HVDC Technology & Applications

Transcription

1 SiuPan Cheung, Grid Systems, ABB PLN and ABB Technical Colloquium HVDC Technology & Applications Bandung, September 22, 2016 September 21, 2016 Slide 1

2 Agenda Grid Systems HVDC: Technology, Applications and Experience Offerings: Sweden and China Typical ± 500kV 3000 MW Bipole HVDC Transmission September 21, 2016 Slide 2

3 Power Grids division Delivering value to customers Grid interconnections Integration of renewables Microgrids Power transformers and HV equipment Bulk transmission T&D substations Power transmission Energy storage Power grid automation Asset management Smarter grids and cities Grid reliability and power quality 9/21/2016

4 Power Grids division Offering solutions through five business units High Voltage Products Transformers Products Grid Systems Grid Integration Grid Automation Power Grids division is the world s leading supplier of power products, systems and service solutions, covering the whole power value chain including power generation, transmission and distribution. Main products: transformers, high voltage products, grid systems products, grid integration solutions, grid automation solutions Main customers: utilities, industries, transportations, infrastructures, EPCs, OEMs and distributors ABB is a global leader in power products with leading market shares in its core businesses 9/21/2016

5 Power Grids division Grid Systems the Flagship of Power Systems CEO Divisions Power Grids Electrification Products Discrete Automation and Motion Process Automation Business units Grid Systems Grid Integration Grid Automation High Voltage Products System Groups HVDC HV-Cables Semiconductors Consulting Service Transformers 9/21/2016

6 Grid Systems overview Power transmission Onshore and offshore wind Interconnections Remote hydro Power from shore City center in-feed Underground power transmission Growing applications: Remote sun power Mega-city-in-feed AC / DC conversion 9/21/2016

7 Grid Systems offerings HVDC Systems HVDC Products HVDC Service Offshore Wind Connection (OWC) OWC Service Power from Shore (PFS) Power Cables Power Cable Service Consulting Power Systems Semiconductors 9/21/2016

8 Market drivers for HVDC transmission Environmentally friendly grid expansion Integration of renewable energy Remote hydro Offshore wind Solar power Grid reinforcement For increased trading Share spinning reserves To support intermittent renewable energy September 21, 2016 Slide 8

9 General trends affecting the electricity sector Reformation of regulations Globalization - increased cross boarder investment Increased electricity trading Increased urbanization Increased demand on power quality Increased use of renewable production Reduced implementation times Transmission monopoly challenged Increased competitiveness of electricity September 21, 2016 Slide 9

10 New challenges for electric transmission Adapt to new market structure Minimum environmental and visual impacts September 21, 2016 Slide 10

11 Right-of-way of overhead line Example of large AC transmission corridor September 21, 2016 Slide 11

12 Right-of-way of overhead line With FACTS - less lines required for the same power transmitted September 21, 2016 Slide 12

13 Right-of-way of overhead line FACTS saves environment, forest and land! September 21, 2016 Slide 13

14 Right-of-way of overhead line DC line transmitting as much power requires fewer towers September 21, 2016 Slide 14

15 Right-of-way of overhead line HVDC saves environment, forest and land! September 21, 2016 Slide 15

16 Right-of-way of overhead line HVDC Light cables September 21, 2016 Slide 16

17 HVDC or HVAC? Investment costs versus distance Investment costs Total AC cost Total DC cost DC terminal costs AC terminal costs September 21, 2016 Slide 17 Critical distance Distance

18 Customer s Grid Customer s Grid What is an HVDC transmission system? HVDC converter station > 300 MW, Classic Submarine cables HVDC converter station > 300 MW, Classic HVDC converter station < 1,900 MW, Light Overhead lines Two conductors Land or submarine, cables HVDC converter station < 1,900 MW, Light Customer s Grid Customer s Grid September 21, 2016 Slide 18 Power / energy direction

19 HVDC Control Power Direction AC transmission principles X ~ ~ E 1 d E 2 0 P E 1 E 2 = X sind Power / energy direction R DC transmission principles ~ U d1 U d2 ~ E 1 d E 2 0 September 21, 2016 Slide 19 P = U d1 (U d1 -U d2 ) R

20 Transmission technologies Same power being transmitted Traditional overhead line with HVAC Overhead lines improved with FACTS HVDC overhead line Underground with HVDC Light cable September 21, 2016 Slide 20

21 HVDC Classic HVDC Light With HVDC Classic, for power levels up to more than 6,400 MW using thyristor technology or With HVDC Light, for power levels up to 1,200 MW using IGBT technology September 21, 2016 Slide 21

22 HVDC technologies HVDC Classic 600 m x 360 m Current source converters Line-commutated thyristor valves Requires 50% reactive compensation (35% HF) HVDC converter transformers Minimum short circuit capacity > 2 x converter rating September 21, 2016 Slide 22

23 HVDC technologies HVDC Light 150 m x 100 m Voltage source converters Self-commutated IGBT valves Requires no reactive power compensation (15% HF) No minimum short circuit capacity, black start September 21, 2016 Slide 23

24 Development of HVDC applications HVDC Classic Very long sub sea transmissions 580 km 580 km Very long overhead line transmissions Very high power transmissions HVDC Light Wind power integration Offshore power supply Underground transmission DC grids September 21, 2016 Slide 24

25 Customers grid Customers grid Customers grid Customers grid What is an HVDC back-to-back system? HVDC Classic back-to-back converter station > 300 MW, Classic Garabi HVDC Light back-to-back converter station < 1,200 MW Eagle Pass Power / Energy direction September 21, 2016 Slide 25

26 HVDC technologies What makes HVDC special? Lower investment and lower losses for bulk power transmission Asynchronous interconnections Improved transmission in parallel AC circuits Instant and precise power flow control 3 times more power in a ROW than AC What makes HVDC Light special? Underground cables Easy permits Costs close to overhead lines Connection to passive loads Enhancement of connected AC networks Independent control of active and reactive power flow Short delivery times September 21, 2016 Slide 26

27 HVDC technologies 600 MW 200 x 120 x 22 m 6 acres 73 feet high HVDC Classic 300 6,400 MW Thyristor controlled Switched reactive power control Typical design: valve building plus switchyard Overhead lines or mass impregnated cables 550 MW 120 x 50 x 11 m 1.5 acre 36 feet high HVDC Light 50 1,200 MW Transistor (IGBT) controlled Continuous reactive power control Easily expandable to more terminals Dynamic voltage regulation Black start capability Typical design: all equipment (excluding transformers) in compact building Extruded cables September 21, 2016 Slide 27

28 Transmission capacities HVDC U dc in kv 1, HVDC Light with Over Head Lines 500 HVDC Classic with Over Head Lines HVDC Light with extruded cable HVDC Classic With mass impregnated cable 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Power i MW 8,000 10,000 September 21, 2016 Slide 28

29 HVDC applications Interconnecting grids Connecting remote generation Offshore wind connections DC links in AC grids Power from shore City-center infeed Connecting remote loads Upgrades September 21, 2016 Slide 29

30 HVDC is a growing technology Connecting remote generation Offshore wind connections Interconnecting grids DC links in AC grids Power from shore September 21, 2016 Slide 30

31 And more applications to come Remote sun power City center infeed Upgrades September 21, 2016 Slide 31

32 Interconnecting grids Increases cross-border energy exchange capacity Security of supply Energy trading Optimize utilization of generation assets September 21, 2016 Slide 32

33 City center infeed Driving forces Power loads in cities increases Environmental issues City networks need to be improved September 21, 2016 Slide 33

34 HVDC Light Technical development 2500 MW kv Hällsjön 3 MW ± 10 kv September 21, 2016 Slide 34 Gotland 50 MW ± 80 kv Cross Sound 330 MW ± 150 kv Estlink 350 MW ± 150 kv BorWin1 400 MW ± 150 kv Caprivi 300 MW kv East-West Interconnector 500 MW ± 200 kv DolWin1 800 MW ± 320 kv Skagerrak MW 500 kv

35 HVDC Light Underground cable systems References 2,000 km installed HVDC Light cables Murraylink, the world s longest land cable (180 km) Features Light weight extruded cable Prefabricated joint technology Economic No distance limitation Full utilization no reactive power Two cables vs. three cables for AC Light, flexible and simpler design Timely permitting No induced circulating currents Easier transport and installation Share ROW without increasing exposure September 21, 2016 Slide 35

36 HVDC land and sea cables 50 1,200 MW Underground cables up to 525 kv DC Submarine cables up to 525 kv DC Mass impregnated underground cable Extruded underground cable Conductor of aluminum or copper Triple extruded insulation system Conductor screen HVDC polymer insulation Insulation screen Copper wire screen and/or lead sheath Steel wire armor or aluminim laminate Outer jacket of PE or polyethylene yarn Mass impregnated submarine cable Extruded submarine cable September 21, 2016 Slide 36

37 High Voltage Cables Mass impregnated Experience: First MI cable was delivered in 1954 connecting Gotland with the Swedish mainland Extruded DC Experience: World s first DC (XLPE), Gotlight, delivered in 1998 Installed km: 4100 (up to year 2014) Awarded km: 5700 (up to year 2014) Installed km: 2600 (up to year 2014) Extensive innovation experience: ABB was first to launch: 100 kv (year 1953) 450 kv (year 1994) Reliable technology: World s longest MI cable: 580 km long NorNed link (year 2008) Extensive innovation experience: ABB was first to launch: 150 kv 320 kv 525 kv World s longest DC land cable, Murray Link (year 2002) Reliable technology Excellent availability with low failure rates September 21, 2016 Slide 37

38 High Voltage Cables Complete range of cable accessories CIGRE 2014 launch of 525 kv kv September 21, 2016 Slide 38

39 High Voltage Cables Supplier of complete cable system solutions We provide a complete package: System studies and system design Manufacturing and delivery of cables Procurement of all required components Project management Civil works Installation, supervision and testing Service agreements Maintenance and repair of cable systems Recovery of old cables September 21, 2016 Slide 39

40 The history of HVDC ABB s pioneering spirit In between 58 HVDC Classic projects and 19 HVDC Light projects 12 HVDC upgrade projects The Gotland HVDC transmission link, first commercial project September 21, 2016 Slide MW ± 100 kv >50% global market share Continuous technology leaps Benefits to utilities, industries and power consumers The Xiangjiaba- Shanghai project commissioned in July 6,400 MW ± 800 kv HZ800, 8GW, 2013

41 Project references HVDC Light technology Troll, X40 MW Troll, X50 MW Johan Sverdrup 2018, 100 MW NordLink 2020, 1,400 MW Skagerrak , 700 MW Valhall, 2009, 75 MW Tjäreborg 2000, 7 MW Kriegers Flak 2019, 410 MW Maritime Link, 2017, 500 MW Åland, MW Cross Sound 2002, 330 MW Estlink, 2006, 350 MW Mackinac 2014, 200 MW Hellsjön 1997, 3 MW Eagle Pass 2000, 36 MW NordBalt 2015, 700 MW BorWin1 2009, 400 MW DolWin1 2014, 800 MW DolWin2 2015, 900 MW Caithness Moray 2018, 800/1200MW East West Interconnector, 2012, 500 MW Caprivi Link 2009, 300 MW NSN 2021, 1400 MW Gotland 1999, 50 MW Directlink 2000, 3X60 MW Murraylink 2002, 220 MW September 21, 2016 Slide 41

42 ABB has supplied to more than half of the 190 HVDC projects The track record of a global leader Nelson River 2 CU-project Vancouver Island Pole 1 Celilo Upgrade Square Butte Rapid City Oklaunion Pacific Intertie Pacific Intertie Upgrading Pacific Intertie Expansion Intermountain IPP Upgrade Blackwater Madawaska 60 HVDC Classic Projects since HVDC Upgrades since HVDC Light Projects since 1997 Highgate Hällsjön Châteauguay Troll 1&2, 3&4 Skagerrak 1-3 Outaouais Skagerrak 4 Quebec- Johan Svedrup New England Valhall Eel River NorNed Maritime Link NSL Konti-Skan Caithness MorayTjæreborg HVDC Link BorWin1 East West DolWin1, 2 Interconnector Kriegers Flak English Channel Dürnrohr Sardinia-Italy Italy-Greece Sapei Cross Sound Mackinac Eagle Pass Sharyland & ChaPad Railroad DC Tie Vizag II Rio Madeira Itaipu Rihand-Delhi Inga-Kolwezi Vindhyachal Caprivi Link North East Agra Apollo Upgrade Cahora Bassa Brazil-Argentina Interconnection I&II FennoSkan 1&2 Åland Estlink Gotland 1-3 Gotland Light NordBalt SwePol Baltic Cable LitPol Link Kontek Hülünbeir- Liaoning Lingbao II Extension Three Gorges-Changzhou Three Gorges-Shanghai Sakuma Gezhouba-Shanghai Xiangjiaba-Shanghai Jinping - Sunan Three Gorges-Guandong Leyte-Luzon Broken Hill Directlink Murraylink New Zealand 1&2

43 Next development steps HVDC Classic and HVDC Light Higher reliability Smaller footprint Environmentally adapted HVDC Classic 1,100 kv HVDC Light Higher ratings Lower losses More compact, particularly offshore Multi terminal Control features DC grids September 21, 2016 Slide 43

44 Next development steps HVDC R&D towards UHVDC 1100kV, 6250 A kv 2009: Preliminary long term test of components at 1050 kv (Ludvika), review standards 2010: Design criteria, topology, basic material R&D, system design foundation 2011: Detailed equipment development 2012: Prototypes type tested A, split system valve 2014: Preliminary design review thyristor development 2015: Design criteria, topology, basic material R&D, split system design, thyristor and valve type tests September 21, 2016 Slide 44

45 Agenda Grid Systems HVDC: Technology, Applications and Experience Offerings: Sweden and China Typical ± 500kV 3000 MW Bipole HVDC Transmission September 21, 2016 Slide 45

46 Key components of HVDC transmission systems ABB s unique position in converters, semiconductors & cables Converters High power semiconductors HV Cables Conversion of AC to DC and vice versa Silicon-based devices for power switching Underground and marine transmission of power September 21, 2016 Slide 46 Three manufacturing perspectives in HVDC technologies. HV testing. Clean room, cables

47 ABB in Sweden Four divisions in power and automation ABB in Sweden Power Grids Electrification Products Discrete Automation & Motion Process Automation Revenues (2015): 5 BUSD 85 % export 4,900 employees Manager: Erik Oja 650 employees Manager: Anders Carlsson 1,300 employees Manager: Robert Larsson 1,000 employees Manager: Björn Jonsson 8,800 employees Domestic Sales Manager: Eva Kvist Östgren Service Manager: Hans Eckerrot

48 Power Grids in Sweden Revenues 2015: 21 BSEK High Voltage Products Transformers 90 % export 4,900 employees Local division mgr.: Erik Oja 300 employees Pia Brantgärde -Linder 140 employees Göran Torshage 110 employees Andreas Westholm 150 employees Andreas Westholm 100 employees Patrik Olsson 80 employees Krister Landén Breakers Instrument Transformers Surge Arresters Capacitors Cable Accessories Cooling Systems Alingsås Ludvika Västerås Figeholm Landskrona Karlskrona Piteå Composites Power Transformers Components Figeholm 120 employees Ingmar Falk 710 employees Thomas Andersson 400 employees Hans Linder 120 employees Anders Strömbeck 170 employees Kjell Gustafsson 230 employees Lars Wiklander Grid Automation Enterprise Software GA Products GA Systems Grid Integration Substations 200 employees Thomas Johansson FACTS 290 employees Per Eckemark HVDC High Voltage Cables Grid Systems 900 employees Niklas Persson 800 employees Andreas Berthou

49 ABB in Ludvika, Sweden A world center of high voltage Bushings Tap changers High power laboratory STRI UHVDC test hall Surge arresters Breaker s Capacitors UHVDC test hall Power transformers Land: m 2 Buildings: m 2 HVDC High voltage laboratory Shunt reactors Instrument transformers

50 Power Grids division China Local companies in China Location of China local companies Xi an Datong Chongqing Shenzhen Beijing Suqian Nanjing Hefei Shanghai Xiamen Zhongshan Power Products local companies(14) ABB High Voltage Switchgear (Xiamen) Co., Ltd ABB Xi an Power Capacitor Co., Ltd. ABB High Voltage Switchgear Co., Ltd., Beijing ABB Power Equipment Co., Ltd. ABB Silver Star Shenzhen Surge Arrester Co., Ltd. ABB Jiangsu Jingke Instrument Transformer Co., Ltd. ABB Chongqing Transformer Co., Ltd. ABB Zhongshan Transformer Co., Ltd. ABB Shanghai Transformer Co., Ltd. ABB Hefei Transformer Co., Ltd. ABB Datong Traction Transformer Co., Ltd. ABB Sifang Power System Co., Ltd. ABB Shanghai Power System Engineering Co., Ltd. Nanjing SAC Automation Co. Ltd (ABB minority stockholder) ABB China 5/5/2015

51 ABB Sifang Power System Co., Ltd Product portfolio: Converter valve Control and protection systems DC yard equipment integration System study HVDC Service 9/21/2016

52 HVDC Offering System design Converter valve Control and protection system DC yard equipment integration September 08MR , A 2016 Slide 52

53 HVDC Projects in China Projects in operation / under construction 1. Changji-Guquan ±1100kV 12,000MW (2017) 2. Dianxibei-Guangdong ±800kV 5,000MW (2017) 3. Ximeng-Taizhou ±800kV 10,000MW (2017) 4. Shanghaimiao-Shandong ±800kV 10,000MW (2017) 5. Jiuquan-Hunan ±800kV 8,000MW (2017) 6. Jinbei-Nanjing ±800kV 8,000MW (2017) 7. Lingzhou-Shaoxing ±800kV 8,000MW (2016) 8. Yunnan-Guangxi ±500kV 3,200MW (2016) 9. Hami Zhengzhou ±800kV 8,000MW (2014) 10. Xiluodu-Zhexi ±800kV 8,000MW (2014) 11. GaolingⅡback-to-back 750MW (2012) 12. Jinping-Sunan ±800kV 7,200MW (2013) 13. Nuozhadu-Guangdong ±500kV 5,000MW (2013) 14. Qinghai-Tibet ±400kV 600MW (2012) 15. HeiHe back-to-back 750MW (2011) 16. Xiangjiaba-Shanghai ±800kV 6,400MW (2010) 17. Three Gorges-Shanghai ±500kV 3,000MW (2008) 18. Hulunbuir-Liaoning ±500kV 3,000MW (2010) 19. Baoji-Deyang 500kV 3,000MW (2010) 20. Jingmen-Shanghai ±500kV 3,000MW (2010) 21. Ningdong-Shandong ±660kV 4,000MW (2010) 22. Gaoling back-to-back 750MW (2009) 23. Lingbao back-to-back 360MW/750MW (2005/2009) 24. Three Gorges-Guangdong ±500kV 3,000MW (2004) 25. Three Gorges-Changzhou ±500kV 3,000MW (2003) 26. Gezhouba-Shanghai (1989) 27. Luoping BtB Classic+VSC, 2000 MW (2016) 28. Yongren-Funing ±500kV 3,000MW (2014) 29. Xiluodu-Guangdong ±500kV 3,200MW*2 (2013) 30. Yunnan-Guangdong ±800kV 5,000MW (2010) ABB Reference Non ABB Reference Guizhou-Guangdong II ±500kV 3,000MW (2008) 32. Guizhou-Guangdong I ±500kV 3,000MW (2004) 33. Tianshengbei-Guangdong ±500kV 1,800MW (2001) September 08MR , A 2016 Slide 53

54 Product portfolio 800kV HVDC converter valve assembly and testing Assembly Reactor module assembly Optical fiber cable assembly Thyristor module assembly Thyristor Module Electrical Test Voltage grading circuit test Pressure test Temperature cycling Partial discharge check Voltage withstand check ABB February 08MR , A2012 Slide 54

55 Product portfolio Control and protection C&P C&P governs the process of converting and transmitting AC into DC and back again. It also protects the system and equipment from damage. The C&P System consists of the following parts: DC Control System DC and AC Protection System Station control system Operating control system Remote control center interface September 08MR , A 2016 Slide 55

56 Product portfolio Control and protection Milestones September 08MR , A 2016 Slide 56

57 Product portfolio System design Main circuit design Transient current Reactive power compensation study DC breaker study Dynamic performance study Insulation coordination AC/DC Transient Overvoltage (TOV) study AC/DC filter performance and ratings Load flow and stability, EPC, additional control, SSTI et al. ABB February 08MR , A2012 Slide 57

58 Project management Life cycle of a typical project We have strong project management competencies and organizational capabilities which enable us to deliver projects on quality and on time to customer satisfaction. We have a long track record of HVDC projects ranging from small service projects to large or complete projects. This gives us an enormous base of project management experience, knowledge and expertise. September 08MR , A 2016 Slide 58

59 Supply chain management September 08MR , A 2016 Slide 59

60 Customer Service Full Life Time Support Training Maintenance Spares & consumables Service agreements Repairs Advanced services Engineering & Consulting Extension, upgrades & retrofits Installation and commissioning End of life services Replacements September 08MR004521, A 2016 Slide 60

61 Typical ± 500 kv 3000 MW Bipole HVDC Transmission September 21, 2016 Slide 61

62 HVDC Transmission Three Gorges-East/South China Three Gorges Left Bank 14x700 MW ±500 kv, 3000 MW Three Gorges - Changzhou Central China ±500 kv, 1200 MW Gezouba-Shanghai East China Three Gorges Right Bank 12x700 MW ±500 kv, 3000 MW Three Gorges - Shanghai ±500 kv, 3000 MW Three Gorges - Guangdong South China (Guangdong) Slide 62 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

63 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000 MW Hydro Solar Solar Three Gorges China 890 km Shanghai Customer s need Long distance bulk power transmission sending hydropower to energy load center in East China / Shanghai area Improved interconnection between Central China and East China power network to secure electricity supply to East China ABB s response Turnkey 3000 MW ±500 kv bipole HVDC transmission system Customer s benefits Balance hydro/thermal power between Central and East, reduced 10 million tons coal transport from West to East Reliable clean energy to East China Off-peak power consumption, reduced peak-load, less spinning reserve generation Slide 63 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

64 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000 MW Hydro Coming AC lines Solar Solar Control building Valve hall AC switchyard AC filter bank DC Yard Slide 64 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

65 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Operation configuration Hydro Bipolar With Electrodes With Station Ground NBS MRTB NBS Solar Solar Monopolar Metallic Return Ground Return GRTS NBS NBGS Longquan NBGS Zhengping NBS Slide 65 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

66 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Reduced voltage operation Why? Helpful when encountering insulation problems When pollution performance is deteriorated Restart at lower voltage if full voltage in not successful Range? Down up to 70% (350kV) Operator can set between 350 and 500 kv How? With vide tap changer range on converter transformer, Increased firing angles Slide 66 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

67 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Power circuit arrangement (SLD) Hydro Three Gorges - Changzhou HVDC Transmission Project MVAr 140 HP11/ MW HP12/24 MVAr HP24/36 HP3 Y 0 Y kv DC-line Y Y 0 SH SH Solar HP11/13 HP24/36 Solar HP3 Y 0 Y 0 Electrode line Y 0 Y 0 HP12/24 SH HP12/ HP11/13 HP24/36 Y 0 Y DC-line -500 kv Y Y 0 HP12/24 SH HP12/ Longquan Zhengping Slide 67 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

68 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Overload capability Hydro Solar Solar Overload Was not specified as requirement in the Specification Depends on ambient temperature and availability of redundant cooling Slide 68 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

69 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Reliability and availability Hydro Design Target Forced Energy Unavailability 0.4 % Scheduled Energy Unavailability 1.0 % Single Solar Pole Forced Outage 5 per year Bipole Solar Forced Outage Frequency 0.1 per year All figures of unavailability are compared to the maximum bipole transfer capacity of 3000 MW = 100% according to the guideline in Cigré (WG 04). Slide 69 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

70 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Converter transformers Single phase two-winding Hydro MVA 525/210.4 kv (Single phase three-winding deselected) Reactance 16 % (dx = 8 %) Solar On Load Tap-Changer 25/-5, 1.25% step size Solar Designed for magnetizing current Irms = 21 A Equipped with ETCS One spare of each type (Y/Y and Y/D) per station Slide 70 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

71 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Converter transformer Hydro Before put into Valve Hall Solar Solar After put into Valve Hall Slide 71 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

72 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Converter valve 6 - Double Valves per pole per station Suspended from the Ceiling Water Cooled, Air Insulated Modular Construction (Each Valve Module consists of 6 Thyristors) YST90 (5 ) Thyristors used in both stations Each Valve has 90 Thyristors in Longquan and 84 in Zhengping Single Circuit Cooling with Evaporative Coolers Slide 72 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

73 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Converter valve Hydro Solar Solar Thyristor module Double valve tower Slide 73 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

74 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Reactive power exchange Exchange Limits Longquan +150 MVAr (Export to ac network) MVAr (Import from ac network) Zhengping +350 MVAr (Export to ac network) - 0 MVAr (Import from ac network) - Full Compensation Converter Consumption Longquan 1735 MVAr Provided MVAr Zhengping 1639 MVAr Provided MVAr Slide 74 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

75 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW AC filter performance Individual Harmonic Distortion D3,5 1.25% Dodd 1.0% Deven 0.5% Total Harmonic Distortion Deff 1.75% Telephone Harmonic Form Factor THFF 1.0% Slide 75 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

76 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW Reactive power generation Longquan Zhengping Sub-bank Type Rated Power Type Rated Power WA-Z1-Z11 HP11/ MVAr HP12/ MVAr WA-Z1-Z12 HP24/ MVAr HP12/ MVAr WA-Z1-Z13 HP3 118 MVAr SC 190 MVAr WA-Z2-Z11 HP11/ MVAr HP12/ MVAr WA-Z2-Z12 HP24/ MVAr HP12/ MVAr WA-Z2-Z13 HP3 118 MVAr SC 190 MVAr WA-Z3-Z11 HP11/ MVAr HP12/ MVAr WA-Z3-Z12 HP24/ MVAr SC 190 MVAr WA-Z3-Z SC 190 MVAr 1076 MVAr 1860 MVAr Slide 76 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

77 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW DC filter performance Equivalent Disturbing Current at any location along the dc line Bipolar Operation Monopolar Operation 500 map 1000 map Slide 77 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

78 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW AC yard Hydro Solar Solar Slide 78 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

79 Three Gorges-Changzhou 500kV 3000MW A view from DC yard Hydro Solar Solar Slide 79 PowDoc 08MR0045 id A

80 Summary Key success factors for HVDC projects Proven technology demonstrated in similar projects deliverred with good operation performance In-house key components of HVDC transmission system, including converter equipment, high power semiconductor, high voltage cable, as well as HV testing facilities and system design expertise (minimize interfaces and optimize solution) Professional local team with strong global support Comittment in continously R&D capabilities September 21, 2016 Slide 80

81 September 21, 2016 Slide 81