The Problem: Urban Congestion Snarls Mobility Also issues about accessibility and equality of access

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1 Enhancing Mobility Through Technology in a Congested Urban Environment Evolution of Ground Transport Technology: From the Omnibus to Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) The Problem: Urban Congestion Snarls Mobility Also issues about accessibility and equality of access

2 Over the years technology has evolved From: Omnibus on Blackfriar s Bridge, 1798 To: Hummers for everyone, 2009 Week 9

3 Evolution of the OmniBus for intra-urban mass transportation Start: London,1798 Technology Elements: Capacity: ~10 Seated Passengers Propulsion: Horses or Mules Externalities: Disease and nonoperating revenue from pollution Support: Wooden Wheel on Pavement Headway & Lateral Control: Human Geo Enhancement: NYC, 1830 Capacity Enhancement: Double Decker, London Propulsion Enhancement: Steam, London Support Enhancement: Iron (Steel) Rails Week 9

4 Growth of Horse-Drawn Street Railway Technology 1850: NYC 1860: London 1875: Minneapolis 1890: Broadway NYC 1908: Washington, GA Week 8

5 Evolution of Horse-Drawn Street Railway Technology Today: DisneyWorld Week 89

6 1880: Washington, DC Growth of Cable Street Railway Technology Beginning in 1873: San Francisco 1874: Hoboken 1900: Pittsburgh 1890: Kansas City 1880: Los Angeles 1882: Portland, OR 1896: Cincinnati 1890: Chicago Week 9

7 Elements of Cable Street Railway Technology 1886: Steam Power Plant Hoboken Grip Under the street

8 Elements of Cable Street Railway Technology San Francisco Interior Gripper Let Go xing Stuck Push Cable Car Bell Ringing Contest

9 Beginning 1873: SF Evolution of Cable Street Railway Technology Cable Car Bell Ringing Contest More images, incline RR

10 Birth-Death Process of Transport Technology In the beginning In the end [I]n capitalist reality, it is not [price] competition which counts but the competition from the new commodity, the new technology - competition which commands a decisive cost or quality advantage and which strikes not at the margins of the profits and the outputs of the existing firms but at their foundations and their very lives. Joseph A Shumpeter ( )

11 2 nd half of 19 th Century is a period of industrialization and rapid growth of cities In response, cities can occupy the same area at a higher density, implying higher congestion, or Expand over a larger area, requiring better transportation technology.

12 Mid-Late 19 th C ways to address congestion through segregation of modes Pedestrian Overpass People over Transport

13 Segregation of Modes London Transport over People NYC Week 9

14 Segregation of Modes Building the First Elevated RR in NYC Commenced Service, 7/2/1867 (cable powered, converted to steam 2/14/1883)

15 Segregation of Modes Building the First Elevated RR in NYC

16 Segregation of Modes Building Elevated RR in NYC

17 Segregation of Modes Building Elevated RR in NYC

18 Segregation of Modes Building Elevated RR in NYC

19 Segregation of Modes Building Elevated RR in NYC

20 Segregation of Modes 6 th Ave Line Station, 1878 Building Elevated RR in NYC 2 nd Ave Line, th Ave Line, rd Ave Line Chicago Loop, 1900

21 Segregation of Modes London, 1860s Going Underground: Transport Under People Baker St. Station, London Metropolitan, commenced service 1/10/1863 Cut & cover, Paddington,1866 NYC Park Ave, 1880 Boston, 1 st US, 1904

22 Electric Traction

23 Innovation of Electric Traction Orf 467 Transportation Systems Analysis The Innovators Thomas Davenport ( ) an American blacksmith and inventor who invented the first DC electrical motor in 1834 and made a small model of electrical railway in He patented a device for "Improvements in propelling machinery by magnetism and electromagnetism" in 1837 (his electric railway). Kurfurstendamm St., 1879 Werner Von Siemens Davenport's model of an electric "train." The circular track is 4 feet in diameter. Power was supplied from a stationary battery to the moving electric locomotive, using the rails as conductors for the electricity Berlin, 1879 Montgomery Al., 1882

24 Innovation of Electric Traction The Innovators Leo Daft ( ) Baltimore 1885 Uses 3 rd rail Charles Van Depoele Chicago Demonstration 1883, overhead wiresaa Week 9

25 Innovation of Electric Traction 1 st Really Successful System Richmond, VA, 1888 Frank J Sprague Week 9

26 Growth to Maturity of Electric Traction

27 Growth to Maturity of Electric Traction Newark, NJ, 900

28 Growth to Maturity of Electric Traction Witherspoon Gate to Nassau Hall Princeton, NJ, 1930 Week 9

29 Iowa Growth to Maturity of Electric Traction Build em Everywhere Indiana Ohio

30 Growth to Maturity of Electric Traction Build em Everywhere Week 9

31 Putting the squeeze on the competition Electric Traction But in the end. Week 9

32 Death of Electric Traction

33 Death of Electric Traction Week 9

34 Pittsburgh Nostalgia of Electric Traction Online sources of Light Rail Transit Replicas of Vintage Trolley Cars: John Smatlak Link Light Rail, Tramway and Urban Transit Links Link Light Rail Transit Systems in US Link SF Muni River Line NJ Newark Subway Week 9

35 Jon Bell s Rail Transit Pages Week 9 Good source on many of his pictures and descriptions Orf 467 Transportation Systems Analysis Growth to Maturity of Electric Traction

36 1 st Trolley Bus Von Siemens Kurfurstendamm St., 1879 Trolley Bus LA, 1912 Philadelphia, 1970 NYC 1930

37 Growth to Maturity of Electric Trolleys Week 9

38 Early Innovators of the Automobile Nicolaus Otto ( )invented the first practical alternative to the steam engine in the first four-stroke internal combustion engine. He called it the "Otto Cycle Engine," and as soon as he had completed his engine, he built it into a motorcycle. Karl Benz Benz patent st Production Benz, Velo, 1894 Gotlieb Daimler Daimler Maybach Improved Ottos s Engine 1 st Motorcycle 1885; 4-wheel automobile 3/8/ st bus (modified Benz Truck) 1895 Wilhelm Maybach

39 Francis Edgar Stanley Freelan Oscar Stanley Early Innovators of the Automobile Steam 1908 Land Speed Record 127 mph 1903 Mile Record 1918 Stanley Steamer 1913 Stanley Steamer Week Stanley 9 Steamer Link Wiki

40 Early Innovators of the Automobile Electric History of Electric cars 1900 Baker Electric GM ev Crushed ev1s 1905 Woods Early electric cars Who Killed the Electric car

41 Early Automobiles Not so good! Bad Roads Bad Weather Week 9

42 Dominance of Automobiles

43 Dominance of Automobiles 160 US Automobile Registrations Automobile Registrations US Year

44 Innovative Solutions

45 What about Mass Transit?? Do you mean Monorails??

46 MonoRails: Not a new concept Suspended 1886, Cambridge Line

47 Wuppertal Schwebebahn 8.3 miles 20 stations 22.9 M pax/yr 72,000 pax/day Av occupancy 52.8% 2.9 miles Av.Travel Distance kwh/pax Movie Week 9

48 MonoRails: DisneyWorld Week 9

49 Alternative Propulsion: You ve got to go FAST! Week 9

50 Automated Systems Commuter Rail BART

51 Lindenwold NJ Line Automated Systems Commuter Rail

52 Automated People Movers Westinghouse SkyBus, South Park Test Track Pgh, Pa

53 Westinghouse SkyBus, South Park Test Track Pgh, Pa Automated People Movers Tampa Airport

54 Starts with Alden Starr car Morgantown PRT (On the vehicle switch!) (actually: Group Rapid transit (GRT))

55 Morgantown PRT

56 Morgantown PRT

57 Morgantown PRT

58 Morgantown PRT

59 Morgantown PRT Movie Movie2

60 Morgantown PRT Week 9

61 DFW AirTrans PRT

62 DFW AirTrans PRT

63 Alternative Support Air Bearing Transportation Technology, Inc. (TTI) -Otis Compatible with: On-vehicle switch Linear induction propulsion Low Floor Active element of LIM in guideway Passive element of LIM in guideway

64 Alternative Support : Attractive Mag lev

65 Alternative Support : Overhead Suspended Rohr Monocab

66 Alternative Support : Overhead Suspended Rhor Monocab

67 Alternative Support : Overhead Suspended Rhor Monocab

68 Alternative Support : Overhead Suspended H-Bahn

69 Alternative Headway Control Laser range

70 Alternative Headway Control Aramis

71 Alternative Support : Both CabinenTaxi

72 Alternative Support : Both CabinenTaxi

73 Alternative Support : CVS (Bullet through the propeller trick) Week 9

74 Alternative Support : CVS (Bullet through the propeller trick)

75 Current PRT Innovators: Vectus Link & Video