CHAPTER 3 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PV PUMPS
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1 53 CHAPTER 3 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PV PUMPS 3.1 INTRODUCTION In PV water pumping, the SPV array provides electricity to the motor pump setup and the induction motor or the BLDC motor (Sharma 2011). The disadvantage of the induction motor is the high maintenance cost and lower life of operation resulting in increased running cost and decreased reliability when used for irrigation (Kamath 2014). The BLDC motor can be used to overcome this drawback and the same can be used for a wide range of applications. Solar water pumps were first introduced for water provision in off-grid areas. The technology has developed around many different designs. Zegeye et al (2014) analysed the irrigation requirement by combining the optimum tilt angle of solar panel climate inputs, hydrology, crop type and developing stage, soil type, moisture and irrigation method etc. at each time stage of irrigation period. They also discussed the pumps (Centrifugal surfaces) with high discharge and low heads were selected to minimize water cost when used in the surface water sources from rivers and ponds for irrigation in Ethiopia. The reliability of the pumps has increased while the maintenance requirements have reduced. Solar pumps are easy to install, do not require nonrenewable energy, and operate autonomously. They are generally good for the sustainability of bore-holes due to their low extraction volumes, spread over eight to ten hours a day. Singh & Garg
2 54 (2015) proposed an efficient SPVWPS to irrigate orchids using solar dc pumps in rural areas and found the system to be quite effective in providing the water requirement. Prasanna et al (2014) presented the financial feasibility of 100 kw roof top solar PV power for an educational institute which was using utility power and also diesel generator to backup for power outing. The financial analysis was performed considering the present system cost based on life cycle cost of energy. The initial capital cost is high due to the cost of the photovoltaic (PV) modules. The maintenance requirements differ and range from one year to five-years. A perceived limiting factor of solar pumps is that they do not easily cater to the fluctuating water demands or increased water demand, although solutions for this are being offered. As the initial capital cost is very high, the buying behavior for solar pumps can be classified into a few categories: 1. Individuals or organizations setting up a solar pump for personal or commercial use where water needs to be pumped. 2. Government funded schemes which install solar pumps for both drinking and irrigation purposes in locations with either no-electricity or unreliable supply. 3. Co-operative societies or groups that want to install solar pumps - these can be in both off-grid locations and urban locations with reliable supply. 3.2 COST COMPARISON The cost of the solar water pump operated by an induction motor is compared with that of the BLDC motor. This is carried out by comparing the
3 55 induction motor/bldc motor with the diesel water pump for the total dynamic head (TDH) of 60 m well and a daily flow rate of m 3 /day for irrigating the rice field of one hectare. The life cycle costs (LCC) were calculated over a 25-year period and these are: The initial upfront cost; The operating costs (operational cost, inspection cost of solar water pumps and fuel cost for the diesel pumps); Maintenance costs; and Replacement costs. 3.3 OBJECTIVE OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS The objective of this study is to analyze the recent trends in the use and costs of PVPs and to conduct a comparative cost benefit analysis of the diesel and the PV pumps (PVP), based on the life-cycle cost approach. With recent technical developments in the PVP sector and with the anticipated increase in the diesel fuel prices as well as possible shortages, the breakeven period of the PVP may be lower than expected. In summary, the scope of the work includes: 1. Installation of solar PV water pumps in private and public (Government buildings) facilities and price movements of the capital cost of PVPs over the last five years. 2. Conducting a comparative cost benefit analysis between induction motor operated solar water pump and BLDC operated solar water pump. These solar water pumps are also compared with the diesel operated water pumps taking into
4 56 account the present diesel price (including variations of price within the country) as well as the anticipated fuel price escalation. 3. Identifying the operating and performance conditions under which it is viable to replace the diesel pumps with SPV pumps and electrical ac motor pumps. 3.4 COSTING ANALYSIS OF SOLAR AND DIESEL WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS Figure 3.1 gives the overall block diagram for comparing the cost of the solar pumping systems with the diesel water pumping systems. Girma et al (2015) analysed the feasibility of solar photovoltaic water pumping system in Ethiopia using PVsyst 5.56 and a life cycle cost analysis method was carried out for economic comparison between solar PV and the diesel pumping system. These costs include the capital cost and the future costs, which include the operating cost, maintenance cost and the replacement cost. The calculations are carried without considering the government subsidy and other benefits of solar power installations. The non-subsidy consideration makes the capital cost of the system much higher due to direct investment. The operating costs of the diesel system are more than the solar water pumping system when considering the maintenance and replacement costs. The capital cost occurs once at the beginning of the project. It comprises the cost of the equipment and accessories, the cost of the installation and the cost of transport. The litres of diesel consumed per annum are calculated from the running time of the diesel pump. A fuel cost escalation of 2% has been assumed, but the fact remains that this is an indeterminable parameter as it depends on the oil reserves, conflict in the oil producing countries, exchange rate, and the world economy. Rezae & Gholamian (2013)
5 57 made a technical and financial study on photovoltaic water pumping system for irrigation of GORGAN s farm fields with the RETScreen software tools and the results show the usage of this clean energy causes the reduction on production costs during of its operation. Figure 3.1 Overview of the life cycle cost for the SPV and the diesel water pumping systems The maintenance and replacement of the pumping systems are applicable to both the PVP and diesel pumps. The maintenance schedule and details are dependent on the technology employed. The service interval depends on the pump system used, water quality and depth of installation. The replacement costs for the motor, pump and controller are equivalent to the initial purchase cost. An overhaul includes the tasks of a minor and major service, replacements of parts and requires skilled personnel.
6 58 The above cost analysis was used to calculate the life-cycle cost of the induction motor and the BLDC motor fed solar water pumps. The initial consideration used for the cost analysis was operating the solar pumps at a TDH of 60 m and daily flow rate m 3 /day. Figure 3.2 shows the performance of the PV fed induction motor pump operating at a TDH of 60 m and Figure 3.3 shows the performance of the PV fed induction motor pump operating at a TDH of 60 m Wpeak y = x R² = Daily flow Induction Motor at 60 m Head Trend Figure 3.2 Performance of the PV fed induction motor controlled solar water pumping system at 60 m TDH Table 3.1 shows the input parameters for the PV and the diesel water pumping systems. The parameters for the cost analysis are used for comparing the cost of IM/BLDC operated SWPS with that of the diesel operated WPS. The project life for calculating the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is 20 years.
7 59 Wpeak y = x R² = Daily flow BLDC Motor at 60m Head Trend Figure 3.3 Performance of the PV fed BLDC motor controlled solar water pumping system at 60 m TDH Table 3.1 Main input parameters for the cost analysis S. No. Parameters Value 1 Pumping head 60 m 2 Daily pumping rate m 3 /day 3 Daily average solar irradiance level 5.3 kwh/m 2 /day 4 Tracking angle of the solar panels Type of motor Induction motor / BLDC motor 6 Diesel pump selection Long / short lifespan 7 Pumping hours / day for diesel pump 5 8 Cost of fuel Rs. 50/L 9 Annual diesel price escalation 4% 10 Project life 20 years Table 3.2 shows the initial costs for the induction motor controlled SWPS and BLDC motor controlled SWPS.
8 60 Table 3.2 Initial costs for the IM SWPS and BLDC SWPS PVP System Components Induction Motor controlled SWPS BLDC Controlled SWPS PV Array Power for 60m TDH for delivering m 3 /day 2050 W peak 845 W peak PV array Rs.85, Rs.34, PV array structure Rs.4, Rs.2, PV pump with controller Rs.36, Rs.68, Pipe, cable & rope Rs.3, Rs.2, Accessories Rs.10, Rs.8, Installation Rs.5, Rs.2, Total PVP installation cost (VAT included) Rs.1,67, Rs.1,37, INFERENCE FOR COSTING OF SOLAR AND DIESEL WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS The results are presented in this Section and include the LCC breakdown for an average water pumping installation, the life-cycle cost for a selected delivery head and the breakeven for two options. All comparisons are based on the assumption that the pumping systems are fully utilized, i.e. the solar pump is used every day of the year and the diesel pump is used according to the selected pumping schedule, to meet the average daily delivery of the solar pump. Figure 3.4 shows the LCC of the induction motor operating at 60 m head and delivering 46 m 3 /day with different replacement periods and variable maintenance schedules. The Figure shows that the PV water pumping system controlled by the induction motor with the replacement period of 10
9 61 years and a 5 years scheduled maintenance gives the minimum LCC compared to the other two types of induction motor. Figure 3.5 shows the LCC of BLDC motor operating at 60 m head and delivering 46 m 3 /day with different replacement periods and variable maintenance schedule Cost in Rupees IM (Repl:7 yrs, Main: 2.5 yrs) IM (Repl:8 yrs, Main: 4 yrs) IM (Repl:10 yrs, Main: 5 yrs) Years Figure 3.4 LCC of the induction motor operating at 60 m head and delivering 46 m 3 /day Cost in Rupees BLDC (Repl: 10 yrs, Main: 6 yrs) BLDC (Repl: 15 yrs, Main: 10 yrs) BLDC (Repl: 18 yrs, Main: 10 yrs) Years Figure 3.5 LCC of the BLDC motor operating at 60 m head and delivering 46 m 3 /day
10 62 The SPVWPS with the BLDC motor, which has a longer life of operation, is cheaper and more reliable for a longer period. The BLDC SWP with the replacement period of 18 years and maintenance schedule of 10 years is the best system of the three compared BLDC solar pumping systems Figure 3.6 compares the LCC of the induction motor and the BLDC motor controlled solar water pumping systems. The LCC comparison was calculated with the induction motor operated solar water pumping system with the replacement period of 10 years and maintenance interval of 5 years and the BLDC motor operated solar water pumping system with the replacement period of 18 years and maintenance period of 10 years. These water pumps operate at 60 m TDH and deliver an average output of 46 m 3 /day COST in Rupees IM-SWPS BLDC-SWPS Years Figure 3.6 LCC of the induction motor and the BLDC motor solar photovoltaic water pumping system The LCC cost of the induction motor and the BLDC motor operated solar water pump can be compared with the diesel pump operating at 60 m TDH and delivering m 3 /day. Table 3.3 shows the calculated
11 63 values of the diesel and IM/BLDC SWPS system is shown in the Table 3.3. The overall cost, efficiency and crossover year of the system is tabulated in the Tables 3.4 and 3.5. Figure 3.8 shows the LCC graphs. Table 3.3. LCC of diesel pump, IM SPWS and BLDC SWPS Initial cost (Rs) Operating cost (Rs) Maintenance cost (Rs) Replacement cost (Rs) Total (Rs) Diesel Pump IM SWPS BLDC SWPS Table 3.4 Overall cost, crossover and efficiency of diesel pump and induction motor SWPS LCC (Rs) UWC (Rs/m³) Power Efficiency (%) IM Solar Pump 244, ,049 Wpeak 81.5% subsystem Diesel Pump 477, kw 10.9% overall Savings 233,394 Factor: DP/PVP LCC Cross Over years
12 64 Table 3.5 Overall cost, crossover and efficiency of diesel pump and induction motor SWPS LCC (Rs) UWC (Rs/m³) Power Efficiency (%) BLDC Solar Pump 189, Wpeak 93.0% subsystem Diesel Pump 477, kw 10.9% overall Savings 288,062 Factor: DP/PVP LCC Cross Over years Diesel WPS IM SWPS BLDC SWPS LCC cost in rupees Years Figure 3.7 LCC of the diesel WPS, IM SWPS and BLDC SWPS operating at 60 m TDH
13 65 Cost in Rupees Diesel Pump IM SWPS BLDC SWPS Water Pumps Initial Cost Operating Cost Maintenance Cost Replacement Cost Figure 3.8 Overall cost of the diesel WPS, IM SWPS and BLDC SWPS operating at 60 m TDH 3.6 SUMMARY This chapter shows that BLDC operated solar water pumping system delivers m 3 /day of water at 60 m TDH efficiently. The results are compared with the induction motor operated solar water pumping system and the results shows that the overall cost is higher the than the BLDC motor operated system. The LCC cost analysis of the IM and BLDC solar water pumping systems shows a wide deviation in the cost and operation of the system for the period of 20 years. The BLDC water pumping system when compared with the diesel operated pump, has a LCC crossover at 4.2 years of operation while the induction motor system crossover is at 5.6 years of operation with the diesel operated pump. This clearly points out that BLDC motor operated solar water pumping system is the best when compared the induction motor operated solar water pumping system and diesel operated pump for the operating period of 20 years.
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