Jornada Técnica de la PTFE: GESTIÓN ENERGÉTICA SOSTENIBLE E INTELIGENTE EN EL ÁMBITO FERROVIARIO Madrid, 12 de marzo de Marcos Lafoz Pastor

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1 Jornada Técnica de la PTFE: GESTIÓN ENERGÉTICA SOSTENIBLE E INTELIGENTE EN EL ÁMBITO FERROVIARIO Madrid, 12 de marzo de 2015 NUEVOS ENFOQUES TECNOLÓGICOS PARA EL ALMACENAMIENTO DE ENERGÍA Marcos Lafoz Pastor Financiado por: Ref. PTR

2 Energy Storage in Railways 1. Provides some energy saving when regenerative braking. (21.6% by Gee and Dunn in 2014). 2. Stabilize the DC voltage at the power line 3. Additional benefits by reducing a 30% substation peak power thus a smaller investment in substations would be required on new installations 4. Reduce power value of the electric bill 5. Used in auxiliary supplies Power profiles in consumption and regeneration lead to the use of energy storage technologies such as batteries, supercapacitorsand flywheels. Installation alongside the tracks results more convenient than on the trains because weight and space

3 Energy Storage Technologies Batteries. TOKYO-Toshiba Corporation (Nov 2014) Rated Output Battery Capacity Rated Voltage 1000 kw 387 kwh 1500 V Supercapacitors Flywheel. Vycon 750kW, (4500 kwmax). 6 MJ 500kW. 6 MJ Metro de L.A. (Nov 2014)

4 Flywheels are lighter, less bulky, cost less, and have longer lives according to a study by the UK Rail and Safety Standards board (Kadim 2009) Characteristics of Flywheels when used in Railways 1. Power density is high. 2. Power and energy are independent. 3. Continuous operation is possible. Very high number of cycles (charge-discharge frequency). 4. Fast response and overload capacity. 5. Not very high thermal dependant. 6. No modification of vehicles is required. 7. The technology is cost-effective when large scale application. 4

5 General concept of a flywheel A Kinetic Energy Storage System(KESS), also known as a Flywheel, is based onasimpleprinciple:tostorageenergyinarotatingmasswhichisdrivenby an electrical machine. This machine exchanges power with the grid through two power converters connected by a dc-link. Levitation Guidance Electrical Machine Rotating Mass Machine-Side Converter dc link Control System Grid Side Converter External commands Guidance 5

6 CIEMAT developments in flywheels 2010 SA2VE: Railway substation. Energy saving. OMEGA-PLUS. ACE2 ENERGY SEDUCTOR Wind-Diesel Generation TOTAL POWER 350 kva DC VOLTAGE V RPM First prototype of Kinetic energy storage device (1999) 200MJ ACEBO: Renewable and SmartGrid applications ACEBO OMEGA OMEGA-MOTOR ENERGY TOTAL POWER DC VOLTAGE RPM 120 kva 1000 V ENERGY ENERGY 5MJ TOTAL POWER 120 kva DC VOLTAGE V RPM 10MJ TOTAL POWER 25 kw DC VOLTAGE 1000 V RPM

7 SA2VE project Technology development project funded by the Minitry of Science and Innovation in

8 Installation at the railway substation The system is installed in Cerro Negro (Madrid), a DC-3000V railway substation Security pit to locate the energy storage device

9 Installation at the railway substation The system is installed in Cerro Negro (Madrid), a DC-3000V railway substation Interior or the security pit with the flywheel. The reduced pressure system is also presented.

10 Installation at the railway substation The system is installed in Cerro Negro (Madrid), a DC-3000V railway substation Power electronics room

11 Monitorization and operation interface This user interface permits to analyse the internal variables and to change parameters (current limits, voltage, actuation range, operation criteria, regulators constant, optimization angles, operation times) Events log (access, opertions, disconnection, alarms, parameter configuration, controlled remote control) have been developed based on Labview tool.

12 Operation criteria for the flywheel The operation is based on the measurement of the catenary voltage and the current consumption Charge: Voltage is too high or there is no consumption from the grid 3,7k 3,65k 3,6k 3,55k 3,5k 3,45k 3,4k 3,35k 3,3k 3,25k 09:52:51,726 09:52:53,726 09:52:55,726 09:52:57,726 Time (s) 09:52:59,726 09:53:01,726 09:53:03,726 09:53:04, :52:51,453 09:52:53,453 09:52:55,453 09:52:57,453 Time (s) 09:52:59,453 09:53:01,453 Current increase voltage drop 09:53:04,252 SE Cerro Negro 24/06/ :51:39 Discharge: Consumption from the grid or catenary voltage is too low 3,6k 3,55k 3,5k 3,45k 3,4k 3,35k 3,3k 09:55:54,787 09:55:56,787 09:55:58,787 09:56:00,787 Time (s) 09:56:02,787 09:56:04,787 09:56:06,787 09:56:07,929 1k :55:54,936 09:55:55,936 09:55:56,936 09:55:57,936 09:55:58,936 09:55:59,936 09:56:00,936 Time (s) 09:56:01,936 09:56:02,936 09:56:03,936 09:56:04,936 09:56:05,936 09:56:06,784 No current consumption voltage increase

13 After the experience in previous projects with Flywheels In 2010 CIEMAT started the ACEBO project (Low Cost Kinetic Energy Storage System), a second generation flywheel, which is mainly based on the following concepts: 1. The technology has to be robust and competitive with other storage technologies (batteries and supercapacitors) 2. Easy and not expensive implementation 3. Power and energy high densities and independency 4. Modularity and flexibility in the design and the applications 5. Integration of the power electronics and the control with the mechanics 6. Easy to maintain with reduced OPEX 7. Idle losses (during no operation) has to be reduced as maximum to improve the global efficiency 8. Additional value of the grid-connection converter to operate under unbalance loads conditions, isolated from the grid or frequency and voltage support 13

14 The ACEBO Technology description Power electronics and control Integration of the electrical machine, the flywheel, levitation, power electronics and control in the same housing. Modular mechanical battery. Electrical machine Flywheel Overall Energy 10 MJ Maximum Power 25 kw Nominal Voltage 1,000 V Maximum RPM 10,000 Magnetic levitation of the flywheel releases axial forces from the bearings and a reduced pressure atmosphere is provided inside of a vacuum chamber to reduce the aerodynamic losses 14

15 The ACEBO Technology description Half-Bridge topology used to drive the machine PWM commutation signals Control commands SRM current experimental results Alarms IGBT DSP TI28335 Analog voltage measurements Power electronics and control Analog current measurements Electrical machine Flywheel Temperature measurements 15

16 The ACEBO Testing area ACEBO device during the testing at the Lab. The facility includes a security pit and a separate control room. 16

17 The ACEBO Testing area at CIEMAT ACEBO prototype inside the testing security pit Grid-side converter 17

18 ACEBO Control and Communication Monitoring and control environment 18

19 The ACEBO Characterization Supplying times when operating with constant power at different levels (levels without overloading the machine). For example, the system can deliver 10 kw to the grid for about 5 minutes. Operation curves within the speed range maintaining constant current at different levels The available reserve energy is the kinetic energy stored in the flywheel at the speed of rpm. This amount of energy could be used in over-discharged situations with reduced delivered power levels. 19

20 The ACEBO Characterization Acceleration time= 27 s Self-discharging time= 38,2 min The flywheel is maintained between 90% and 100% of SOC waiting for the load to supply, which corresponds with a range of speed between 8700 and 9000 rpm. The system requires an average power of 390W to maintain that range of SOC (State of Charge). Losses Quantity Mechanical Losses (Pmech) Control Consumption (Pcontrol) Average electrical losses (Pacc) 210 W 150 W 30 W Average maintaining power (Pmaint) 390W Efficiency at different percentages of the nominal current Eelectric: Electrical energy used in deceleration processes Emechanical store: Kinetic energy stored in the flywheel 20

21 ACEBO Operability: Unbalanced loads The grid-side converter allows the operation against unbalanced loads. The grid converter of the storage system provides current from the different phases in order to compensate the unbalanced load. This way, the grid provides a balanced supply to the system. This is specially important in very weak electric grids where phase voltages could be modified when unbalanced loads. Grid CORRI ENTES DE SALI DA DEL I NVERSOR 60 IA in ver s o r IB in ver s o r IC in ver s o r I inversor(a) 20 Unbalanced load Tiem po(s ) Energy Storage 21

22 ACEBO Operability: Power supply to auxiliary systems Considering the high power transmission capacity of the catenary, a whole infrastructure can be developed from it, including energy storage, generation withrenewableenergies, EV chargeand substationauxiliaryconsumptions, reducing the electric grid actuation. 45kV 230V Aux. Serv. Lab Power line Ω+1 CLM1 Ω+2 CLM2 3500V DC/DCcat DC/DC1 700V DC/DC2 CLR 400V AC/DC EV Fast Chargers UC1 ES PV-panel 22

23 MUCHAS GRACIAS POR SU ATENCIÓN Financiado por: Ref. PTR

24 The ACEBO Characterization Main Characteristics Nominal Present conditions Nominal Upgraded conditions Maximum Available Present conditions 21 kw 25 kw 4 MJ (1,1 kwh) Maximum Available Upgraded conditions Minimum Discharge Present conditions 7,9 MJ (2,2 kwh) 3,2 MJ (0,89 kwh) Minimum Discharge Upgraded conditions Temperature operation range Grid connection Speed Present conditions Speed Upgraded conditions Operational pressure operation Overall Weight Including Power Electronics Overall Volume Including Power Electronics Flywheel Type Bearings Levitation 7,3 MJ (2,03 kwh) [ -20, 40]⁰C Three-phase 400 V [6.000, 9.000] rpm [9.000, ] rpm 5 mbar 900 kg 0,58 m3 High Strength Forged Steel Hybrid Ceramic Ball Bearings Passive Permanent Magnet Levitation System Motor/Generator Type Phase Number Financiado por: Pole Number DC link voltage Maximum phase current Ref. PTR Power electronics Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM) 3 6 Stator; 4 Rotor 700 V 125 A IGBTs H-Bridge Single Converter each phase 24