Particle Number Measurements of a CNG Euro VI Bus Operating in the Bogota s Public Transport System
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1 Particle Number Measurements of a CNG Euro VI Bus Operating in the Bogota s Public Transport System Helmer Acevedo 1, Néstor Rojas 2,Edwin López 3, Felipe Rodriguez 3, Luis Cachón 4. 1 Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Department 2 Associate Professor Chemical Engineering Department 3 Graduate Students Mechanical Engineering Department 4 Matter Aerosol AG Engineering Faculty Universidad Nacional de Colombia Carrera 30 # 45 03, Edificio 453 Oficina 401 Tel.: Fax.: hracevedog@unal.edu.co
2 Content 1. Introduction 2. Bus Specifications 3. Experimental Setup 4. Results 5. Conclusions 6. Acknowledgments 7. Questions
3 Bogota D.C. is the Capital of Colombia Bogota s Population is 8 Million Inhabitants Bogota D.C. is located at 2650 masl. Bogota D.C. is the third largest city in Latin America. 1. Introduction
4 1. Introduction Source: Transmilenio 2013
5 1. Introduction Objective: The objective of this work was to obtain the fuel efficiency and the emission factors of a CNG Euro 6 bus running under local conditions and compare them to diesel engine technology.
6 2. BUS SPECIFICATIONS G.V.W. kg Curb Weight kg Gross Axle 1 Weight kg 7100 Gross Axle 2 Weight kg Gross Axle 3 Weight kg 6000 Displacement Volume 9.3 L Cylinders 5 Emission Standard Euro 6 Max Torque. ( rpm) Max Power. (at 1900 rpm) Exhaust Aftertreatment System 1600 Nm 250 kw 3-Way Catalytic Converter SCANIA K340 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Engine Reference: OC09 102/250 kw (340 HP) - Stoichiometric Transmission Reference ZF 6 AP 1400 B (Ecolife) Type Automatic Retarder ZF - Automatic
7 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP TWO TYPES OF TEST WERE CARRIED OUT: 1. ON BOARD TESTING (AT G.V.W.) 2. CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER TESTING TWO PARAMETERS WERE OBTAINED: 1. FUEL EFFICIENY 2. EMISSION FACTORS
8 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP (ON-BOARD TESTING) Dekati Elpi Plus and FPS4000. Real time number size distribution and concentration measurement. 6 nm 10 μm, 14 size fractions NanoMet3 Portable solid particle counter provides a complete data string with following values: particle number concentration (#/cm3) average size (nm), nm (within mode diameter of nm) calculated particle mass (mg/m3) LDSA Lung Deposition Surface Area (μm2/cm3) SEMTECH G: gas emissions testing monitor measures emissions of CO, CO2, total Hydrocarbons (THC), NO, and NO2. The Semtech G unit uses infrared absorption technology to measure CO and CO2, ultraviolet absorption technology to measure NO and NO2, and a flame ionization detector to measure total hydrocarbon emissions. The Semtech G is also equipped with a GPS device to measure location and speed and it has been approved by US EPA
9
10 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP (ON-BOARD TESTING- ROUTE) Source: Google Earth Length of the route: 73.9 km Maximum Slope: 16%. First Zone: Heavy Traffic (Average Speed: 12 km/h) Second Zone: Up and Down. Third Zone: Moderate Traffic (Average Speed: 20 km/h) Fourth Zone: Highway (Average Speed: 30 km/h) The bus stops at all bus stops for 2 minutes. There are 62 bus stops. Data Collected: Total Distance: 798 km, Total Time: 42:15 [hh:mm]
11 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP (DYNO TESTING) DYNO Specifications Mustang Dinamometer MD 400 HD Eddy Current Chassis Dynamometer 775 horsepower ( mph (161 km/h), cold condition
12 DYNO Procedure: 1. To run the vehicle in the fourth gear to get a relation 1:1 (engine/transmission) 2. To get the maximum power and torque increasing load. 3. To decrease the load up to 75, 50, 25 and 0%.
13 4. RESULTS (CNG-EURO VI BUS VS DIESEL EURO V AND IV BUSES) On road testing *Source: Contract # Environmental Secretary of Bogota and National University of Colombia Articulated Buses for 160 and 260 passengers. **Source: National University of Colombia, 2014
14 4. RESULTS (CNG-EURO VI BUS VS DIESEL EURO V AND IV BUSES) On road testing *Source: Contract # Environmental Secretary of Bogota and National University of Colombia Articulated Buses for 160 and 260 passengers. **Source: National University of Colombia, 2014
15 4. RESULTS (CNG-EURO VI BUS VS DIESEL EURO V AND IV BUSES) On road testing *Source: Contract # Environmental Secretary of Bogota and National University of Colombia Articulated Buses for 160 and 260 passengers. **Source: National University of Colombia, 2014
16 4. RESULTS (CNG-EURO VI BUS VS DIESEL EURO V AND IV BUSES) On road testing *Source: Contract # Environmental Secretary of Bogota and National University of Colombia Articulated Buses for 160 and 260 passengers. **Source: National University of Colombia, 2014
17 4. RESULTS (CNG-EURO VI BUS VS DIESEL EURO IV BUSES) The maximum particle number per cm 3 for the CNG Euro 6 Bus was 950,000. The average was 56,000 The maximum particle number per cm 3 for the Diesel Euro IV Bus was 32 millón. The average was 13 millon
18 4. RESULTS (CNG-EURO VI BUS VS DIESEL EURO V AND IV BUSES ON ROAD TESTING) Bus Fuel Consumption (gal/100 Actual Weight (kg)* km)* Gal/ton* CNG-Euro 5-Cummins , Diesel Engine (Hybrid) - Youngman , Diesel Engine-Euro 4- Cummins , Diesel Engine Euro 5 (Hybrid) Volvo , Diesel Engine Euro 4 Hino , Fuel Consumption Actual Weight Tested Vehicle Gal/Ton** (gal/100 km) (kg) Scania K *Source: Contract # Environmental Secretary of Bogota and National University of Colombia **Source: National University of Colombia, 2014
19 4. Results (CNG-EURO VI BUS VS DIESEL EURO II, III, AND IV BUSES DYNO TESTING) Plate Id. Brand Model PN [#/cm3] 0% 25% 50% 75% VEF604 B115 Volvo B12M DH12C (Euro III) 1,83E+07 3,20E+07 4,02E+07 6,41E+07 SHN775 T086 Volvo B10M DH10A (Euro II) 2,55E+06 5,23E+06 4,23E+06 7,51E+06 VEE166 S157 Scania K94IA DC (Euro III) 4,70E+06 4,21E+07 4,51E+07 5,87E+06 WCR MB Atego 1006 Euro IV 2,32E+06 3,57E+06 5,36E+06 2,80E+06 SIE057 U130 MB OM 449 LA (Euro II) 1,01E+06 4,54E+06 3,23E+06 16,01E+06 VHM490 M028 VOLVO B10M DH10A (Euro II) 2,35E+06 4,22E+06 3,91E+06 - Source: Contract # Environmental Secretary of Bogota and National University of Colombia Vehicle Número de Partículas Scania K340 (Euro VI) 0%: 1,8 E+04 25%: 2,2 E %: 1,7 E + 04 Source: National University of Colombia, 2014
20 5. CONCLUSIONS Fuel Efficiency of the CNG Euro 6 Scania bus is 0.76 equivalent diesel gallons per ton. Fuel Efficiency of Diesel vehicles Euro IV and V is roughly 0.9 gallons per ton (18% higher compared to Euro 6 Bus). A Hybrid Vehicle 0.64 gallons per ton (14% lower compared to Euro 6 Bus) Total Hydrocarbons, Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides, and Particle Matter are extremely lower for the CNG Euro 6 Bus compared to Diesel Euro IV and V Buses. Particle Number Concentration of CNG Euro 6 bus was extremely lower compared to Diesel Euro II, III, IV and V buses. Euro 6 technology emits in the order of 10^4 particles per cubic centimeter and Euro 2, 3, 4, and 5 emit in the order to 10^6 particles per cubic centimeters.
21 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank to: Scania staff. Gas Natural S.A. ESP (Natural Gas provider) Environmental Secretary of Bogota. Transmilenio S.A. Staff
22 7. QUESTIONS?
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