MOLECULAR REBAR. Adoption of dcnt in lead acid batteries. Mohamed Sharif, Venkat B Black Diamond Structures, Austin TX USA

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1 MOLECULAR REBAR Adoption of dcnt in lead acid batteries Mohamed Sharif, Venkat B Black Diamond Structures, Austin TX USA 1

2 Who We Are Black Diamond Structures is a developer, manufacturer, and marketer of innovative nanomaterial products and solutions based on revolutionary carbon nanotube (CNT) technology, MOLECULAR REBAR Our Partners

3 MOLECULAR REBAR : Global Adoption Global Adoption: Products Commercially Available and being sold to Lead Acid Battery Manufacturers Working with >100 battery manufacturers worldwide, each at various stages of development and/or commercial sales. Recent approval for use in major Automotive OEM batteries. (SLI) Have proven that Molecular Rebar can help battery manufacturers meet new OEM requirements for Advanced Automotive Battery applications. Large amount of data on full-scale production batteries, not just 2V hand-built cells Approved to discuss three Mfr s publicly at this time (Eastman India, Pacific Battery Fiji, Tianjin Lantian Power Sources China) Why the rapid adoption? Technology is innovative, cutting-edge, and scientifically sound Cost effective performance improvements over a wide variety of applications Low risk to use No (or very low) capital expenditure by manufacturer; very easy to use and implement Highly technical staff works hand in hand with your company during ramp up. World-class technical support from Black Diamond Structures

4 MOLECULAR REBAR Technology Key Competitive Advantage Bulk Carbon Nanotubes Detangling/ Separation Formulation - Dispersion Master Batch - Concentrate Customer Integration w/ End- Product Clumps of Dirty, Entangled CNT s Clean, Detangled MR Discrete, Individual Tubes MR in Lead Paste (or other substrates) 4

5 Flooded SLI Batteries Pb1100 Series Products Key Features: Used in Negative Electrode or Negative & Positive Electrodes Improved Consistency in Capacity & CCA Throughout Life Extended Cycle Life / Reduced Warranty Failures Increased Electrical Performance Enhanced Plate Strength / Durability Batteries provided by Pacific Batteries Ltd (NS40) 5

6 Flooded SLI Batteries Pb1100 Series Products: Base Performance Control Pb1100N Series Pb1100N Series Control Pb1100N Series Control Pb1100N Series C 20 Measurement (EN ) Pb1100 Series has no negative effect on capacity Also true for RC measurements CCA Performance (EN ) Pb1100 Series elongate discharge; Ah-out higher CCA remains consistent throughout life and cycling 6

7 Flooded SLI Batteries Pb1100 Series Products: Life cycle tests SAE J240-LLE SAE J2185-HLE ^12% ^35% Summary Protocol Stress factor Improvements by Molecular Rebar VDA-RCE ^50% ^60% VDA-ROD VDA-RC Endurance Ability of battery to perform light load Ability of battery to perform heavy duty cycling Enhanced ability to retain the rated capacity through out life 50-60% cycle life increase 12-35% cycle life increase 20% cycle life increase ^20% VDA- Repetitive over discharge Ability of battery to recover after parasitic loads (Very deep discharge) 6-25% cycle life increase 7

8 Enhanced Flooded Battery: Pb1200 Series Product = Pb1200Nx & Pb1200Px Key Features: Use in Negative and/or Positive Electrode Pb1200 Series provides balanced performance increases across the following tests: CCA/Capacity Charge Acceptance Durability Life Cycle Tests Micro-Hybrid Life Cycle Tests Gassing Tests 8

9 Flooded EFB Batteries Pb1200 Series Products Nissan 90% SoC Charge Acceptance Current measured relative to C 20 current Pb1200 negative recipe improves response; further EN Dynamic Charge Pb1200 Series improves DCA metric by ~15% Test mimics detailed, real-life, start-stop duty cycle

10 Flooded EFB Batteries Increases SBA S0101 Cycle Life Pb1200 Series Products: Life cycle tests SBA S0101 Cycle Life Pb1200Nx and Pb1200Px increases cycle life up to 500% Pb1200Nx increases cycle life up to 60% The failure mode in MR batteries shifted to separators HRPSoC Cycle Life Pb1200Nx increases HRPSoC cycling 60% Pb1200Nx lowers charging voltages Reserve Capacity measurements taken after each segment show MR batteries remain healthier, longer 10

11 Formulated for Balanced Performance Enhancements Pb1200 Series: Actual Customer Production line Produced 12V testing example Pb1200 vs Control Battery Performance Dynamic Charge Acceptance₁ J537 Cold Static Charge Charge Acceptance₃ Water Consumption₂ ₃ 17.5% DOD Endurance₁ 180% 160% 140% 120% 100% 80% Pb1200 Series CPT CCA Duration₂ 50% DOD Endurance₁ J Heavy Duty Life Cycle₃ Control Batteries Many innovations target improving one aspect of performance, often at the detriment of others. The Pb1200 Series aims to bring a balanced solution to your battery design, enhancing performance to meet your customers requirements without compromising existing qualities. 1 - EN EN SAE

12 Deep Cycle Batteries: The Challenges of Today Inconsistent in performance throughout life Capacity/backup loss in 1 year as seen in inverter batteries Capacity/backup loss in 3 months as seen in E-rickshaw batteries Sulphated negative plate Poor charge acceptance / always on deficit charging Due to poor charging efficiency of battery active materials Due to power outages/ improper chargers E-rickshaw batteries needs a day-charge after 3 months Results in sulphation/ reduces life Heavy water loss/ needs maintenance Due to poor charging efficiency of battery active materials Power supplied wasted in gassing 12

13 Deep Cycle Flooded: E-Rickshaw Pb2100 and Pb2200 Series Products Key Features: Used in Negative plate (Pb2100N-Flat; Pb2200N-Tubular) Improved Ah-in during charge Increases time between charges No daytime recharge needed Reduced water consumption More consistent capacity through life Batteries provided by Eastman (80Ah Tubular) 13

14 Deep Cycle Flooded: E-Rickshaw Pb2100 and Pb2200 Series Products: Shorter recharge time with any charger Note Axis Scale 15 A/14.4 V 10 A/15.2 V Control Pb2100N 15 A/15.2V Control Pb2100N Av. CON = 32.3 h Av. MR = 20.9 h Av. CON = 15.6 h Av. MR = 12.0 h Av. CON = 10.2 h Av. MR = 7.9 h Recharge time taken by E-rickshaw battery to restore 110% of capacity with and without MR To fully charge, a flooded battery must absorb >110% of its last discharge Pb2100 and Pb2200N series product decreases the time to reach this 110% return at various current and voltage settings as available in the market charger 14

15 Deep Cycle Flooded: E-Rickshaw Pb2100 and Pb2200 Series Products: Lab Simulation Testing >300% Improved >170% Improved Pb2100 and 2200 Series Products: Delay onset of daytime charge, enables more productive workdays Convert more of Ah Input into useable capacity Improve charge Efficiency Control batteries experience capacity decay sooner across all recharge scenarios Protocol: Workday = 10 trips defined as 5x[30 min DCH + 10 min RST] resulting in 80% DOD over 10 h. At Night, battries are charge by one of 3 recharge scenarios: locked at 8 h, 10 h, or 110% Ah-return of previous DCH. 15

16 Deep Cycle Flooded: E-Rickshaw Pb2100 and Pb2200 Series Products: Field Trial Data Observations by Drivers & Owners using Pb2100N: Drivers using 4x80Ah Pb2100 batteries monitored for voltages, charging time and water loss Pb2100N batteries DID NOT NEED A DAYTIME RECHARGE (~11hr run before charging) Control batteries needed a 2-3 hour recharge (~5.25hr run before charging). Water consumption dramatically reduced (less maintenance) Drivers earnings increased ~100 Rs/day due to lack of day time charge (+80km more) Shaded Area Shows Charge Periods 16

17 Stationary: Solar Pb3200 series product Key Features: Reduced Deficit Charging Extended Life Faster Recharge Times Lower Water Consumption 17

18 Stationary: Solar Pb3200 series product: DRE Life cycle test Decentralized Rural Electrification (DRE) Test Pb3200 series product extends capacity retention more than 70% Decentralized Rural Electrification simulation replicates real-world failures which Pb3200 series product delays (H 2 O loss, deficit CHR, sulfation, AM loss) Pb3200 series product is taking in more Ah per charge without increasing water loss

19 Stationary: Solar Pb3200 series product: DRE Life cycle test (Tear Down) Control Negative Pb3200N Negative Non-uniform material utilization Material soft and puffing/falling out Heavily sulfated surface Large insulative Sulphate crystals Shiny surface, plate still usable No sulfate present on surface Smaller and uniformly sized crystals

20 How to use Material is shipped as a black pourable aqueous Solution which is added directly to the paste mixer MOLECULAR REBAR products are formulated for ease of use and incorporation Sold in 10L jugs for Samples 55 gallon (208 L) Drums 1,250L totes. A volume of pasting water is replaced with the MOLECULAR REBAR liquid so total liquid volume remains the same Paste Mixer 20

21 Summary MOLECULAR REBAR Enhances: Performance of cyclic battery More consistent capacity through life Improved Ah-in during charge Increases time between charges No daytime recharge needed Reduced water consumption Mechanical Durability CCA & Capacity Consistency Thru Life Charge Acceptance EN DCA SAE J537 Charge Acceptance Nissan 90% SOC Recharge Cycle life as defined by: VDA Repetitive Over Discharge VDA Reserve Capacity Durability SAE J2185 erickshaw Lab Simulations Decentralized Rural Electrification Model EN % DoD EN % DoD EN MHT SBA S Many OEM and Other Specifications Formulated Products Available for: Automotive Flooded SLI: Pb1100 Series Enhanced Flooded: Pb1200 Series Adv. Auto VRLA: Pb1300 Series 2W Automotive VRLA: Pb1400 Series Deep Cycle / Motive Fld e-rickshaw: Pb2100/2200 Series VRLA for Mobility: Pb2300 Series Stationary Inverter Flooded: Pb3100 Series Solar Flooded: Pb3200 Series Renewables VRLA: Pb3300 Series

22 Special Thanks to Our Partners: THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Venkat B: Regional Sales Manager (Office) Mohamed Sharif: Application Development Engineer (Office) 22