial Production (excluding construction) % % EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: GDP growth: EU12: own estimate; HR and MK: Eurostat estimates. Industrial production: includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing as well as electricity, gas and water supply; data adjusted by working days. Data in italics: provisional. MK: gross data (manufacturing production index). IS: Volume index of industry incl. energy. BG and TR: Eurostat estimates. 12 Source: Eurostat; Industrial production data for MK and IS from national sources

15 GENERAL DATA Employment and Unemployment Employment and Unemployment 1.3 Employment rate Unemployment rate % % EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Labour force survey data, referring to population years old. Source: Eurostat; MK: national sources 13

16 1.4 Share of Gross Value Added and Employment by Sector Share of Gross Value Added and Employment by Sector GENERAL DATA Share of gross value added (%) Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Share of employment (%) Industry Services EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Agriculture covers agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing. Industry includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, energy, gas and water supply as well as construction. All other sectors are included in services. Share of employment: IS: 2005; MT: UK: Share based on number of jobs (not persons). 14 Source: Eurostat, national sources

17 GENERAL DATA Population 1.5 Population at 1 January million % change '07/'08 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH LI Notes: CY: government-controlled area only; FR: metropolitan France only (i.e. no overseas departments and territories). Source: Eurostat 15

18 1.6a Member States External Trade: Imports Member States External Trade Imports GENERAL DATA YEAR 2007 (VALUE = billion ) Imports from: of which: World EU-27 Extra- EU-27 Candidate 3 EFTA USA Japan Russia China EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: Candidate 3: Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic Of Macedonia, Turkey EFTA: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland. 16 Source: Eurostat

19 GENERAL DATA Member States External Trade: Exports Member States External Trade Exports 1.6b YEAR 2007 (VALUE = billion ) Exports to: of which: World EU-27 Extra- EU-27 Candidate 3 EFTA USA Japan Russia China EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: Candidate 3: Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic Of Macedonia, Turkey EFTA: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland. Source: Eurostat 17

20 1.7 GENERAL DATA Comparison EU World: general data Comparison EU World general data EU USA 2007 Japan 2007 China 2007 Russia 2007 Population million Population growth % change since previous year Urban population % of total Area thousand km Population density Persons/km GDP (nominal) billion Real GDP growth (in national currency); % Relative GDP per capita in PPP (EU-27 = 100) Exports billion Imports billion Notes: EU-27: only extra-eu trade. 18 Source: Eurostat, national sources

21 PART 2 ENERGY

22 ENERGY PART Title2 summary subtitle 2.1. General Information Overview and Security of Supply Taxation Electricity Prices Country Energy Statistics Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries World Context

23 ENERGY General Information Glossary Conventional thermal power: Technology for the production of electricity by combustion. May or may not include also biomass use, which is also considered a renewable source of electricity. Energy Dependency: Energy dependency shows the extent to which a country relies upon imports in order to meet its energy needs. It is calculated using the following formula: net imports / (gross inland consumption+bunkers). Energy Intensity: Energy intensity gives an indication of the effectiveness with which energy is being used to produce added value. It is defined as the ratio of Gross Inland Consumption of energy to Gross Domestic Product. Final Energy Consumption (FEC): Final energy consumption is the energy finally consumed in the transport, industrial, commercial, agricultural, public and household sectors. It excludes deliveries to the energy transformation sector and to the energy industries themselves. Gross Calorific Value (GCV): The gross calorific value is the total amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel, when it is burned completely with oxygen, and when the products of combustion are returned to ambient temperature. This quantity includes the heat of condensation of any water vapour contained in the fuel and of the water vapour formed by the combustion of any hydrogen contained in the fuel. Gross Inland Consumption (GIC): Gross inland consumption is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated using the following formula: primary production + recovered products + imports + stock changes exports bunkers (i.e. quantities supplied to sea-going ships). Net Calorific Value (NCV): The net calorific value is the amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel, when it is burned completely with oxygen, and when the products of combustion are returned to ambient temperature. This quantity does not include the heat of condensation of any water vapour contained in the fuel nor of the water vapour formed by the combustion of any hydrogen contained in the fuel. Primary Energy Production: Primary energy production is the extraction of energy from a natural source. The precise definition depends on the fuel involved: Solid fuels: Hard coal, lignite: Quantities of fuels extracted or produced, calculated after any operation for removal of inert matter. In general, production includes the quantities consumed by the producer during the production process (e.g. for heating or operation of equipment and auxiliaries) as well as any quantities supplied to other on-site producers of energy for transformation or other uses. 21

24 ENERGY General Information Glossary 22 Crude oil: Quantities of fuels extracted or produced within national boundaries, including off-shore production. Production includes only marketable production, and excludes any quantities returned to formation. Production includes all crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGL), condensates and oil from shale and tar sands, etc. Natural gas: Quantities of dry gas, measured after purification and extraction of natural gas liquids and sulphur. The production includes only marketable production, and excludes any quantities re-injected, vented and flared, and any extraction losses. The production includes all quantities used within the natural gas industry, in gas extraction, pipeline systems and processing plants. Nuclear heat: Quantities of heat produced in a reactor. Production is the actual heat produced or the heat calculated on the basis of the gross electricity generated and the thermal efficiency of the nuclear plant. Hydropower, Wind energy, Solar photovoltaic energy: Quantities of electricity generated. Production is calculated on the basis of the gross electricity generated and a conversion factor of kj/kwh. Geothermal energy: Quantities of heat extracted from geothermal fluids. Production is calculated on the basis of the difference between the enthalpy of the fluid produced in the production borehole and that of the fluid disposed of via the re-injection borehole. Biomass / Wastes: In the case of municipal solid wastes (MSW), wood, wood wastes and other solid wastes, production is the heat produced after combustion and corresponds to the heat content (NCV) of the fuel. In the case of anaerobic digestion of wet wastes, production is the heat content (NCV) of the biogases produced. The production includes all quantities of gas consumed in the installation for the fermentation processes, and excludes all quantities of flared gases. In the case of biofuels, the production is the heat content (NCV) of the fuel. In the case of biofuels, the production is the heat content (NCV) of the fuel. Pumping, pumped storage: Method for storing electrical energy at hydroelectric installations by pumping water between reservoirs at different altitudes. Renewable Energy Sources (RES): Renewable energy includes hydroelectricity, biomass, wind, solar, tidal and geothermal energy. Tonne of oil equivalent (toe): The tonne of oil equivalent is a conventional standardised unit for measuring energy, defined on the basis of a tonne of oil with a net calorific value of kilojoules/kg. 1 ktoe = toe 1 Mtoe = toe

25 ENERGY General Information Average Calorific Title Values, Energy subtitle Content kj (NCV) kgoe (NCV) Hard coal 1 kg Recovered hard coal 1 kg Patent fuels 1 kg Hard coke 1 kg Brown coal 1 kg Black lignite 1 kg Peat 1 kg Brown coal briquettes 1 kg Tar 1 kg Benzol 1 kg Oil equivalent 1 kg Crude oil 1 kg Feedstocks 1 kg Refinery gas 1 kg LPG 1 kg Motor spirit 1 kg Kerosenes, jet fuels 1 kg Naphtha 1 kg Gas diesel oil 1 kg Residual fuel oil 1 kg White spirit 1 kg Lubricants 1 kg Bitumen 1 kg Petroleum cokes 1 kg Other petro. products 1 kg Electrical energy 1 kwh

26 2.1.3 Title Conversion Factors subtitle ENERGY General Information ENERGY TO: TJ Gcal Mtoe GWh FROM: TJ x Gcal x x x 10-3 Mtoe x x GWh x VOLUME TO: Barrel Litre U.S. gallon U.K. gallon FROM: Barrel Litre x US gallon x UK gallon x Mass TO: Tonne Long ton Short ton FROM: Tonne (t) Long ton (lt) UK Short ton (st) US Decimal prefixes 10 1 deca (da) 10-1 deci (d) 10 2 hecto (h) 10-2 centi (c) 10 3 kilo (k) 10-3 milli (m) 10 6 mega (M) 10-6 micro (µ) 10 9 giga (G) 10-9 nano (n) tera (T) pico (p) peta (P) femto (f) exa (E) atto (a) 24

27 ENERGY General Information Methodology Title for the calculation of EU-wide average subtitle fuel prices All available price data has been used in the calculation of EU-wide fuel price averages. The overall EU price is an average of the prices in the individual countries weighted by their consumption. Electricity The prices are as of January 1 st in the year shown. Prices are collected at a variety of locations in each country. The reference consumer used for domestic prices corresponds to a standard dwelling of 100 m 2 with 4-5 rooms plus kitchen with an annual consumption of kwh. For industrial prices, the standard consumer's annual consumption is MWh. The average price in each country is calculated as the median of the prices in the various locations. These country average prices are weighted by their final consumption (Domestic or Industry) to have the EU-wide price average. The domestic prices shown here are the final selling prices while industrial prices are shown less VAT. Gas The same methodology is used for gas prices, but the standard used for domestic consumers corresponds to an annual consumption of GJ while for industrial consumers this annual consumption is GJ. Petroleum Products Heating gasoil, low sulphur fuel oil, unleaded petrol and automotive diesel prices are supplied to Energy and Transport DG by the Member States as those being the most frequently encountered for the specific categories of sales. The prices given are as of January 15 th in each year. The heating gasoil prices given are for deliveries of between and litres while those for low sulphur fuel oil are for monthly deliveries of less than tonnes or annual deliveries of less than tonnes. The average pump prices are given for motor fuels. The EU average prices are calculated by weighting the prices from each country by the corresponding final energy consumption. 25

28 2.2.1 Indicators (EU-27 aggregated) ENERGY 2.2 Overview and Security of Supply Energy Intensity (toe/meuro)(*) Carbon Intensity (tonne CO 2 /toe) GIC per capita (kgoe/inh.) CO 2 emissions per capita (kg/inh.) = Notes: (*) For GDP at 2000 market prices GIC = gross inland consumption Definition: carbon intensity = CO 2 emissions/gross inland consumption energy intensity = gross inland consumption of energy / gross domestic product Source: Eurostat, December 2008

29 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Gross Inland Consumption 2006 (Mtoe) EU-27 Share ALL FUELS Solid fuels Oil Natural gas Nuclear Renewables Other (*) % 17.8 % 36.9 % 24.0 % 14.0 % 7.1 % 0.2 % EU Share % 17.5 % 37.2 % 23.8 % 14.1 % 7.0 % 0.3 % BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

30 2.2.2 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Gross Inland Title Consumption 2006, Renewables subtitle in ktoe EU-27 Share Renewables Biomass Hydro Wind Solar Geothermal % 69.0 % 20.5 % 5.5 % 0.8 % 4.3 % EU Share % 69.1 % 19.9 % 5.7 % 0.8 % 4.5 % BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, December 2008

31 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Gross Inland Consumption EU-27 by fuel % 14.0 % 24.0 % 7.1 % YEAR % 36.9 % Solid fuels oil gas nuclear renewables Other (*) Mtoe Notes: (*) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

32 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Import Dependency Title 2006 subtitle (in %) ALL FUELS Solid Fuels Oil Gas EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: A simplified formula not taking bunkers into account is used occasionally. This variant gives higher values for import dependency by overlooking maritime transport. Negative numbers indicate that the country is a net exporter. Values over 100 % are possible due to changes in stocks. Definition: Import Dependency = Net Imports / (Bunkers+Gross Inland Consumption) 30 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

33 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Title Crude Oil and Gas Imports subtitle Crude Oil Imports into the EU-27 (in Mio tonnes) origin Share 2006 (%) Russia Norway Libya Saudi Arabia Iran Other, Middle East Kazahkhstan Nigeria Other Origin Total Imports in Million barrels Gas Imports into the EU-27 (in TJ, terajoules) origin Share 2006 (%) Russia Norway Algeria Nigeria Libya Egypt Qatar Trinidad and Tobago Other Origin Total Imports in Mio Cubic meters Notes: Gross calorific value of 1 million cubic meter of Natural Gas can vary between 37.5 and 42.5 terajoule. Source: Eurostat, December

34 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Hard Coal TitleImports into the EU-27 subtitle (in kilotonnes by origin) Total EU-27 Russia South Africa Australia Colombia Indonesia United States Other (%) = Source: Eurostat, December 2008

35 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Final Energy Title Consumption by fuel subtitle 2006 (in Mtoe) ALL FUELS Solid Fuels Oil Gas Electricity Derived Heat & Industrial Waste Renewables (*) EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Excluding consumption of Renewables for Electricity and Derived Heat. Source: Eurostat, December

36 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Final Energy Consumption Title EU-27 by fuel subtitle (in Mtoe) 23.7 % 20.6 % YEAR % 5.1 % 4.7 % Derived heat and Industrial Waste renewables Solid fuels oil 42.2 % gas Electricity Mtoe Notes: Renewables not including Electricity. 34 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

37 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Final Energy Title Consumption by sector subtitle 2006 (Mtoe) All sectors Industry Transport Road Railways Air Inland navigation Households, Services, etc. Households Agriculture Services, etc. EU Share % 27.5 % 31.4 % 81.9 % 2.4 % 14.0 % 1.6 % 41.1 % 63.0 % 5.9 % 31.1 % EU Share % 27.1 % 31.8 % 81.8 % 2.4 % 14.2 % 1.6 % 41.1 % 62.8 % 6.0 % 31.2 % BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, December

38 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Final Energy Consumption Title EU-27 by sector subtitle (Mtoe) 2.4 % 31.4 % YEAR % households and services, etc. industry transport 27.5 % AGRICULTURE Mtoe Source: Eurostat, December 2008

39 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Share of RES to final energy consumption(*) EU % 7.5 % 7.8 % 7.9 % 8.2 % 8.7 % 9.2 % BE 1.1 % 1.3 % 1.3 % 1.5 % 1.7 % 2.3 % 2.6 % BG 7.7 % 7.6 % 8.5 % 8.3 % 8.8 % 9.1 % 9.0 % CZ 2.1 % 2.3 % 2.9 % 4.3 % 6.0 % 6.1 % 6.4 % DK 11.7 % 12.2 % 13.3 % 14.8 % 16.0 % 17.3 % 17.1 % DE 3.7 % 4.2 % 4.8 % 4.9 % 5.6 % 6.5 % 7.8 % EE 16.0 % 15.4 % 15.6 % 16.5 % 18.8 % 17.8 % 16.6 % IE 1.9 % 2.1 % 2.1 % 2.0 % 2.3 % 2.8 % 3.0 % EL 7.2 % 7.1 % 7.0 % 6.6 % 6.8 % 6.9 % 7.2 % ES 8.2 % 8.1 % 8.2 % 8.5 % 8.3 % 8.5 % 8.7 % FR 10.6 % 10.1 % 10.1 % 10.2 % 10.2 % 10.3 % 10.4 % IT 4.8 % 4.9 % 5.5 % 4.7 % 5.2 % 5.8 % 6.3 % CY 2.7 % 2.5 % 2.6 % 2.6 % 2.6 % 2.6 % 2.7 % LV 33.3 % 33.2 % 32.4 % 32.9 % 33.3 % 32.6 % 31.4 % LT 15.0 % 15.3 % 15.2 % 15.3 % 15.2 % 14.8 % 14.6 % LU 0.9 % 0.9 % 0.9 % 0.9 % 0.9 % 1.0 % 1.0 % HU 2.8 % 2.6 % 4.8 % 4.7 % 4.4 % 4.3 % 5.1 % MT NL 1.6 % 1.6 % 1.6 % 1.8 % 2.0 % 2.4 % 2.7 % AT 25.1 % 25.1 % 24.1 % 23.2 % 23.9 % 23.5 % 25.2 % PL 6.5 % 6.9 % 7.2 % 7.1 % 7.1 % 7.2 % 7.5 % PT 19.5 % 19.1 % 19.3 % 19.4 % 18.2 % 20.3 % 21.5 % RO 16.9 % 14.0 % 14.8 % 16.3 % 16.4 % 17.6 % 17.1 % SI 16.4 % 16.2 % 16.7 % 16.4 % 16.2 % 16.0 % 15.5 % SK 3.2 % 5.8 % 4.9 % 5.5 % 5.9 % 6.5 % 6.8 % FI 28.9 % 27.9 % 28.4 % 27.9 % 29.2 % 28.5 % 28.9 % SE 37.7 % 37.2 % 36.5 % 37.3 % 38.2 % 39.5 % 41.4 % UK 0.9 % 0.9 % 1.0 % 1.1 % 1.2 % 1.3 % 1.5 % The share of renewables to final energy consumption is the sum of: The final consumption of renewables for heat production (including the final consumption of district heat from renewables), The gross electricity generation from renewables, Liquid biofuels for transport, divided by the final energy consumption (industry, transport, other sectors) of all energy sources, including consumption of the energy branch and distribution losses for electricity and heat production. The normalised hydro production is calculated on the basis of the hydro installed capacity (excluding capacity for pumping). For 2006 the average load factor is used, for 2005 the average load factor is used, for the average load factor is used (due to unavailability of data before 1990 for some MS). Notes: (*) With normalised for hydro contribution, including consumption of the energy branch generation and distribution losses. Source: Eurostat, June

40 ENERGY 2.3 TaxatioN Taxation of Energy Products Excises in per litres VAT rates Euro Super 95 Automotive gas oil Heating gas oil (**) Standard rate Electricity (**) Natural gas BE % 21 % 21 % BG % 20 % 20 % CZ % 19 % 19 % DK % 25 % 25 % DE % 19 % 19 % EE % 18 % 18 % IE % 13.5 % 13.5 % EL % 9 % 9 % ES % 16 % 16 % FR % 19.6 % 19.6 % IT % 20 % 20 % CY % 15 % 15 % LV % 18 % 18 % LT % 18 % 18 % LU % 6 % 6 % HU % 20 % 20 % MT % 18 % 18 % NL % 19 % 19 % AT % 20 % 20 % PL % 22 % 22 % PT % 5 % 5 % RO % 19 % 19 % SI % 20 % 20 % SK % 19 % 19 % FI % 22 % 22 % SE % 25 % 25 % UK % 5 % 5 % EU min (*) % 15 % 15 % Notes: (*) Council Directives 2003/96/EC for excises, 2001/41/EC for VAT. (**) Non-business use. 38 Source: Commission services, July 2008

41 ENERGY Electricity Electricity Production Capacity 2006 (in MW) Total Conventional Thermal Nuclear Wind Geothermal Hydro of which: pumping EU Share % 57.7 % 17.6 % 6.3 % 0.1 % 18.4 % 24.6 % EU Share % 57.7 % 17.8 % 6.5 % 0.1 % 17.9 % 25.6 % BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, December

42 2.4.1 ENERGY ELECTRICITY Electricity Production Capacity EU-27 in GW 17.6 % nuclear 57.8 % YEAR % hydro wind conv. thermal 6.3 % GW Source: Eurostat, December 2008

43 ENERGY ELECTRICITY Electricity from Title Renewable Sources Gross Electricity subtitle Consumption 2006 (in %) Total Share Hydro(*) Wind EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT 5.0 NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Total Share = a / (b+c) a = Gross Electricity Generation from RES b = Total Gross Electricity Generation c = Net Imports Electricity (*) Does not include pumped storage. Source: Eurostat, December 2008 and Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market Biomass Solar Geothermal 2010 OBJECTIVE 41

44 2.4.2 Electricity from Renewable Sources Graph ENERGY ELECTRICITY EU-27 Share of electricity from renewable energy sources in total electricity consumption (%) EU-27 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE 2010 objective 2006 Total Share EU-27 objective EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Source: Eurostat, December 2008

45 ENERGY ELECTRICITY Gross Electricity Title Generation 2006 subtitle (in TWh) Total CONVENTIONAL THERMAL Coal Oil Gas Other Power Stations Nuclear Pumped Storage EU Share % 28.6 % 3.9 % 21.1 % 1.2 % 29.5 % 1.1 % 14.6 % EU Share % 28.2 % 4.0 % 21.4 % 1.2 % 29.7 % 1.1 % 14.4 % BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Renewables (*) Notes: (*) Not including generation from hydro pumped storage, but including electricity generation to pump water to storage. Municipal Solid Waste, Wood waste, Biogas included. Source: Eurostat, December

46 2.4.3 Gross Electricity Generation from renewables, 2006 (in GWh) ENERGY ELECTRICITY Renewables Hydro (*) Wind EU Share % 63.2 % 16.8 % 18.4 % 0.5 % 1.1 % EU Share % 61.4 % 17.6 % 19.3 % 0.5 % 1.2 % BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY 1 1 LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Biomass Solar (**) Geothermal Notes: (*) Not including generation from hydro pumped storage, but including electricity generation to pump water to storage. (**) Photovoltaic Thermal. 44 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

47 ENERGY ELECTRICITY Gross Electricity Title Generation EU-27 subtitle (in TWh) % 14.6 % 28.6 % Solid fuels oil 29.5 % YEAR % 3.9 % gas nuclear renewables Other (*) TWh Notes: (*) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations. Source: Eurostat, December

48 ENERGY ENERGY 2.5 Prices prices Automotive Diesel Oil Prices (all taxes included) Current prices in euro per litre EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Methodology for the calculation: see part Source: Eurostat, December 2008

49 ENERGY prices Unleaded Petrol Title (95 RON) Prices (all taxes subtitle included) Current prices in euro per litre EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Methodology for the calculation: see part Source: Eurostat, December

50 ENERGY prices Electricity Prices Title for Industry (Excise taxes subtitle included) Current prices in euro per 100 kwh EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Methodology for the calculation: see part Source: Eurostat, December 2008

51 ENERGY prices Residual Fuel Oil Title Prices for Industry (Excise taxes subtitle included) Current prices in euro per tonne EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Methodology for the calculation: see part Source: Eurostat, December

52 2.5.5 ENERGY prices Current prices in euro per GJ (GCV) EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR 6.89 MK TR IS NO CH Natural Gas Prices for Industry (Excise taxes included) Notes: Methodology for the calculation: see part Source: Eurostat, December 2008

53 ENERGY prices Electricity Prices Title for Households (all taxes subtitle included) Current prices in euro per 100 kwh EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Methodology for the calculation: see part Source: Eurostat, December

54 2.5.7 ENERGY prices Heating Gasoil Prices for Households (all taxes included) Current prices in euro per litres EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Methodology for the calculation: see part Source: Eurostat, December 2008

55 ENERGY prices Natural Gas Prices Titlefor Households (Excise taxes subtitle included) Current prices in euro per GJ (GCV) EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Methodology for the calculation: see part Source: Eurostat, December

56 ENERGY ENERGY 2.6 Prices Country Energy Statistics EU-27 Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December 2008

57 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Belgium Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil 0.01 Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

58 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Bulgaria Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 56 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

59 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Czech Republic Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

60 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Denmark Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 58 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

61 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Germany Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat 0.00 Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

62 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Estonia Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) 0.01 Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 60 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

63 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Ireland Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

64 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Greece Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables 0.00 Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 62 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

65 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Spain Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

66 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics France Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 64 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

67 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Italy Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

68 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Cyprus Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 66 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

69 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Latvia Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

70 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Lithuania Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) 0.00 Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 68 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

71 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Luxembourg Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

72 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Hungary Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 70 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

73 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Malta Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Mtoe Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses 0.01 CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

74 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Netherlands Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 72 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

75 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Austria Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

76 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Poland Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 74 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

77 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Portugal Mtoe Production Solid fuels 0.12 Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

78 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Romania Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 76 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

79 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Slovenia Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

80 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Slovak Republic Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 78 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

81 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Finland Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

82 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Sweden Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 80 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

83 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics United Kingdom Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

84 ENERGY ENERGY 2.7 PricesEnergy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Croatia Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 2.5 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

85 ENERGY Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia FYROM Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC. Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity (tco 2 /toe) Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) without maritime bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations. Source: Eurostat, Pocket book on Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries, 2008 Edition 83

86 2.7.3 ENERGY Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Turkey Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 84 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

87 ENERGY Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Iceland Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

88 2.7.5 ENERGY Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Norway Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. 86 Source: Eurostat, December 2008

89 ENERGY Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Switzerland Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas 0.00 Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURE SERVICES, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, November 2008; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste. Source: Eurostat, December

90 ENERGY ENERGY 2.8 Prices World Context Gross Inland Consumption by Country (Mtoe) 2.5 World United States EU-27 (**) China (*) Russia India Japan Canada Korea Brazil Mexico Others KR CN IN BR 1.40 MX 1.30 CA 1.20 USA JP 1.10 EU RU = Notes: (*) Including Hong Kong. (**) Source: Eurostat, December Source: OECD

91 ENERGY World Context Gross Inland Consumption by Country Shares in % World United States EU-27 (**) China (*) Russia India Japan Canada Korea Brazil Mexico Others united STATES EU % 19.8 % CHINA RUSSIA 1.5 % 1.9 % 1.8 % 2.3 % 4.5 % 4.8 % 5.8 % YEAR % 16.0 % INDIA JAPAN CANADA KOREA BRAZIL MEXICO OTHERS Notes: (*) Including Hong Kong. (**) Source: Eurostat, December Source: OECD 89

92 Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel / Product (2006) ENERGY World Context in Mtoe All Products Solids Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Biomass Other United states EU-27 (**) Japan Russia China (*) India Korea Brazil Canada Mexico Others World in % United states EU-27 (**) Japan Russia China (*) India Korea Brazil Canada Mexico Others World % 6.2 % 20.5 % 10.1 % 0.7 % YEAR % 34.3 % Gross Inland Consumption WORLD SOLIDS OIL GAS NUCLEAR HYDRO BIOMASS OTHER Notes: (*) Including Hong Kong. (**) Source: Eurostat, December Source: OECD

93 ENERGY World Context Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel / Product Graphs united STATES EU-27 (**) JAPAN RUSSIA CHINA (*) INDIA KOREA BRAZIL CANADA MEXICO OTHERS 0.3 % 0.9 % 0.4 % 1.7 % 7.3 % 13.9 % 39.6 % YEAR % 10.7 % SOLIDS (in %) 3.7 % 3.5 % OIL (in %) 29.3 % 23.3 % 2.5 % 2.4 % 2.2 % 2.3 % 3.4 % 8.5 % YEAR % 6.0 % 16.7 % GAS (in %) 32.4 % 20.8 % YEAR % 18.2 % 3.3 % 0.7 % 1.2 % 14.9 % 1.3 % 2.0 % 3.2 % Notes: (*) Including Hong Kong. (**) Source: Eurostat, December Source: OECD 91

94 Energy Intensity toe / mio ENERGY World Context World United States EU-27 (**) Japan Russia China (*) India Korea Brazil Canada Mexico = Notes: (*) Including Hong Kong. (**) Source: Eurostat. BR JP MX KR CA EU27 USA RU IN CN Source: OECD

95 PART 3 TRANSPORT

96 transport PART Title3 summary subtitle 3.1. General Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Infrastructure Means of Transport Safety

97 TRANSPORT GENERAL 3.1 Statistical Overview EU Transport Gross Value Added: With more than 400 billion in Gross Value Added (GVA), the provision of transport services (incl. storage, warehousing and other auxiliary activities) accounted for about 4.2 % of total GVA in the EU27 in It should be noted, however, that this figure only includes the GVA of companies whose main activity is the provision of transport (and transport-related) services and that own account transport operations are not covered. Employment: In 2006, the transport services sector in what is now the EU27 employed about 8.9 million persons, some 4.3 % of the total workforce. Almost two thirds (63 %) of them worked in land transport (road, rail, inland waterways), 2 % in sea transport, 5 % in air transport and 30 % in supporting and auxiliary transport activities (such as cargo handling, storage and warehousing, travel and transport agencies, tour operators). Household expenditure: In 2007, private households in the EU27 spent 949 billion or roughly 13.7 % of their total consumption on transport-related items. About one third of this sum (around 310 billion) was used to purchase vehicles, almost half ( 470 billion) was spent on the operation of personal transport equipment (e.g. to buy fuel for the car) and the remainder ( 169 billion) was spent for transport services (e.g. bus, train, plane tickets). Goods transport: In 2007, total goods transport activities in the EU27 are estimated to have amounted to billion tkm. This figure includes intra-eu air and sea transport but not transport activities between the EU and the rest of the world. Road transport accounted for 45.6 % of this total, rail for 10.7 %, inland waterways for 3.3 % and oil pipelines for 3.0 %. Intra-EU maritime transport was the second most important mode with a share of 37.3 % while intra-eu air transport only accounted for 0.1 % of the total. Passenger transport: In 2007, total passenger transport activities in the EU27 by any motorised means of transport are estimated to have amounted to billion pkm or on average km per person. This figure includes intra-eu air and sea transport but not transport activities between the EU and the rest of the world. Passenger cars accounted for 72.4 % of this total, powered two-wheelers for 2.4 %, buses & coaches for 8.3 %, railways for 6.1 % and tram & metro for 1.3 %. Intra-EU air and intra-eu maritime transport contributed 8.8 % and 0.6 % respectively. Safety: Road: persons were killed in road accidents (fatalities within 30 days) in 2007, 1.2 % fewer than in 2006 (when people lost their lives). In comparison with 2000, the number of road fatalities was lower by almost a quarter (24.8 %). Rail: 76 passengers lost their lives in 2007; this figure does not include casualties among railway employees or other people run over by trains. Air: While 2007 was relatively safe (3 air passengers died over EU territory and 4 passengers died on board an EU carrier throughout the world), the number of air fatalities was again in the 3-digits in 2008 when 161 people were killed in air crashes over EU territory (the same number lost their lives while being carried by EU operators worldwide). 154 of them died in just one crash at Madrid Barajas airport in August

98 3.1.2 TRANSPORT general Transport Growth EU-27 YEAR 1995 = Passengers, Goods, GDP PASSENGERS ( 1 ) (pkm) goods ( 2 ) (tkm) gdp (at constant 2000 prices) Annual Growth Rates EU p.a GDP at year 2000 prices and exchange rates Passenger transport (pkm) 2.5 % 2.9 % 1.7 % 1.2 % Freight transport (tkm) 2.7 % 2.6 % Notes: GDP: at constant year 2000 prices and exchange rates. ( 1 ) Passenger cars, powered two-wheelers, buses & coaches, tram & metro, railways, intra-eu air, intra-eu sea. ( 2 ) Road, rail, inland waterways, oil pipelines, intra-eu air, intra-eu sea. 96

99 TRANSPORT general Road Transport Speed Limits, Blood Alcohol Limits Speed limit, cars (in general), km/h: Blood alcohol limit, grams of Outside alcohol in 1 litre Built-up areas built-up areas Motorways of blood BE BG CZ DK DE (130) 0.5 EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: UK, IE, CY and MT drive on the left hand side of the road, the other Member States on the right hand side (SE since ). Signs in UK are in miles per hour. The higher figure shown in the 'outside built-up areas' column generally refers to the speed limit on dual carriageways that are not motorways. Speed limits: DE: Motorways: No general speed limit, recommended speed limit is 130 km/h (more than half the network has a speed limit of 120 km/h or less). FR: Dual carriageways 110 km/h. If road is wet: motorways 110 km/h, dual carriageways 90 km/h, other roads outside built-up areas 80 km/h. IT: 150 km/h on certain 2x3 lane motorways. FI: in winter 100 km/h on motorways, 80 km/h on other roads. PL: Built-up areas: 50 km/h from 05h00 to 23h00, 60 km/h from 23h00 to 05h00 Blood alcohol limits: In many countries, special (more restrictive) rules apply to novice (i.e. new, unexperienced) and professional drivers. Source: National sources, International Transport Forum 97

100 3.1.4 Road Transport Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight TRANSPORT general Weight per bearing axle Weight per drive axle Lorries Road train ArticUlated vehicles 5 axles and more and 5 axles more tonnes 2 axles 3 axles 4 axles BE ( 2 ) BG ( 1 ) CZ ( 1 ) ( 1 ) DK / 11.5 ( 3 ) / 26 ( 1 ) ( 3 ) DE ( 1 ) EE ( 1 ) IE ( 1 ) EL ( 1 ) ES (*) ( 1 ) FR IT (*) ( 1 ) CY LV ( 1 ) LT ( 1 ) LU HU MT NL AT PL ( 1 ) PT (*) RO ( 1 ) SI SK ( 1 ) FI ( 1 ) SE ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 ) UK ( 1 ) HR ( 1 ) MK TR ( 5 ) ( 6 ) IS ( 1 ) NO CH ( 1 ) LI Notes: An articulated vehicle consists of a road tractor coupled to a semi-trailer. A road train is a goods road motor vehicle coupled to one or more trailers. (*) ES, IT and PT: increased values are applicable for certain types of transport (e.g. containers, cars, etc.). ( 1 ) For axles equipped with air suspension or equivalent. ( 2 ) 2 axles tractor + 3 axles semi-trailer: mechancial suspension = 43t, pneumatic suspension = 44t. ( 3 ) national traffic / international traffic. ( 4 ) 5 axles = 48t; 6 axles = 58t; 7 axles = 60t. ( 5 ) 26 t where the driving axle is fitted with twin tyres and equipped with air suspension or equivalent. ( 6 ) 44t for containers in combined transport operations. 98 Source: I nternational Transpor t Forum, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

101 TRANSPORT general Employment by Mode of Transport 2006 Total Road freight transport Road passenger transport Railways Pipelines Inland water transport Sea transport Air transport Travel agencies & tour operators Other (*) auxiliary transport activities EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: (*) Cargo handling and storage, other supporting activities, activities of other transport agencies. The above figures refer to employment only in those companies whose main activity lies in the mode concerned. Economic activity according to NACE Rev. 1.1 classification. CY: 2005, MT: Source: Eurostat, estimates (in italics) 99

102 3.1.6 TRANSPORT general Number of Enterprises by Mode of Transport 2006 Total Road freight transport Road passenger transport Railways Pipelines Inland water transport Sea transport Air transport Travel agencies & tour operators Other (*) auxiliary transport activities EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: (*) Cargo handling and storage, other supporting activities, activities of other transport agencies. The above figures refer to the number only of those enterprises whose main activity lies in the mode concerned. Economic activity according to NACE Rev. 1.1 classification. CY: 2005, MT: Source: Eurostat, estimates (in italics)

103 TRANSPORT general Turnover by Mode of Transport 2006 (mio ) Total Road freight transport Road passenger transport Railways Pipelines Inland water transport Sea transport Air transport Travel agencies & tour operators Other (*) auxiliary transport activities EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: (*) Cargo handling and storage, other supporting activities, activities of other transport agencies. The above figures refer to the turnover only of those companies whose main activity lies in the mode concerned. Economic activity according to NACE Rev. 1.1 classification. CY: 2005, MT: Source: Eurostat, estimates (in italics) 101

104 3.1.8 TRANSPORT general Final Consumption of Households for Transport by type of expenditure 2007 (*) Final consumption of households for transport purchase of personal transport equipment of which: operation of personal transport equipment purchased transport services Transport as a % of total final consumption of households Expenditure per head on transport million euro % EU EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: (*) ES, PL, PT, RO, SK: 2006; BG: 2005; UK: EU-totals all refer to 2007, therefore the sum of the country rows does not add up to the total Source: Eurostat

105 TRANSPORT general EU-27: Evolution of Consumer Prices for Passenger Transport Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices YEAR 2005 =100 All items Transport Purchase of vehicles Motor cars of which: Motorcycles, bicycles and animal drawn vehicles YEAR 2005 =100 Operation of personal transport equipment Spare parts and accessories for personal transport equipment Fuels and lubricants for personal transport equipment of which: Maintenance and repair of personal transport equipment Other services in respect of personal transport equipment YEAR Transport 2005 =100 services Passenger transport by railway Passenger transport by road of which: Passenger transport by air Passenger transport by sea and inland waterway Combined passenger transport Other purchased transport services Source: Eurostat 103

106 External Trade by Mode of Transport 2007 TRANSPORT general Value (billion ) Extra EU-27 Export Import Export + Import Sea % % % Road % % % Rail % % % Inland waterway % % % Pipeline % % % Air % % % Other/unknown (*) % % % Total % % % Weight (million tonnes) Extra EU-27 Export Import Export + Import Sea % % % Road % % % Rail % % % Inland waterway % % % Pipeline % % % Air % % % Other/unknown (*) % % % Total % % % Notes: (*) Self propulsion + post + mode of transport unknown. Data for intra-eu trade are no longer available by mode of transport used. 104 Source: Eurostat

107 TRANSPORT general Comparison EU-27 World Infrastructure and Vehicles Transport infrastructure EU-27 USA Japan China Russia km Road network (paved) Motorway network ( 1 ) 7.4 ( 2 ) Railway network ( 3 ) Electrified rail lines Navigable inland waterways Oil Pipelines ( 4 ) 46.7 ( 5 ) Vehicle stock EU-27 USA Japan China Russia Passenger cars stock Motorization Commercial freight vehicles million ( 6 ) 68.9 ( 7 ) cars / persons million Transport safety EU-27 USA Japan China Russia Road fatalities number per million inhabitants Notes: ( 1 ) USA: 2007: divided highways with 4 or more lanes (rural or urban interstate, freeways, expressways, arterial and collector) with full access control by the authorities. ( 2 ) Japan: national expressways. Length of roads with a central zone: km. ( 3 ) USA: a sum of overlapping networks. ( 4 ) China: 2007: Crude oil pipelines. Refined oil pipelines: 2005: km. ( 5 ) Russia: Oil pipelines. Oil products pipelines= km. ( 6 ) USA: all 2-axle 4-tyre vehicles. ( 7 ) Japan: including minicars (engine capacity up to 660 cubic centimetres), 27.4 million. Source: Eurostat, International Road Federation, Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics, estimates (in italics) 105

108 Comparison EU-27 World Passenger and Freight Transport TRANSPORT general Passenger transport EU-27 USA Japan China Russia billion pkm Passenger car ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Bus + trolley-bus + coach Railway Tram + metro Waterborne Air (domestic / intra-eu-27) Freight transport EU-27 USA Japan China Russia billion tkm Road Rail Inland waterways Oil pipeline Sea (domestic / intra-eu-27) Notes: ( 1 ) USA: including light trucks / vans. ( 2 ) Japan: including light vehicles. ( 3 ) China: including buses and coaches. 106 Source: Eurostat, Japan Statistics Bureau, US Bureau of Transportation Statisitics, Goskom STAT (Russia), National Bureau of Statistics of China, International Transport Forum

109 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres 3.2 EU-27 Performance by Mode for Freight Transport billion tonne-kilometres 1900 Road SEA Rail Inland waterways OIL PIPELINES AIR Source: tables 3.2.4c to 3.2.7, estimates 107

110 3.2.2 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres EU-27 Performance by Mode Freight Transport Road Rail Inland water- WAYS thousand mio tonne-kilometres PIPE- LINES SEA AIR total per year 49.6 % 17.1 % 15.6 % 12.1 % 37.0 % 55.0 % 38.0 % 3.4 % 1.3 % 1.2 % 1.0 % 2.7 % 3.7 % 2.7 % % 2.7 % 1.9 % -4.7 % 1.7 % 3.3 % 2.6 % Modal split Road Rail Inland water- WAYS ( %) PIPE- LINES SEA AIR Notes: Air and Sea: only domestic and intra-eu-27 transport; provisional estimates. Road: national and international haulage by vehicles registered in the EU Source: tables 3.2.4c to 3.2.7, estimates (in italics)

111 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres EU-27 Performance by Mode Freight Transport for Inland Modes Road Rail thousand mio tonne-kilometres Inland waterways PIPELINES total per year 49.6 % 17.1 % 15.6 % 12.1 % 38.6 % 3.4 % 1.3 % 1.2 % 1.0 % 2.8 % % 2.7 % 1.9 % -4.7 % 3.2 % Modal split ( %) Road Rail Inland waterways PIPELINES Notes: Road: national and international haulage by vehicles registered in the EU-27. Source: tables 3.2.4c to

112 3.2.4a Road National Haulage TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Haulage by Vehicles Registered in the Country thousand mio tkm % OF total haulage change '06/ ' EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Only haulage of heavy goods vehicles (usually >3.5 tonnes load capacity). 110 S ource: Eurostat, I nternational Transpor t Forum, national statistics (CH), estimates (in italics)

113 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Road International Haulage(*) Haulage by Vehicles Registered in the Country 3.2.4b thousand mio tkm % OF total haulage change '06/ ' EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH( 1 ) Notes: (*) Including cross-trade and cabotage; Only haulage of heavy goods vehicles (usually >3.5 tonnes load capacity). ( 1 ) CH: in contrast to the data for other countries, the Swiss data do not include that part of international journeys by Swiss hauliers that takes place outside Switzerland. Source: Eurostat, I nternational Transpor t Forum, national statistics (CH), estimates (in italics) 111

114 3.2.4c Road National and International HAULAGE(*) TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Haulage by Vehicles Registered in the Country thousand mio tkm % change '06/ '07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR ( 1 ) IS NO CH ( 2 ) Notes: (*) Including cross-trade and cabotage; Only haulage of heavy goods vehicles (usually >3.5 tonnes load capacity). ( 1 ) National transport only. ( 2 ) CH: in contrast to the data for other countries, the Swiss data do not include that part of international journeys by Swiss hauliers that takes place outside Switzerland. 112 Source: Eurostat, International Transport Forum, national statistics (CH), estimates (in italics)

115 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Railways thousand mio tkm % change '06/ '07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: CS: 1990: 59.4 (included in EU-27 and EU-12 data). Source: Eurostat, International Transport Forum, Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics 113

116 3.2.6 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Inland Waterways thousand mio tkm % change '06/ '07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: CS: 1990: 4.42 (included in EU-27 and EU-12 data); FI: only shipborne transport (i.e. no floating). 114 Source: Eurostat, I nternational Transpor t Forum, national statistics

117 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Oil Pipelines thousand mio tkm % change '06/ '07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Data are not harmonised and therefore not fully comparable; in most countries, only pipelines longer than 40 km are included. DE: from 1995: only crude oil (i.e. no refined petroleum products). CS: 1990: 7.5. Source: National statistics, International Transport Forum, Eurostat, estimates (in italics) 115

118 3.2.8 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres USA Performance by Mode of Transport: Freight thousand mio tkm Road ( 1 ) Rail Inland waterways PIPELINES total Average annual change % per year Road ( 1 ) Rail Inland waterways PIPELINES total Modal split Road ( 1 ) Rail Inland waterways PIPELINES Notes: ( 1 ) Intercity truck traffic only. 116 Source: US Department of Transportation %

119 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres 3.3 EU-27 Performance by Mode for Passenger Transport billion passenger-kilometres Passenger cars AIR 500 Bus and coach Railway 200 Powered 2-wheelers 100 Tram and metro 0 Sea Source: tables to 3.3.7, estimates 117

120 3.3.2 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres EU-27 Performance by Mode Passenger Transport thousand mio pkm Passenger cars P2w Bus and coach Railway Tram and metro AIR Sea total '95/'07 /year 21.4 % 24.8 % 6.9 % 12.7 % 20.1% 70.4 % -7.7 % 22.3 % 1.6 % 1.9 % 0.6 % 1.0 % 1.5 % 4.5 % -0.7 % 1.7 % '06/' % 0.1 % 2.4 % 1.4 % 1.8 % 4.0 % 2.5 % 1.2 % Modal split Passenger cars P2w Bus and coach Railway 118 Source: tables 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, estimates (in italics) % Tram and metro AIR Sea Notes: Air and Sea: only domestic and intra-eu-27 transport; provisional estimates. P2W: Powered 2-wheelers.

121 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Modal Split of Passenger Transport on Land by Country 2007 Passenger cars passenger-km in % Bus and Coach Railway Tram & Metro EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: If powered two-wheelers are included, they account for 2.6 % of the total in EU-27 (2.7 % in EU-15, 1.9 % in EU-12), while the share of the other modes becomes: EU EU EU Source: tables 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6,

122 3.3.4 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Passenger Cars thousand mio pkm % change '06/ '07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Data are not harmonised and therefore not fully comparable across countries. Many data for 2007 are provisional. BE: include pkm of vehicles registered as light goods vehicles but used as personal cars; UK: data refer to Great Britain only; include pkm by vans. 120 Source: national statistics, I nternational Transport Forum, estimates (in italics)

123 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Buses & Coaches thousand mio pkm % change '06/ '07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Data are not harmonised and therefore not fully comparable across countries. Many data for 2007 are provisional. CS: 1990: 43.4; RO: data include only regular interurban transport; UK: GB data +1.5 bln pkm throughout to account for Northern Ireland. Source: national statistics, International Transport Forum, estimates (in italics) 121

124 3.3.6 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Tram + Metro thousand mio pkm % change '06/ '07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Data are not harmonised and therefore not fully comparable across countries. FR: data refer to the Paris Metro and RER (Réseau Express Régional) systems and to metros in other French cities; PT: data refer only to Lisbon and Porto Metro. 122 Source: national statistics, I nternational Union of Public Transpor t (UITP), study for DG Energy and Transport, estimates (in italics)

125 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Railways thousand mio pkm % change '06/ '07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, International Transport Forum, Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics, estimates (in italics) 123

126 3.3.8 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Rail High Speed Rail Transport (*) ( 1 ) thousand mio pkm BE CZ DE ES FR IT NL PT FI SE UK EU Share of high speed rail transport in total passenger-kilometres in rail transport (**) BE CZ DE ES FR IT NL PT FI SE UK EU Notes: ( 1 ) In this table, high-speed rail transport covers all traffic with high-speed rolling stock (incl. tilting trains able to run 200 km/h). This does not necessarily require high-speed infrastructure as defined in table Source: (*) Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics, estimates (in italics); (**) table %

127 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres USA Performance by Mode of Transport: Passengers Passenger cars (*) Motorcycles Railway Bus thousand mio pkm Light and Commuter rail AIR total Average annual change Passenger cars (*) Motorcycles Railway Bus % per year Light and Commuter rail AIR total '90/' '95/' '00/' Modal split Passenger cars (*) Motorcycles Railway Bus Light and Commuter rail AIR % Notes: (*) Passenger Cars (2006: billion pkm) and other 2-axle 4-tyre vehicles (2006: billion pkm). Source: US Department of Transportation 125

128 TRANSPORT 3.4 Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Air Passenger Traffic Between Member States Reporter Total passengers carried (*) Partner BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: ( * ) Passengers carried are fewer than passengers on board, due to transit passengers staying on board the aircraft not being counted. 126 Source: Eurostat

129 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Air Passenger Traffic Between Member States including domestic flights (thousand) 2007 LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK

130 3.4.2 Air Major Regular European Airlines TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators ranking Domestic + International thousand million revenue passenger-kilometres % change '06/'07 Airline and Country Air France ( 1 ) FR Deutsche Lufthansa DE British Airways UK KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( 1 ) NL Iberia ES Ryanair ( 2 ) IE Virgin Atlantic Airways UK Air Berlin DE Alitalia IT Easyjet ( 3 ) UK THY Turkish Airlines TR SAS Scandinavian DK/ Airlines NO/ SE SWISS (Crossair) CH TAP Portugal PT Austrian Airlines AT Finnair FI Spanair ES bmi British Midland Airways UK LOT Polish Airlines PL Olympic Airlines EL SN Brussels Airlines BE CSA Czech Airlines CZ Malev Hungarian Airlines HU Icelandair IS Air One IT Cyprus Airways CY Air Malta MT TAROM Romanian Air Transport RO JAT airways SB Croatia Airlines HR Adria Airways SI Luxair LU Notes: Scheduled and non-scheduled flights. ( 1 ) Air France and KLM merged in 2004 to build Air France KLM Group. ( 2 ) Ryanair: Year up to 30 March of the following year. ( 3 ) Easyjet: Financial year up to 30 September of the year indicated. 128 Source: Association of European Airlines, International Air Transport Association, air companies

131 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators ranking Air Passenger Traffic at Major EU Airports Passengers carried (*) (arriving + departing + in transit) million passengers % change '06/'07 Airport and Country London / Heathrow UK Paris / Charles De Gaulle FR Frankfurt (Main) DE Madrid / Barajas ES Amsterdam / Schiphol NL London / Gatwick UK München DE Barcelona ES Roma / Fiumicino IT Paris / Orly FR London / Stansted UK Milano / Malpensa IT Dublin IE Palma De Mallorca ES Manchester UK København / Kastrup DK Wien / Schwechat AT Stockholm / Arlanda SE Düsseldorf DE Brussel-Bruxelles Brussels / BE Athinai Eleftherios / Venizelos EL Malaga ES Lisboa PT Berlin / Tegel DE Helsinki / Vantaa FI Hamburg DE Praha / Ruzyne CZ Köln-Bonn DE Nice / Côte D'Azur FR Stuttgart DE Las Palmas / Gran Canaria ES London / Luton UK Milano / Linate IT Warszawa / Okecie PL Birmingham UK Alicante ES Edinburgh UK Glasgow UK Budapest / Ferihegy HU Tenerife Sur / Reina Sofia ES Notes: (*) 'Passengers carried' do not include direct transit passengers, i.e. transit passengers who stay on board the aircraft and continue their flight with the same flight number. Where the number of passengers carried was not available, the number of 'passengers on board' (i.e. incl. direct transit passengers) is given in italics. Source: Eurostat, airports 129

132 3.4.4a TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators ranking Air: Main Intra-EU Airport Pairs in Passenger Transport Total passengers carried (arriving + departing from first named airport) thousand Airport pairs Madrid / Barajas Barcelona Milano / Linate Roma / Fiumicino Paris / Orly Toulouse / Blagnac Nice / Côte D'Azur Paris / Orly London / Heathrow Dublin London / Heathrow Amsterdam / Schiphol London / Heathrow Paris / Charles de Gaulle Palma De Mallorca Barcelona Palma De Mallorca Madrid / Barajas München Hamburg Frankfurt (Main) Berlin / Tegel Las Palmas / Gran Canaria Madrid / Barajas Catania / Fontanarossa Roma / Fiumicino München Düsseldorf München Berlin / Tegel Madrid / Barajas Malaga London / Heathrow Frankfurt (Main) London / Heathrow Edinburgh Paris / Charles de Gaulle Milano / Linate Roma / Fiumicino Paris / Charles De Gaulle Hamburg Frankfurt (Main) Amsterdam / Schiphol Barcelona Roma / Fiumicino Palermo / Punta Raisi Paris / Charles de Gaulle Madrid / Barajas München Köln-Bonn Madrid / Barajas Roma / Fiumicino Paris / Orly Marseille / Provence Frankfurt (Main) München Thessaloniki Athinai / Eleftherios Venizelos Glasgow London / Heathrow Stockholm / Arlanda København / Kastrup Tenerife Norte Madrid / Barajas London / Heathrow Madrid / Barajas Sevilla Barcelona Amsterdam / Schiphol Paris / Charles De Gaulle Köln-Bonn Berlin / Tegel Paris / Charles De Gaulle Barcelona Pointe-à-Pitre (Guadeloupe) / Pôle Caraïbes Paris / Orly Madrid / Barajas Paris / Orly London / Heathrow München Source: Eurostat

133 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Air: Main Connections Between EU And Non-EU Airports In Passenger Transport 3.4.4b ranking Total passengers carried (arriving + departing from first named airport) Source: Eurostat thousand Airport pairs London / Heathrow New York / J.F. Kennedy Intl, NY, USA Paris / Charles De Gaulle New York / J.F. Kennedy Intl, NY, USA London / Heathrow Chicago / O'Hare Intl, IL, USA London / Heathrow Dubai Intl, United Arab Emirates London / Heathrow Hong Kong Intl, China London / Heathrow Los Angeles Intl, CA, USA København / Kastrup Oslo / Gardermoen, Norway London / Heathrow Singapore / Changi Stockholm / Arlanda Oslo / Gardermoen, Norway Paris / Charles De Gaulle Montreal / 10 Pierre Elliot Trudeau Intl, Canada London / Heathrow Washington / Dulles Intl, DC, USA London / Heathrow San Francisco Intl, CA, USA London / Heathrow Toronto / Lester B. Pearson Intl, Canada London / Heathrow Mumbai / Chhatrapati Shivaji Intl, India London / Heathrow Johannesburg Intl, South Africa Madrid / Barajas Buenos Aires / 16 Ezeiza Ministro Pistarini, Argentina Paris / Charles De Gaulle Tokio Intl, Japan London / Heathrow Zürich, Switzerland London / Heathrow Boston / Gen. E. Lawrence Logan Intl, 19 MA, USA London / Heathrow Narita Intl, Japan Frankfurt (Main) Chicago / O'Hare Intl, IL, USA London / Heathrow Miami Intl, FL, USA London / Heathrow Sydney / Kingsford Smith Intl, Australia Frankfurt (Main) Washington / Dulles Intl, DC, USA Frankfurt (Main) Narita Intl, Japan Amsterdam / Schiphol Detroit / 26 Metropolitan Wayne County, MI, USA Frankfurt (Main) Bangkok / Suvarnabhumi Intl (*), Thailand Paris / Charles De Gaulle Tel Aviv / Ben Gurion, Israel Frankfurt (Main) Singapore / Changi London / Heathrow Newark / Liberty Intl, NJ, USA Paris / Charles de Gaulle Genève / Cointrin, Switzerland Frankfurt (Main) New York / J.F. Kennedy Intl, NY, USA Wien / Schwechat Zürich, Switzerland London / Gatwick Genève / Cointrin, Switzerland Paris / Orly Marrakech / Menara, Morocco London / Gatwick Orlando Intl, FL, USA Frankfurt (Main) Istanbul / Atatürk, Turkey Paris / Charles de Gaulle Zürich, Switzerland London / Heathrow Bangkok / Suvarnabhumi Intl (*), Thailand London / Heathrow New Delhi / Indira Gandhi Intl, India Notes: (*) The new Bangkok Airport officially opened on 28 September Before, all traffic went to Bangkok Don Mueang Intl airport. 131

134 3.4.5 Air Freight Traffic at Major EU Airports TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators ranking Cargo and Mail loaded and unloaded thousand tonnes % change '06/'07 Airport and Country Frankfurt (Main) DE Amsterdam / Schiphol NL Paris / Charles De Gaulle FR London / Heathrow UK Brussel-Bruxelles / BE Brussels 6 Köln-Bonn DE Luxembourg LU Liège / Bierset BE Milano / Malpensa IT København / Kastrup DK Madrid / Barajas ES Nottingham East 12 Midlands UK München DE London / Stansted UK Wien / Schwechat AT Stockholm / Arlanda SE London / Gatwick UK Manchester UK Roma / Fiumicino IT Helsinki / Vantaa FI Bergamo / Orio Al Serio IT Frankfurt / Hahn DE Dublin IE Oostende BE FR/ CH 25 Basel-Mulhouse Athinai / Eleftherios 26 Venizelos EL Lisboa PT Barcelona ES Leipzig-Halle DE Paris / Orly FR Budapest / Ferihegy HU Göteborg / Landvetter SE Maastricht-Aachen NL Düsseldorf DE Toulouse / Blagnac FR Praha / Ruzyne CZ Marseille / Provence FR Belfast UK Edinburgh UK Brescia / Montichiari IT Notes: Significant underreporting of Paris airports. 132 Source: Eurostat, airport websites (in italics)

135 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators ranking Air: Movements of Aircraft at Major EU Airports (take-off + landing, passenger and cargo) (not including general aviation) thousand % change '06/'07 Airport and Country Paris / Charles De Gaulle FR Frankfurt (Main) DE London / Heathrow UK Madrid / Barajas ES Amsterdam / Schiphol NL München DE Barcelona ES Roma / Fiumicino IT London / Gatwick UK Milano / Malpensa IT Wien / Schwechat AT København / Kastrup DK Brussel-Bruxelles / BE Brussels 14 Paris / Orly FR Düsseldorf DE Manchester UK Stockholm / Arlanda SE Dublin IE Athinai / EL Eleftherios Venizelos 20 London / Stansted UK Palma De Mallorca ES Helsinki / Vantaa FI Nice / Côte D'Azur FR Praha / Ruzyne CZ Hamburg DE Warszawa / Okecie PL Berlin / Tegel DE Lisboa PT Stuttgart DE Köln-Bonn DE Lyon / Saint Exupéry FR Bucureşti / RO Henri Coandă 33 Malaga ES Edinburgh UK Budapest / Ferihegy HU Birmingham UK Aberdeen UK Las Palmas / 38 Gran Canaria ES Milano / Linate IT Marseille / Provence FR Notes: One movement per minute for 18 hours per day = per year. Source: Eurostat, airports 133

136 3.4.7 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea: Inward and Outward Flow of Passengers by Country Inwards passengers cruise passengers cruise passengers excluding cruise passengers starting and ending a cruise on excursion EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR IS NO Source: Eurostat

137 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea: Inward and Outward Flow of Passengers by Country Outwards passengers cruise passengers cruise passengers excluding cruise passengers starting and ending a cruise on excursion EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG 5 0 CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR IS NO Source: Eurostat 135

138 3.4.8 ranking TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea Passenger Traffic at Major EU Seaports Passengers Embarked and Disembarked thousand % change '06/'07 Port and Country Dover UK Paloukia Salaminas EL Perama EL Calais FR Piraeus EL Helsingør DK Helsingborg SE Messina IT Reggio Di Calabria IT Helsinki FI Stockholm SE Puttgarden DE Rødby (Færgehavn) DK Napoli IT Tallinn EE Palma De Mallorca ES Algeciras ES Capri IT Santa Cruz De Tenerife ES Piombino IT Cirkewwa MT Mgarr, Gozo MT Olbia IT Turku FI Porto D'Ischia IT Portoferraio IT Mariehamn FI Frederikshavn DK Igoumenitsa EL Rostock DE Ceuta ES Civitavecchia IT La Maddalena IT Palau IT Genova IT Norddeich DE Sjællands Odde DK Rafina EL Bastia FR Livorno IT Source: Eurostat

139 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea Freight Traffic at Major EU Seaports ranking Tonnes loaded and unloaded million % change '06/'07 Port and Country Rotterdam NL Antwerpen BE Hamburg DE Marseille FR Le Havre FR Grimsby & Immingham UK Amsterdam NL Algeciras ES London UK Dunkerque FR Tees & Hartlepool UK Valencia ES Taranto IT Constantza RO Southampton UK Bremerhaven DE Wilhelmshaven DE Barcelona ES Göteborg SE Genova IT Trieste IT Bilbao ES Forth UK Tallinn EE Tarragona ES Milford Haven UK Zeebrugge BE Nantes Saint-Nazaire FR Liverpool UK Ventspils LV Venezia IT Augusta IT Gioia Tauro IT Sines PT Felixstowe UK Riga LV Ravenna IT Dover UK Ghent BE Porto Foxi IT Notes: The 2007 data given for Italian ports are based on provisional quarterly data. Source: Eurostat 137

140 Sea Intra-EU maritime transport TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators ( 1 ) Relevance of intra-eu transport in total maritime transport by EU country 2006 total inwards thousand tonnes Inwards of which from EU thousand tonnes share of EU in total (%) total outwards thousand tonnes Outwards of which to EU thousand tonnes share of EU in total BE % % BG % % DK % % DE % % EE % % IE % % EL % % ES % % FR % % IT % % CY % % LV % % LT % % MT % % NL % % PL % % PT % % RO % % SI % % FI % % SE % % UK % % Notes: Data from main ports only (ports handling more than 1 million tonnes per year); (*) The total goods transported data may be less than the sum of inward and outward traffic due to the double counting of tonnes moved within the same country (on next page). (%) 138 Source: Eurostat

141 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea Intra-EU maritime transport Source: Eurostat ( 1 ) Relevance of intra-eu transport in total maritime transport by EU country 2006 total goods transported (*) thousand tonnes TOTAL of which to/from EU share of EU in total thousand tonnes (%) BE % BG % DK % DE % EE % IE % EL % ES % FR % IT % CY % LV % LT % MT % NL % PL % PT % RO % SI % FI % SE % UK % ( 2 ) Main routes in intra-eu maritime transport 2006 ranking country of loading port country of unloading port mio tonnes transported 1 UK UK IT IT ES ES UK NL FR UK EL EL NL UK UK FR FR FR UK DE SE DE DK DK BE UK LV UK UK BE FI DE UK IE DK SE DE SE IT ES SE SE SE FI FR ES DE UK SE UK UK ES IT EL DE FI DE DK SE DK 8.0 Notes: Data from main ports only (ports handling more than 1 million tonnes per year); the tonnes have been calculated by taking the declarations of the unloading ports (inward declarations) and adding those outward declarations of partner ports for which the inward declarations were missing. 139

142 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea Container Traffic at Major EU Seaports thousand TEU % ranking change '05/'06 Port and Country Rotterdam NL Hamburg DE Antwerpen BE Bremerhaven DE Algeciras ES Felixstowe UK Gioia Tauro IT Valencia ES Barcelona ES Le Havre FR Southampton UK Piraeus EL Las Palmas, Gran Canaria ES Constantza RO Genova IT La Spezia IT Marseille FR Bilbao ES Zeebrugge BE Göteborg SE London UK Dublin IE Liverpool UK Medway UK Taranto IT Cagliari IT Lisboa PT Livorno IT Kotka FI Gdynia PL Santa Cruz De Tenerife ES Málaga ES Aarhus DK Helsinki FI Amsterdam NL Leixões PT Thessaloniki EL Hull UK Lübeck DE Forth UK Source: Eurostat

143 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Combined Transport Traffic by Company Traffic of International Union of Combined Road-Rail Transport Companies (UIRR) Consignments(*) (thousand) % Company change '06/'07 International traffic Kombiverkehr, DE % Hupac, CH % Cemat, IT % ICA, AT % Ökombi, AT % Polzug, PL % T.R.W., BE % Ralpin, CH % Hupac NV, NL % Adria Combi, SI % Novatrans, FR % Alpe Adria, IT % Combiberia, ES % Naviland Cargo, FR % Hungarocombi, HU % Kombi Dan, DK % Bohemiakombi, CZ % Crokombi, HR % National traffic Kombiverkehr, DE % Cemat, IT % Novatrans, FR % Ökombi, AT % Naviland Cargo, FR % Hupac, CH/DE/IT % ICA, AT % Adria Combi, SI % Alpe Adria, IT % Polzug, PL % T.R.W., BE % Rocombi, RO % (*) Consignment = equivalent of an average road transport (= 2.3 TEU) Source: International Union of Road-R ail Transpor t Companies; I ntercontainer-i nter frigo 141

144 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Traffic of UIRR companies Tonne-kilometres (billion) of which: YEAR national Combined Transport Traffic by Company Traffic % of consignments Semitrailers Rolling road Swap bodies % 18 % 62 % % 19 % 67 % % 20 % 68 % % 19 % 71 % % 20 % 71 % % 22 % 69 % % 23 % 68 % % 24 % 67 % % 23 % 69 % % 23 % 70 % % 16 % 67 % % 13 % 80 % % 16 % 76 % % 14 % 77 % Traffic of Intercontainer-Interfrigo Year thousand TEU % change from previous year % % % % % % % Notes: TEU: twenty foot equivalent unit (corresponds to tonnes). 142 Source: I nternational Union of Road-R ail Transport Companies; Intercontainer-Interfrigo

145 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Road Alps Crossing Freight Traffic Alpine Arc: Montgenèvre to Brenner St. Gotthard Million Tonnes Switzerland Austria France Simplon Gr. St. Bernard St. Bernardino Brenner Reschen Montgenèvre Fréjus Mont-Blanc total average annual change '85/' % % % % % '96/' % % % % % '06/' % % % % % Notes: Road: France: Montgenèvre: from St. Gotthard Number of heavy goods vehicles (thousand) Switzerland Austria France Simplon Gr. St. Bernard St. Bernardino Brenner Reschen Montgenèvre Fréjus Mont-Blanc total Notes: Internal, import, export and transit traffic. Source: Swiss Depar tment for Environment, Transport, Energy and Communication (UVEK) 143

146 Road Pyrenees Crossing Traffic TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Goods traffic West coast Biriatou (inc. A63) East coast Le Perthus (inc. A9) Other crossings vehicles per day total Passenger car traffic West coast Biriatou (inc. A63) East coast Le Perthus (inc. A9) Other crossings vehicles per day total Source: Observatorio hispano-francés de Trafico en los Pirineos, Spain

147 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Rail Alps and Pyrenees Crossing Traffic Alps Crossing Freight Traffic ( 1 ) Alpine Arc: Mont Cenis to Brenner Million Tonnes Switzerland Austria France St. Gotthard Simplon Brenner Mont- Cenis Lötschberg total average annual change '85/' % % % % % '96/' % % % % % '06/' % % % % % Pyrenee Crossing Freight Traffic ( 2 ) Spain France million tonnes West coast Hendaye Irun East coast Cerbère / Port Bou Total pure rail Intermodal rail Source: (1) Swiss Department for Environment, Transport, Energy and Communication (UVEK). (2) Observatorio hispano-francés de Trafico en los Pirineos, Spain 145

148 Rail Channel Tunnel Traffic TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators United Kingdom France thousand cars Shuttle Vehicles Passengers Passenger Freight ( 1 ) thousand coaches thousand million Through-train Passengers Freight thousand million tonnes Notes: The Channel Tunnel opened in ( 1 ) Since 2000, estimate based on 2.52 passengers per car and passengers per coach. 146 Source: Eurotunnel, estimates (in italics)

149 TRANSPORT Infrastructure 3.5 Road Length of Motorways km (at end of year) EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: ES: 'autopistas de peaje' and 'autovías y autopistas libres'. CY: from 2006: without urban M-ways. NL: all national roads ( 'Rijkswegen') with dual carriageways. Source: national statistics, Eurostat, I nternational Road Federation, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, estimates (in italics) 147

150 3.5.2 TRANSPORT Infrastructure Road Length of Road Network(*) Motorways Main or national roads km (end of 2006) Secondary or regional roads Other roads (*) BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) The definition of road types varies from country to country, the data are therefore not comparable; 'Other roads' sometimes includes roads without a hard surface. EL: end of 2005, except for motorway estimate. 148 Source: International Road Federation, national statistics

151 TRANSPORT infrastructure Railways Length of Lines in Use km km % of which: electrified 2007 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: CS: 1990: (included in EU27 and EU12 totals). Source: Union I nternationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics, Eurostat 149

152 3.5.4 Railways High Speed Rail Network TRANSPORT Infrastructure Length of lines ( 1 ) km (at end of year) BE DE ES FR IT UK EU High-speed lines currently under construction ( 2 ) LINE Length km Start of operation BE Liège German border BE Antwerpen Dutch border NL Amsterdam / Schiphol Belgian border DE München Augsburg DE Gröhers Erfurt DE Nürnberg Erfurt ES Madrid Valencia / Alicante / Murcia ES Vitoria Bilbao San Sebastian ES Variante de Pajares ES Ourense Santiago ES Bobadilla Granada ES La Couna Vigo ES Barcelona Figueras FR/ES Perpignan Figueras FR Nimes Montpellier FR Dijon Mulhouse IT Bologna Firenze IT Novara Milano Notes: ( 1 ) Length of lines or of sections of lines on which trains can go faster than 250 km/h at some point during the journey. ( 2 ) The length indicated above is the length of the line under construction and not necessarily the distance between the places named. 150 S ource: (1) Union I nternationale des Chemins de Fer, high speed depar tment, national sources; (2) Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer

153 TRANSPORT infrastructure Railways: Main Railway Gauge and Electric Current Used Track Gauge Electric current mm dc volts ac volts BE Hz BG Hz CZ Hz DK Hz DE (contact rail) Hz EE IE EL ES (*) FR (contact rail) Hz Hz Hz IT Hz CY LV LT Hz LU Hz HU Hz MT NL AT Hz PL PT Hz RO Hz SI SK Hz FI Hz SE Hz UK (N-IRL) (contact rail) Hz Notes: mm = standard gauge. (*) ES: new lines have a gauge of mm and an electric current of Hz. UK: (N-IRL): Northern Ireland. Source: Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, railway companies 151

154 3.5.6 TRANSPORT Infrastructure Air Number of Airports more than 10 million by number of passengers carried (*) per year 5 to 10 million 1 to 5 million to 1 million to to EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE 1 IE EL ES FR IT CY 1 1 LV 1 1 LT LU 1 HU MT 1 NL AT PL PT RO SI 1 SK FI SE UK HR MK 1 1 TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) 'Passengers carried' means that direct transit passengers (i.e. transit passengers who stay on board and continue their flight with the same flight number) are not included. Airports are grouped according to 2007 passenger volumes. In this table, blank means none. 152 Source: Eurostat, national sources

155 TRANSPORT infrastructure Inland Waterways Length In Use Navigable canals, rivers and lakes regularly used for transport EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: The inland waterways of EL (Korinthos Canal), ES (Guadalquivir) and PT (Douro, Guadiana, Tejo) are used by seagoing ships only. FI: includes all public waterways and inland boat routes. CH: lakes and rivers mainly used for public transport of passengers. km Source: Eurostat, national statistics, estimates (in italics) 153

156 3.5.8 TRANSPORT Infrastructure Pipelines Length of oil pipelines EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Including oil pipelines under the sea. DE: Crude oil pipelines only. CS: 1990: km. km 154 Source: Eurostat, national statistics, estimates (in italics)

157 TRANSPORT Means of Transport 3.6 Road Motorization Number of passenger cars per thousand inhabitants % change '06/'07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH LI Notes: Passenger car stock at end of year n has been divided by population on 1 January of year n+1. Source: tables and

158 3.6.2 Road Passenger Cars TRANSPORT Means of Transport Stock of registered vehicles thousand % change '06/'07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH LI Notes: Stock at end of year, except for BE: 1 August, CH: 30 September, LI: 1 July. DE: revised series from EE and RO: cleaned up database in Source: national statistics, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), own estimates (in italics)

159 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Road Buses and Coaches Stock of registered vehicles Source: national statistics, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), own estimates (in italics) thousand % change '06/'07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH LI Notes: Stock at end of year, except for BE: 1 August, CH: 30 September, LI: 1 July. Trolleybuses are usually included in the data. DE: revised series from EE and RO: cleaned up database in

160 3.6.4 Road Goods Vehicles TRANSPORT Means of Transport Stock of registered vehicles thousand % change '06/'07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH LI Notes: Stock at end of year, except for BE: 1 August, CH: 30 September, LI: 1 July. As a rule, data include heavy and light goods vehicles, lorries and road tractors; due to varying concepts of such vehicles, data are not fully comparable between countries. DE: revised series from 1997 for lorries and from 2007 for both lorries and road tractors. EE and RO: cleaned up database in Source: national statistics, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), own estimates (in italics)

161 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Road Powered Two-wheelers Stock of registered vehicles Source: national statistics, own estimates (in italics) thousand % change '06/'07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH LI Notes: Stock at end of year, except for BE: 1 August, CH: 30 September, LI: 1 July. National vehicle stock data do not always include all powered two-wheelers and are therefore not fully comparable between countries. Tricycles and quads are sometimes included in the data. DE: revised series from SI and HR: from 2002 including mopeds. LV: from 2004 including mopeds. RO: cleaned up database in

162 3.6.6 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Road Passenger Cars New vehicle registrations thousand % change '07/'08 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'automobiles, national sources

163 TRANSPORT Means of Transport New vehicle registrations Light commercial vehicles Road Goods Vehicles Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial Vehicles <3.5t % >3,5t & <16t % >16t % change '06/' change '06/' change '06/'07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) LV LT LU HU ( 2 ) MT ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH Notes: ( 1 ) Heavy commercial vehicles included in previous columns. ( 2 ) Lorries included in other columns. Source: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'automobiles, national sources 161

164 3.6.8 TRANSPORT Means of Transport New vehicle registrations Light buses & coaches Road Buses and Coaches Buses & coaches Heavy buses & coaches <3.5t >3,5t & <16t >16t TOTAL % change '06/'07 EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH Source: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'automobiles, national sources

165 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Road Motorcycles New vehicle registrations thousand % change '06/'07 EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: CY: new and used. IT: all two-wheelers over 50cc. MT: including mopeds. Source: Association des Constructeurs Européens de Motocycles, national sources 163

166 Road Mopeds TRANSPORT Means of Transport New vehicle deliveries thousand % change '06/'07 EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: CY: new and used. 164 Source: Association des Constructeurs Européens de Motocycles, national sources

167 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Sea EU Merchant Fleet Ships of grt and over On 1 January 2007 Total fleet controlled National flag Foreign flag (including other EU) Source: ISL merchant fleet data bases; aggregates based on quar terly updates from the Lloyd's Maritime Information System Share of foreign flag in total fleet Number mio dwt Number mio dwt Number mio dwt Number mio dwt EU EU EU BE % 47.3 % BG % 30.8 % CZ % % DK % 54.5 % DE % 84.9 % EE % 69.8 % IE % 39.7 % EL % 71.1 % ES % 80.7 % FR % 53.7 % IT % 24.7 % CY % 52.1 % LV % 80.4 % LT % 21.3 % LU HU MT % 35.1 % NL % 50.5 % AT % 20.8 % PL % 97.7 % PT % 85.4 % RO % 82.5 % SI % % SK FI % 63.8 % SE % 70.3 % UK % 63.4 % HR % 42.0 % MK TR % 41.8 % IS % % NO % 70.9 % CH % 93.4 % Notes: DK: including international registers like the Danish International Ship Register; including vessels registered at territorial dependencies. Russia: ships, mio dwt; Monaco: 70 ships, mio dwt; Ukraine: 358 ships, mio dwt; Gibraltar: 10 ships, mio dwt. 165

168 3.6.12a Sea World Merchant Fleet TRANSPORT Means of Transport Total controlled fleet by world region On 1 January: dwt (million) World region Europe (*) of which: EU of which: EU North America Latin America Asia / Oceania Africa Unknown Total Share of EU in Total and of Foreign Flag in EU EU-27 control of total 33.2 % 34.2 % 34.3 % 35.2 % 36.0 % 35.5 % 36.8 % EU-15 control of total 30.9 % 32.9 % 33.1 % 33.9 % 34.7 % 34.3 % 35.5 % EU-27: Foreign flag share (**) 56.5 % 68.1 % 67.8 % 67.8 % 67.8 % 67.7 % 69.3 % EU-15: Foreign flag share (**) 57.7 % 67.7 % 67.7 % 67.7 % 67.0 % 67.6 % 69.4 % Notes: only ships of gt and over. (*) In this table Europe includes EU-27, EFTA, Monaco, Gibraltar, Andorra, Turkey, Western Balkan countries, Russia, Ukraine and Moldavia. (**) foreign flag share includes ships registered by EU countries in other EU countries. 166 S ource: ISL merchant fleet data bases; aggregates based on quar terly updates from the Lloyd's Maritime Information System

169 TRANSPORT Means of Transport b Sea World Merchant Fleet by type of ship On 1 January 2007 Total registered fleet (ships of 300 gt and over) Number EU-27 WORLD FLAG dwt (thousand) EU-27 WORLD FLAG Total fleet Oil tankers Chemical tankers Liquid gas tankers Bulk carriers Ore/ bulk / oil carriers Container ships General cargo of which: Single-deck Multi-deck Ro-Ro Cargo Reefer Special Cargo passenger ships [ 9.3 ] Passenger Ro-Ro [ gt (1 000) ] [ 15.7 ] Passenger (not Ro-Ro) [ gt (1 000) ] [ 13.7 ] [ 3.2 ] Cruise ships (ships of gt and over) [ gt (1 000) ] [ 13.0 ] [ 3.1 ] Notes: EU27: deadweight figure for all passenger ships: thousand tonnes No deadweight figure is given for cruise ships, since dwt is a measure of the weight admissible in the vessel. Ro-Ro: vehicles roll on to embark, vehicles roll off to disembark. Reefer: refrigerated ships. Source: Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics, Bremen 167

170 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Air Passenger aircraft Number of Civil Aircraft In Service On 31 December seats or less 51 to 150 seats 151 to 250 seats Passenger aircraft 251 seats and more TOTAL EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK 2 2 TR IS NO CH Notes: More than small private planes not included. In this table blanks means none. 168 Source: Ascend

171 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Air Freight, Special, Business aircraft Number of Civil Aircraft In Service On 31 December 2008 Source: Ascend FREIGHT / CARGO under lbs mtow over lbs mtow QUICK- CHANGE CONVERTIBLE (pass./cargo) Multi-role SPECIAL PURPOSE / AMBULANCE BUSINESS / CORPORATE / EXECUTIVE EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY 5 LV LT 7 3 LU HU MT 4 NL AT PL PT RO 13 SI SK 11 FI SE UK HR 4 MK 1 TR IS 10 4 NO 1 16 CH Notes: Special purpose / Ambulance: contains data about Hospital / Ambulance / Medevac and Special Role / Operations / Mission aircraft. mtow: maximum take-off weight. In this table blanks means none. 169

172 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Rail Locomotives and Railcars Stock of vehicles % change '06/'07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Data relate to main railways (UIC members). CS: 1990: Source: Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer

173 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Rail Passenger Transport Vehicles Stock of coaches and railcars and trailers % change '06/'07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Data relate to main railways (UIC members). CS: 1990: Source: Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics 171

174 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Rail Goods Transport Wagons Stock of vehicles (*) EU-27 EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Not including private-owners' vehicles; Not comparable with data of previous years. Data relate to main railways (UIC members). 172 Source: Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics

175 TRANSPORT Safety 3.7 Road Fatalities change '06/'07 % change '00/'07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Persons killed are all persons deceased within 30 days of the accident. Corrective factors have been applied to the figures which did not follow this definiton. Source: From 1991: CARE database (DG Energy and Transpor t), I nternational Transport Forum, national sources. 1990: IRTAD (OECD) 173

176 3.7.2 TRANSPORT Safety Road Fatalities Country Rankings Fatalities per million inhabitants per 10 billion pkm per million passenger cars 2007 MT 29 UK 44 MT 54 NL 43 SE 46 NL 97 UK 50 NL 47 UK 106 SE 51 MT 56 SE 111 DE 60 DE 56 DE 120 FI 72 FI 59 LU 135 DK 74 FR 62 IT 145 FR 75 LU 64 FR 148 IE 78 IT 64 FI 150 AT 83 DK 72 AT 164 ES 85 IE 80 ES 179 EU EU IE 182 IT 86 BE 94 EU LU 90 AT 94 DK 199 PT 92 ES 108 BE 213 BE 100 SI 125 PT 225 CY 114 PT 128 CY 227 SK 116 EL 158 CZ 291 CZ 118 CY 158 SI 293 HU 123 CZ 163 EL 338 RO 130 LT 187 EE 364 BG 131 EE 193 PL 399 EL 141 PL 229 HU 413 SI 145 LV 234 SK 453 EE 146 SK 235 LT 465 PL 146 HU 289 LV 485 LV 184 BG 289 BG 523 LT 219 RO 448 RO 782 Notes: Fatalities: all fatalities on the road: car drivers and passengers, bus and coach occupants, powered two-wheelers' riders and passengers, cyclists, pedestrians, commercial vehicle drivers, etc. indicated in table for pkm: indicator of traffic volume (in the absence of consistent vehicle-kilometre data); passenger-kilometres of cars indicated in table for 2007 plus passenger-kilometres of motorised two-wheelers. Inhabitants: the sum of the population indicated in table 1.5 at 1 January 2007 and 1 January 2008 divided by two. Passenger cars: the sum of the stock of vehicles indicated in table for 2006 and 2007 divided by two. 174 S ource: tables 1.5, 3.3.4, 3.6.2, and estimates as well as national statistics for powered two-wheelers pkm

177 TRANSPORT safety Road Fatalities by Type of User 3.7.3a YEAR TOTAL DRIVER PASSENGER PEDESTRIAN OTHER/NOT SPECIFIED PEDESTRIAN AS A % OF TOTAL BE % BG CZ DK % DE % EE % IE % EL % ES % FR % IT % CY % LV % LT LU % HU % MT % NL % AT % PL % PT % RO SI SK FI % SE % UK % Notes: Persons deceased within 30 days of their accident. 'Driver' includes cyclists. Source: CARE database (DG Energy and Transport), national statistics (for DE) 175

178 3.7.3b Road Fatalities of Vehicle Occupants by type of vehicle TRANSPORT Safety YEAR TOTAL CAR AND TAXI BUS OR COACH HEAVY GOODS VEHICLE LORRY, <3.5 TONNES MOTORCYCLE MOPED PEDAL CYCLE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR OTHER MOTORISED NOT SPECIFIED 176 BE BG CZ DK DE (a) EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: Persons deceased within 30 days of their accident. (a) included with heavy goods vehicles. Source: CARE database (DG Energy and Transport), national sources

179 TRANSPORT safety Road Accidents Number of accidents involving personal injury thousand % change '06/'07 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: The definition of an accident involving personal injury differs from country to country. Source: CARE; United Nations (Statistics of road traffic accidents), national statistics 177

180 3.7.5 TRANSPORT Safety Railway Fatalities Number of railway passengers killed in accidents involving railway EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics

181 TRANSPORT safety Air Lives Lost Period Lives lost over EU-27(*) territory by any operator Lives lost by EU-27 operators anywhere /yr /yr /yr /yr Notes: Onboard fatalities only. (*) : EU-25 territory. Source: Ascend 179

182 3.7.7 Sea Ships Lost (World) TRANSPORT Safety YEAR TANKERS BULKERS AND COMBINED CARRIERS OTHER SHIPS N gt N gt N gt Notes: Reported world total losses at time of loss; ships of 500 gt and over. 180 Source: Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics, Bremen

183 PART 4 ENVIRONMENT

184 ENVIRONMENT PART Title4 summary subtitle 4.1. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) CO 2 emissions Other emission indicators Biofuels Other environment- related indicators

185 ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) 4.1 Total GHG Emissions(*) million tonnes CO 2 equivalent EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; Emissions data is downloaded from European Environment Agency (EEA), which is the main provider for EU wide greenhouse gas emissions data. EEA prepares and maintains the complete EU greenhouse gas emissions inventory, which is based on data reported by Member States through the EU greenhouse gas monitoring mechanism and the UNFCCC process. GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC). Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), November

186 ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) GHG Emissions(*) by Sector EU-27 Million tonnes CO 2 equivalent Fuel Combustion Energy Industries Public Electricity and Heat Production Petroleum Refining Other Energy Industries Manufacturing and Construction Iron and Steel Non-Ferrous Metals Chemicals Pulp, Paper and Print Food, Beverages and Tobacco Other Transport (**) = 1 Notes: (*) Excluding international bunkers and LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; (**) Excluding international bunkers (international traffic departing from the EU). 184 Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), November 2008

187 ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) GHG Emissions(*) by Sector EU-27 Million tonnes CO 2 equivalent Other Sectors Commercial / Institutional Residential Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries Other (Not elsewhere specified) Fugitive Emissions from Fuels TOTAL ENERGY Industrial Processes Solvent and Other Product Use Agriculture Waste Other Total Emissions % 9.4 % 15.7 % YEAR % energy industries industry transport households 19.3 % 21.0 % services, etc. Other (***) Notes: (*) Excluding international bunkers and LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; (***) Emissions from fuel combustion in agriculture/ forestry/fisheries, Other (Not elsewhere specified), Fugitive Emissions from Fuels, Solvent and Other Product Use, Agriculture, Waste, Other. 185