The Lithium Air Battery: Fundamentals

Transcription

1 The Lithium Air Battery: Fundamentals

2

3 Nobuyuki Imanishi Alan C. Luntz Peter Bruce Editors The Lithium Air Battery: Fundamentals

4 Editors Nobuyuki Imanishi Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemistry Mie University Tsu, Japan Peter Bruce School of Chemistry University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, UK Alan C. Luntz IBM Research, Almaden Research Center San Jose, CA, USA SUNCAT, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park, CA, USA ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface Energy storage has emerged as one of the greatest challenges facing society in the twenty-first century. With the world population increasing and many parts of the world becoming more industrialized, the demand for usable energy is predicted to rise inexorably (by 56 % from now to 2040). As a result, coal, oil, and gas will be joined increasingly by nuclear and renewable fuels for electricity generation. Deploying renewable energy will certainly become necessary to mitigate CO 2 emissions and their effects on climate change as energy demand grows. The use of renewables transforms the demand for energy storage. As this component grows relative to traditional sources, it will ultimately be necessary to store the unpredictable supply of electricity from renewable generation and provide it to consumers when required. While the time scale for employing electrochemical energy storage on the grid is not immediate, the electrification of transport is driven by the same imperatives and is beginning now. The lack of cost-effective, safe, long-lasting electrical energy storage with sufficient energy densities is right now the only significant bottleneck preventing mass market conversion to electric vehicles. Meeting the needs for energy storage will require a range of solutions, including lithium-ion batteries. Due to its relatively high energy density, the lithium-ion battery which Sony introduced in 1991 led to the portable electronics revolution of the last two decades. The Lithium-ion battery will continue to evolve slowly providing increasing energy density; it is currently the technology of choice for electric vehicles and will be critical for many years to come. However, the general consensus today is that for true mass market acceptance of electric vehicles, a battery chemistry beyond Li-ion with a higher energy density (and hence range-cost tradeoff) must ultimately be employed. Therefore, it is important to look beyond the horizon of lithium-ion and explore alternative rechargeable batteries that might exceed what lithium-ion batteries could deliver. The options are limited and include zinc air and lithium sulfur; however the battery with the highest theoretical specific energy is obtained by combining a lithium anode with an O 2 cathode, i.e., the lithium air battery. v

6 vi Preface Using O 2 as a fuel at the cathode of a battery is not new. For example, primary zinc air batteries have been used for many decades. The lithium air battery has been explored since the 1970s; especially noteworthy is the pioneering work by Abraham in Today, the need for better energy is driving intense interest in the rechargeable lithium air battery. As with any technology that has the potential to be transformational, significant barriers need to be overcome. Prior to the introduction of the lithium-ion battery, many believed rechargeable lithium batteries would never become a commercial reality. Work on the early incarnations of the rechargeable lithium air battery revealed that the reactions taking place in such cells were not those expected or desired. The clear lesson from this work was that fundamental understanding of the chemistry and electrochemistry underpinning the operation of the rechargeable lithium air battery was essential and that only by acquiring such knowledge would it be possible to address the barriers preventing commercial realization of lithium air. The contributors to this book are actively engaged in research at the cutting edge of lithium air batteries and focus on understanding the processes taking place in the cell and overcoming the hurdles found therein. The role of electrolyte and electrode stability is discussed, as are the mechanisms of the electrode reactions and the morphologies of the products. The use of solid electrolytes, protected lithium anodes, and the issues of air handling at the cathode are all examined. The state of development in the field encouraged us that this was an appropriate time for this book. Although progress has been significant, much still remains to be done to explore the science behind the lithium air battery so that informed and evidence-based decisions can be made concerning the ultimate viability of this technology. Tsu, Japan CA, USA St. Andrews, UK November 2013 Nobuyuki Imanishi Alan C. Luntz Peter Bruce

7 Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Osamu Yamamoto 2 Nonaqueous Electrolytes Stefan A. Freunberger, Yuhui Chen, Fanny Bardé, Kensuke Takechi, Fuminori Mizuno, and Peter G. Bruce 3 Cathode Electrochemistry in Nonaqueous Lithium Air Batteries A.C. Luntz, B.D. McCloskey, S. Gowda, H. Horn, and V. Viswanathan 4 The Kinetics and Product Characteristics of Oxygen Reduction and Evolution in LiO 2 Batteries Betar M. Gallant, Yi-Chun Lu, Robert R. Mitchell, David G. Kwabi, Thomas J. Carney, Carl V. Thompson, and Yang Shao-Horn 5 Atomistic and First Principles: Computational Studies of LiO 2 Batteries Kah Chun Lau, Larry A. Curtiss, Maria K.Y. Chan, and Jeffrey P. Greeley 6 Lithium Air Batteries Based on Protected Lithium Electrodes Steven J. Visco, Vitaliy Nimon, Alexei Petrov, Kirill Pridatko, Nikolay Goncharenko, Eugene Nimon, Lutgard De Jonghe, Mary Hendrickson, and Edward Plichta 7 Air Electrodes for Aqueous Lithium Air Batteries Philippe Stevens and Gwenaëlle Toussaint 8 Solid Electrolytes for Aqueous Lithium Air Batteries Nobuyuki Imanishi vii

8 viii Contents 9 A Solid-State, Rechargeable Lithium Oxygen Battery B. Kumar and J. Kumar 10 Primary Lithium Air Batteries Ji-Guang Zhang, Jie Xiao, and Wu Xu 11 Overview of LiO 2 Battery Systems, with a Focus on Oxygen Handling Requirements and Technologies Paul Albertus, Timm Lohmann, and Jake Christensen Index

9 Contributors Paul Albertus Bosch Research and Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA Fanny Bardé Advanced Technology 1, Toyota Motor Europe NV/SA, Zaventem, Belgium Peter G. Bruce School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK Thomas J. Carney Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Maria K.Y. Chan Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA Yuhui Chen School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK Jake Christensen Bosch Research and Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA Larry A. Curtiss Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA Stefan A. Freunberger Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria Betar M. Gallant Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Nikolay Goncharenko PolyPlus Battery Company, Berkeley, CA, USA S. Gowda IBM Research, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA Jeffrey P. Greeley School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA ix

10 x Contributors Mary Hendrickson US Army CERDEC, Aberdeen, MD, USA H. Horn IBM Research, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA Nobuyuki Imanishi Department of Chemistry, Mie University, Tsu, Japan Lutgard De Jonghe PolyPlus Battery Company, Berkeley, CA, USA B. Kumar Electrochemical Power Group, Energy Technology and Materials Division, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH, USA Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA J. Kumar Electrochemical Power Group, Energy Technology and Materials Division, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH, USA David G. Kwabi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Kah Chun Lau Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA Timm Lohmann Bosch Research and Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA Yi-Chun Lu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA A.C. Luntz IBM Research, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA SUNCAT, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA B.D. McCloskey IBM Research, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA Robert R. Mitchell Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Fuminori Mizuno Battery Research Division, Toyota Motor Corporation, Susono, Shizuoka, Japan Materials Research Department, Toyota Research Institute of North America, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Vitaliy Nimon PolyPlus Battery Company, Berkeley, CA, USA Eugene Nimon PolyPlus Battery Company, Berkeley, CA, USA Alexei Petrov PolyPlus Battery Company, Berkeley, CA, USA Edward Plichta US Army CERDEC, Aberdeen, MD, USA Kirill Pridatko PolyPlus Battery Company, Berkeley, CA, USA Yang Shao-Horn Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

11 Contributors xi Philippe Stevens R&D Division, Les Renardières, Electricité de France (EDF), Cedex, France Kensuke Takechi Advanced Battery Laboratory, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, Japan Carl V. Thompson Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Gwenaëlle Toussaint R&D Division, Les Renardières, Electricité de France (EDF), Cedex, France Steven J. Visco PolyPlus Battery Company, Berkeley, CA, USA V. Viswanathan SUNCAT, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Jie Xiao Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA Wu Xu Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA Osamu Yamamoto Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan Ji-Guang Zhang Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA