APPENDIX 1: FIGURE 3 COLOR VERSION

Transcription

1 APPENDIX 1: FIGURE 3 COLOR VERSION

2 APPENDIX 2: METHODS: U-Pb DATING OF ZIRCON USING LA-ICP-MS Zircon was extracted from rock samples by conventional crushing, washing, heavy liquids, and magnetic separation techniques. Mineral separation was carried out in the Fission Track thermochronology lab of Alex Soloviev, GINRAS, Moscow, and represents a subset of a larger sample set prepared for apatite and zircon fission track work to be reported on in subsequent contributions. The U-Pb geochronology of zircons was conducted by laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) at the Arizona LaserChron Center (Gehrels et al., 2006, 2008). The analyses involve ablation of zircon with a New Wave DUV193 Excimer laser (operating at a wavelength of 193 nm) using a spot diameter of 35 mm. The ablated material is carried in helium into the plasma source of a GVI Isoprobe, which is equipped with a flight tube of sufficient width that U, Th, and Pb isotopes are measured simultaneously. All measurements are made in static mode, using Faraday detectors with 10e11 ohm resistors for 238 U, 232 Th, 208 Pb, and 206 Pb; a Faraday detector with a 10e12 ohm resistor for 207 Pb; and an ion-counting channel for 204 Pb. Ion yields are approximately 1.0 mv/ppm. Each analysis consists of one 12-s integration on peaks with the laser off (for backgrounds), twelve 1-s integrations with the laser firing, and a 30-s delay to purge the previous sample and prepare for the next analysis. The ablation pit is about 12 mm in depth. For each analysis, the errors in determining 206 Pb/ 238 Uand 206 Pb/ 204 Pb result in a measurement error of about 1 2% (at 2-sigma level) in the 206 Pb/ 238 U age. The errors in measurement of 206 Pb/ 207 Pb and 206 Pb/ 204 Pb also result in about 1 2% (at 2-sigma level) uncertainty in age for grains that are greater than 1.0 Ga but are substantially larger for younger grains because of low intensity of the 207 Pb signal. For most analyses, the crossover in precision of 206 Pb/ 238 Uand 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ages occurs at about 1.0 Ga. CommonPbcorrectionisaccomplishedbyusingthe measured 204 Pb and assuming an initial Pb composition from Stacey and Kramers (1975) (with uncertainties of 1.0 for 206 Pb/ 204 Pb and 0.3 for 207 Pb/ 204 Pb). Our measurement of 204 Pb is unaffected by the presence of 204 Hg because backgrounds are measured on peaks (thereby subtracting any background 204 Hg and 204 Pb) and because very little Hg is present in the argon gas (background 204 Hg = 300 CPS). Interelement fractionation of Pb/U is generally approximately 20%, whereas apparent fractionation of Pb isotopes is generally less than 2%. In-run analysis of fragments of a large Sri Lanka zircon crystal (generally every fifth measurement) with a known age of ± 3.2 Ma (2-sigma error) is used to correct for this fractionation. The uncertainty resulting from the calibration correction is generally 1 2% (2-sigma) for both 206 Pb/ 207 Pb and 206 Pb/ 238 U ages. Concentrations of U and Th are calibrated relative to U and Th in our Sri Lanka zircon standard. The analytical data are reported in Table 1A. Uncertainties shown in these tables are at the 1-sigma level and include only measurement errors. Interpreted ages are based on 206 Pb/ 238 Uforlessthan 1000-Ma grains and on 206 Pb/ 207 Pb for greater than 1000-Ma grains. This division at 1000 Ma results from the increasing uncertainty of 206 Pb/ 238 U ages and the decreasing uncertainty of 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ages as a function of age. Analyses that are greater than 20% discordant (by comparison of 206 Pb/ 238 U and 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ages) or greater than 5% reverse discordant are not included. Cumulative and normalized relative age-probability diagrams are generated and K-S analyses are performed using routines available from (Gehrels, 2009). REFERENCES CITED Gehrels, G. E., 2009, Analysis tools: (accessed November 29, 2009). Gehrels, G. E., V. Valencia, and A. Pullen, 2006, Detrital zircon geochronology by laser-ablation multicollector ICPMS at the Arizona LaserChron Center, in T. Loszewski and W. Huff, eds., Geochronology: Emerging opportunities: Paleontology Society Short Course, Paleontology Society Papers 11, 10 p. Gehrels, G. E., V. Valencia, and J. Ruiz, 2008, Enhanced precision, accuracy, efficiency and spatial resolution of U-Pb ages by laser ablation-multicollector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 9, p. Q03017, doi: /2007gc Stacey,J.S.,andJ.D.Kramers,1975,Approximationof terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 26, p

3 APPENDIX 3: ANALYTICAL RESULTS U-Pb Zircon Geochronologic Analyses by Laser-Ablation Multicollector ICP Mass Spectrometry Isotopic Ratios Apparent Ages (Ma) Analysis U (ppm) 206 Pb/ 204 Pb U/Th 207 Pb*/ 235 U ± (%) 206 Pb*/ 238 U ± (%) Error Corr. 206 Pb*/ 238 U ± (Ma) 207 Pb*/ 235 U ± (Ma) 206 Pb*/ 207 Pb ± (Ma) Best age (Ma) ± (Ma) Sample ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B ,

4 ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B ,

5 ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , ELM06 WR35B , Sample SOKOLOV 48.1 SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV ,

6 SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV ,

7 SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV ,

8 SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , Sample Sokolov 48.2 SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_

9 SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_

10 SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ , SOKOLOV_48-2_ SOKOLOV_48-2_ ,

11 Sample Sokolov 49.1 SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV ,

12 SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV ,

13 SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , SOKOLOV , Sample ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B

14 ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B ELM06 WR7B , ELM06 WR7B ,