Recent advancements in lead battery performance and new demonstration work of ALABC 1618 Program

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1 Recent advancements in lead battery performance and new demonstration work of ALABC 1618 Program Boris Monahov Program Manager ALABC International Battery Seminar and Exhibition, Fort Lauderdale, FL, March 2017

2 The Advanced Lead Acid Battery Consortium 70 members 22 battery manufacturers 28 lead producers 13 suppliers 7 research & testing

3 Battery Application Trends and Advanced Lead Batteries Automotive and transportation Application Need to enhance Action Start-Light-Ignition Capacity Design Cold cranking (8C rate, 800 CCA, -30 o C, ) Design, additives BMS (battery protection) OEMs, battery manufacturers Service life (average 6 years) Battery manufacturers Safety (satisfactory) Controlled Recycling (up to 98%) Regional efforts

4 Environmental benefits of lead batteries Average Cradle to Gate CO 2 emissions Argonne National Laboratory Study 2010 Production ('000 tonnes) Secondary Lead Production Primary Lead Production 12, , , , , , Year Al. Davidson, ALABC meeting, Febr.20, 2017, Hangzhou, China

5 Battery Application Trends and Advanced Lead Batteries Automotive and transportation Application Need to enhance Action Stop-Start Dynamic charge acceptance ( A/Ah) Carbon in negative plates Energy and power (105 Ah, 55 Wh/kg, 1000 W/kg) Cell design Operation at elevated temperature (60 o C) Front/rear battery location AGM & EFB vs. PbA (power, cost, BMS) 63% advanced lead batt. Energy throughput (over 1,000 x C in HEV) Cell design Partial state of charge (narrow window, 75% SOC) OEMs and Batt. Mnfr s Water loss (oxygen, and hydrogen evolution) Cell design, carbon treatment Stratification Not in Ultrabattery Cell equalization Not in Ultrabattery service life (17.5% (50%) DoD, calendar life 5 years) Battery Manufacturers Production costs (below 150 $/kwh) Battery manufacturers Zero failure approach (BMW) Battery manufacturers

6 DCA and Water Loss: Controlled by Carbon - Cabot P. Atanassova at al, Cabot Corporation and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, ALABC meeting, Hangzhou, China, February 21, 2017 Proper processing of carbon additives and the combination of proper carbon with proper expanders allow increasing DCA and suppressing water loss

7 High & Steady DCA and Low Water Carbon Negative Grid A New Lead-Carbon Battery Developed by ArcActive, New Zealand 3.8g/Ah Oxide 1 Oxide 2 3.2g/Ah St. McKenzie, ArcActive s Carbon Fibre Negative Electrode, AABC Mainz, Germany, 02/01/2017

8 The UltraBattery (Lead-Carbon, CSIRO, Australia) After 100,000 miles in HEV: no voltage difference for 12 UltraBattery modules ALABC project test results Cell equalization not necessary Much longer HRPSoC cycle life No stratification after 45,000 cycles Cycle number D. Rand, ALABC meeting, Hangzhou, 02/21/2017 Stratification

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10 Battery Application Trends and Advanced Lead Batteries Automotive and transportation Application Need to enhance Action Micro hybrids (12/48V) dynamic charge acceptance (more than St/St) Carbon cold cranking (up to 6 kw, more than in St/St) Design, expander Discharge energy / power (1.6 kwh, 10 kw) Design, additives Recharge power (10 kw and more) Design, carbon Partial state of charge (wide window) OEMs and Batery Manufacturers Energy throughput (up to 10,000 x C in HEV) Cell design service life (equal cells) Cell design, capacitance Costs per 1% of CO 2 reduction (<$100) Battery manufacturers

11 ALABC LCSHybrids the Affordable Alternative

12 Battery Application Trends and Advanced Lead Batteries Motive power Application Need to enhance Action E-bikes (China +), low energy Cell design, additives speed E-vehicles with power Cell design lead batteries (China) fast charge (minutes to hours) Design, additives water loss and maintenance (portable) Alloys, carbon, additives positive plate Alloys, additives cycle life (2.5 years now) Battery manufacturers Motive power Dynamic charge acceptance (Stop-Start) Battery manufacturers

13 Lead Batteries in Affordable Electric Vehicles

14 Battery Application Trends and Advanced Lead Batteries Energy storage systems Grid support (peak leveling) Frequency support Renewable energy storage Remote power supply UPS and emergency power Telecommunications Advanced lead carbon batteries - good in all these applications

15 Battery Application Trends and Advanced Lead Batteries Battery related parameters controlling cost of energy storage Parameter Number of cycles Depth of discharge (DoD) range of cycling Total energy throughput System Efficiency System cost Cost of stored energy = System cost / cycles * efficiency Xianzhang Wu, Narada Power Source, Lead-Carbon Battery A Promising Solution for Energy Storage, ALABC Technical Workshop, Febr. 21, 2017, Hangzhou, China

16 Longer Lead Battery Life in PV Tests, Advanced Cell Design Tubular Plate OPzV Batteries, BAE, Germany Energy Storage Ultrabattery of East Penn, USA, tested by Sandia National Lab Ecoult, East Penn

17 Longer Lead Carbon Battery Life, Peak Leveling, Advanced Cell Design Valve-Regulated Lead-Carbon Batteries of Narada Power Source, China

18 Excellent cycle life of Narada port crane batteries, ALABC project Valve-Regulated Lead-Carbon Battery of Narada Power Source, China for Port Cranes The required by cranes owners battery work cycles were achieved and exceeded. The cranes with such batteries will be economically and envinronmentally efficient > discharges à 1Ah = Ah/200Ah C times the nominal C10 capacity throughput

19 ALABC Program structure The program comprises studies on all important battery performance parameters and on all battery components needing research and optimization

20 Conclusions The results obtained by the ALABC members have the potential to keep the performance of the advanced lead-carbon batteries as good as the industry customer need The new precompetitive basic research Program of ALACB is structured to address the major issues of modern batteries The program is aimed at making sure advanced lead batteries will continue being the power source of choice in existing and emerging new applications

21 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION! Questions: Boris Monahov ALABC, Program manager, 2530 Meridian Parkway, Ste. 115 Durham 27713, NC Tel: