Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles. Internal Combustion Engines

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Agatha Rogers
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1 Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles Internal Combustion Engines

2 Gallery of Hybrid Vehicles Toyota Prius Honda Insight

3 Gallery of Hybrid Vehicles Hyundai Ford

4 Hybrid Vehicles

5 Hybrid Vehicle Types Engine type Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle (COREV) Hybrid fuel (dual mode) Fluid power hybrid Hybrid vehicle power train configurations Parallel hybrid Mild parallel hybrid Power-Split Series-Parallel Hybrid Series-Hybrid Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle (PHEV) Fuel cell, electric hybrid

6 Pros and Cons of Hybrid Vehicles Advantages Better fuel economy Fewer emissions Engines can be shut off Dual motor-generators units Disadvantages High cost Dual power units (weight and complex power train) Environmental issues with batteries Air conditioning and auxiliary power systems

7 Gallery of Fuel Cell Vehicles Honda Yamaha FC-me

8 Gallery of Fuel Cell Vehicles Mercedez-Benz Fuel cell submarine in Greece

9 Gallery of Fuel Cell Vehicles Hyundai

10 Gallery of Fuel Cell Vehicles

11 Fuel Cells

12 Fuel Cells Electrochemical energy conversion device - Directly converts chemical energy to electrical energy

13 Chemical Energy Change

14 Electrochemical Energy Conversion

15 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Chemistry Anode reaction H2 2H+ + 2e- Cathode reaction ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O Anode Cathode Net Reaction H2+½ O2 H2O

16 Terminology Electrolyte Anode Cathode Oxidation Reduction Energy Density Power Density

17 Power Density of Power Sources Power Density of Selected Technologies (LHV)

18 Energy Density of Fuels Energy Density of Selected Fuels (LHV)

19 Fuel Volume per Watt-hour 360ml 0.4ml 0.6ml 0.2ml 2ml Hydrogen uncompressed gas Liquid Hydrogen Hydrogen from Chemical Hydride Methanol Li-ion Battery

Fuel Cells: Pros and Cons Fuel Cell Advantages Fuel Cell Disadvantages Expensive Fuel availability Power/energy density issues (for portable applications) Clean,

20 Fuel Cells: Pros and Cons Fuel Cell Advantages Fuel Cell Disadvantages Expensive Fuel availability Power/energy density issues (for portable applications) Clean, Lean, Green Machines Avoid carnot cycle limitations Higher potential efficiencies Lower particulate emissions Silent, mechanically robust Scaleable, dispatchable

21 Fuel Cell Types

22 Fuel Cell Schematics

23 Fuel Cell Performce

24 Losses in Fuel Cells

25 Single cell

26 Bipolar Stacking Typically a single cell generates <1 V and ~1A/cm 2 Stack of cells to generate desired power

27 Vertical Fuel Cell Stacks

28 Lateral Fuel Cell Stacks For portable applications, air is supplied by natural convection Cathode areas should be opened to the ambient R. O Hayre, JES, 2003

29 Fuel Cell Systems

30 Micro Fuel Cell Systems Liquid-feed fuel cells, e.g. DMFC have been developed for portable applications Liquid-feed fuel cells are typically lower in performance than hydrogen fuel cells Micropumps for fuel delivery should be optimized (Electrical) Power regulation unit should be optimized Recently, hydrogen fuel cells draw attentions for portable applications Hydrogen generation at microscale is a key issue Methanol reformers are under development (micropumps should be used) Chemical hydrides, metal hydrides, or carbon-based materials are also studied as a means for hydrogen storage

31 Micro Fuel Cells Toshiba s Docking Station Prototype for a Laptop and DMFC Prototype for Mobile Phones Smart Fuel Cell s DMFC Prototype for Laptop & Smart Fuel Cell s Powerboy Prototype

32 Micro Fuel Cells NEC s DMFC Prototype for a Laptop and NEC s DMFC Prototype for Mobile Phones Hitachi s DMFC Prototype for mobile phones

33 Micro Fuel Cells Toshiba Announces World's Smallest Direct Methanol Fuel Cell With Energy Output of 100 Milliwatts Samsung s 10 hour DMFC Prototype for a Laptop SFC A50

Mobion power pack integrated into Intermec Technologies portable Radio Frequency

34 Micro Fuel Cells Military Fuel Cell prototype powerpack in military battery (BA5590) form factor powering Harris Corp s Falcon II Tactical Radio Industrial Mobion power pack integrated into Intermec Technologies portable Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader with methanol fuel refill cartridge. Debuted November 2004

35 Micro Fuel Cells Consumer Mobion technology powering PDA/smart phone (left) and handheld entertainment system (below) concept models. MTI MicroFuel Cell s Mobion DMFC fuel cell, shown here with a PDA/smartphone mockup.

Micro Fuel Cells Main Specifications Product Output Voltage Size

Methanol fuel cell directly connected to the PC Average 12W

5hours with 50cc, and 10hours with 100cc, of high concentration

36 Micro Fuel Cells Main Specifications Product Output Voltage Size Weight Operating hours Cartridge weight Cartridge size Fuel Methanol fuel cell directly connected to the PC Average 12W Maximum 20W 11V 275 x 75 x 40mm (825cc) 900g Approx. 5hours with 50cc, and 10hours with 100cc, of high concentration methanol fuel 120g (100cc), 72g (50cc) (Approximate) 100cc:50x65x35mm, 50cc:33x65x35mm Methanol

37 Micro Fuel Cells Broadcasting camera and military radios :

38 Backup Slides FC operation FC classification Pol curve FC parasitic ufc ufc examples

39 Outline Fuel cells 1839 present. Invented by Nasa? Cell Physics Existing applications light energy storage Advantages over combustion H2/O2 prototypes and challenges Direct methanol-air cells Economical components for mass-production

40 Background 1/2 1) 1839: First publication by William Grove, not long after the first metallic battery (Alessandro Volta s zinc-silver Voltaic pile in 1800). Alternating H2 and O2 electrodes in a gas battery W. Grove, Philos. Mag., Ser. 3, 1839, 14, 127

bought by Nasa for the Apollo program 1959: 5 kw alkaline cell 3) Present day:

41 Background 2/2 2) Pressurised, hot alkali fuel cells were developed during the 1950 s, and generated useful power conversion notably the Bacon cell which was bought by Nasa for the Apollo program 1959: 5 kw alkaline cell 3) Present day: Honda, GM, etc. have prototype fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) ~ 50 kw 2005: Honda FCV

42 Prototype hydrogen-burning machine

43 Fuel Cell schematic fueleconomy.gov

44 Fuel Mass Watt hours / kg Fuel Cells Methanol 6050 liquid Hydrogen gas (or cryogenic liquid) LiBH chemically stored solid H 2 C 10 H as liquid hydrogen source Batteries Lead acid 30 Ni / Cd 40 Ni / MH 60 Li - ion 130(now quoted 280) (Source: Scientific American, July 1999)

45 Hydrogen cells challenges Miniaturisation! Reduce Cost target is < 30 / kw installed system ( 600 prototypes) reduce cost of components (platinum, cell membranes) Hydrogen reduce hydrogen supply cost to < 2 / kg (currently ~6) develop storage system for ~ 300 km range Durability cell lifetime > 5000 operating hours without degradation for transport, > hours for standby generators (needs electrodes to resist carbon contamination) (US Department of Energy, summarised)

46 Direct Methanol cells Mobile Cell. 100 mw power, volume: 22 mm x 56 mm x 5mm. 2 cc fuel, lifetime 20 hours? Toshiba. Laptop Cell. Volume ~ 1 litre, powers one laptop. 10 hours fuel supply. Toshiba.

47 Methanol Reaction schematic CH 3 OH CH 2 OH CHOH COH CH 2 OOH CHOOH COOH CH C CO 2 + H 2 O Multi-step process Several toxic organics Complex hence sluggish reaction compared to hydrogen

Methanol cells challenges Avoid toxicity! Control flammable vapour Methanol infrastructure Avoid cell degradation - toxic vapour from air-breathing cells! - scrub output lines with more catalysts?

48 Methanol cells challenges Avoid toxicity! Control flammable vapour Methanol infrastructure Avoid cell degradation - toxic vapour from air-breathing cells! - scrub output lines with more catalysts? - highly rugged technology - non-rechargeable cells! - carbon soot from MeOH is likely to snarl up the cell Applications Remote long-term power supply? e.g. Alaskan weather stations C. Chamberlin 2004 (Schatz Energy Research Centre):

49 Exploded View of Fuel Cell Assembly

50 How It Works

51 The Micro-Fuel Cell Thin Flexible Micro-engineered electrodes Non-bipolar stacking Ambient operation Methanol or ethanol liquid fuels

52 Smaller 3 to 5 times the specific energy of the Li-Ion batteries Li-Ion: 5 hour talk time (digital) Methanol: hours of talk time

53 Lighter 6 to 7 times the energy per unit mass of the Li-Ion batte ries. The upper limit is roughly 33 times Li-Ion: 11 days standby (Digital) Methanol: 41 days standby time Upper limit of 6 months to a year

54 Specific Energy (Watt*Hr/Kg) Specific Energy Comparison With Batteries Nominal High NiMH Zn/Air Li-Ion Li Polymer Methanol Fuel Cell Cell Type Specific Energy Comparison With Batteries

55 Simpler Conventional Li-Ion batteries: recharge in minute s for 90% charge Refuel in less than a minute Instant forgiveness Fuel and forget

56 Cleaner Conventional Battery Disposal or Recycle Problem Methanol Micro-Fuel Cell Environmentally Benign

57 Less Expensive Li-Ion: ~$16 Micro-Fuel Cell: $37 prototype, $5 in mass production

58 DMFC fuel cell limitations Fuel / oxidant starvation can cause hydrolysis at the electrodes, which burns the platinum catalyst System has slow response due to thermal and mechanical (fluid) time constants Membranes are fragile (dehydration and contamination) Complicated system of pumps and blowers required Bipolar plates are expensive to manufacture System creates humid exhaust Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Electromechanics

Batteries generally classifies into two main groups: primary and secondary battery types. Primary batteries are

Battery types Batteries generally classifies into two main groups: primary and secondary battery types. Primary batteries are disposable batteries that cannot be recycled, and the secondary is the rechargeable