Test Methods & Procedures Spec Numbers Description

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1 METHODS & PROCEDURES Test Methods & Procedures Test Methods & Procedures Spec Numbers Description Air Release Value Minutes to 0.2% 50 Aniline Point Anti-Wear Vane Pump Test 250 hours, Ring weight loss (mg, typical) Vane weight loss (mg, typical) DIN IP 313 IP 2 ISO 2977 ASTM-D 611 DIN 51775/87 EN 56 IP 281 Measures the ability of an oil, particularly hydraulic or turbine, to separate entrained air. The minimum temperature of complete solution of aniline and hydrocarbon oil. Usually used to estimate the aromaticity of an oil. Determination of the steel-on-steel wear preventing characteristics of an oil using a vane-type hydraulic pump. The combined weight loss of the stator (ring) and vanes is reported at end of test. Auto Ignition Temperature: ASTM-E659 A method to provide an indication of the auto ignition temperature of a substance in air. Auto ignition is dependant upon conditions under which measurement is made and data should not be regarded as definitive by this technique. Behaviour of Packing and Seals Nitrile rubber for 7 days at 70 Volume change, % Hardness change (IRHD) Assesses the effect of oil on a standard seal material at elevated temperature. Volume and hardness changes are reported. Biodegradability % CEC-L-33-A-93 A biodegradability test method originally devised for 2- stroke outboard engine oils. It provides a measure of the overall level of biodegradability of a substance but is not a reliable indicator of environmental acceptability. Carbon Type Distribution ASTM-D3238 The carbon distribution (%CA, %CP, %CN) is determined by calculation from measurements of density, refractive index and viscosity on the oil. CEC* Corrosion Test (28 35) steel, copper zinc, aluminium, brass, cadmium & combinations Cloud Point ISO 3105 ASTM-D2500 IP 219 DIN Cold Cranking Simulator ASTM-D2602 DIN IP 350 Colour ASTM Colour LOVIBOND Colour SAYBOLT 20/400 bar, Reduction in volume, % Copper Corrosion ASTM D-1500 DIN IP 196 ISO 2049 IP 17 ASTM D-156 DIN ASTM-D130 DIN IP 154 ISO 2160 A multi-metal corrosion test applicable to Fire resistant hydraulic fluids. Metal specimens, both singly and in certain couples are partially immersed in the test fluid and after the surface appearance, extent of corrosion and deposit formation and change in weight of the panels are reported. A sample is cooled at a specified rate and examined periodically. The temperature at which haziness is first observed at the bottom of the test jar is recorded as the cloud point An intermediate shear-rate viscometer that predicts the ability of an oil to permit a satisfactory cranking speed to be developed in a cold engine An empirical definition of colour using comparison with reference standards. Saybolt colour is applicable to oils and petroleum products that are very pale in colour. For determining the colour of practically all petroleum products (dyed or undyed) except black oils and solid products. For determining the colour of refined, undyed oils, particularly white oils. The reduction in volume experienced by a liquid when highly compressed. At hydraulic system pressures, e.g. 200 bar, mineral oils and water-based products are virtually incompressible. The ability of an oil to resist corrosion of a polished copper strip at elevated temperature. Discolouration of the copper strip is usually associated with the presence of sulphur compounds.

2 Demulsification Number seconds 15 kg/l IP 19 ASTM-D1298 DIN IP 365 ISO 3675 Drop Point IP 31 Obsolete. Dropping Point IP 132 Measures the ability of the oil (generally turbine) to separate from an emulsion. The test is sensitive to ageing and contamination. Precision is reduced when applied to turbine oils. The demulsification number is the time in seconds, to the nearest 15 seconds, for 20 ml of oil to separate. If 20 ml of oil has not separated in 20 minutes, the number is reported as (number of ml separated). The mass of a liquid divided by its volume. Temperature at which a conventional grease passes from a semi-solid to liquid state or the temperature at which specially thickened greases rapidly separates oil/base fluid. Drop Melting Point of Wax IP 371 Temperature at which a drop of the sample first detaches itself from the main bulk when heated under specified conditions. It is an indication of the temperature of transition from the solid or semi-solid to the liquid state. Extreme Pressure Properties Timken Wear & Lubricant Testing Machine OK Load kg Evaporation Loss Noack Fire Resistance - CEC* 5 th Report Part III 3.1 Spray Ignitability 3.2 Flame Propagation Part IV 6.15 Spray Test 6.16 Fire Resistance - CEC* Report Part VI Spray Test 6.16 Wick Test Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Pensky-Martens Open Cup Cleveland Open Cup Abel Closed Cup ASTM-D2782 IP 240 ASTM-D972 DIN NCB 570/1970 NCB 570/1970 NCB 570/1981 NCB 570/1981 ASTM-D93 DIN EN11 IP 34 ISO 2719 IP 35 ASTM-D92 DIN IP 36 ISO 2592 IP 170 The Timken tester comprises a steel test cup rotating against a steel test block. Fluid samples are preheated prior to starting the test. The O.K value is the maximum load at which the rotating cup will not rupture the lubricant film and cause scoring or seizure between the cup and the block. The result provides an indication of load carrying capacity of the lubricant. Standard test procedures for assessing the fire resistance of both water-based and synthetic based fire-resistant fluids. As above The lowest temperature at which vapour from the sample ignites when a test flame is applied. The lowest temperature at which vapour from the sample ignites when a test flame is applied. The lowest temperature at which vapour from the sample ignites when a test flame is applied. As above. Usually applied to low flash point liquids - in the range -18 to 71 Floc Point /R12 BS2626: 1992 Appendix C The floc point is the maximum temperature at which waxlike insoluble material shows a tendency to separate from a specific mixture of oil and Refrigerant R12. Floc point is useful for monitoring the wax separating tendency of an oil. It does not correlate well with practical performance

3 Foaming Characteristics Sequence 1, Tendency/Stability, 24 Sequence 2, Tendency/Stability, 93.5 Sequence 3 Tendency/Stability, after 93.5, 24 Four Ball Extreme Pressure Test Initial Seizure Load -Kg Four Ball Wear Test Scar diameter to nearest 0.01 mm ASTM-D892 DIN IP 146 IP 239/79 IP 239/79 Determines the foaming characteristics of lubricating oils at specified temperatures. A means of empirically rating foaming tendencies and stabilities. Tendency - Foam volume, ml at end of 5 minute blowing period Stability - Foam volume, ml at end of 10 minute settling period. A simple test procedure for determining the load carrying capacity, anti-friction and anti-wear properties of oils and greases. A single ball is rotated in loaded contact with three fixed balls, the lubricant under test being used to lubricate the balls. Initial seizure load is the lowest load at which seizure occurs. The diameters of the small, smooth circular wear scars produced on the three stationary balls are measured at different loads. The average scar diameter at the initial seizure load is reported as the scar diameter to the nearest 0.01 mm. Hot Manifold Test AMS 3150C Standard method for assessing fire resistance of both water-based and synthetic based fire resistant fluids. Hydrolytic Stability Copper weight loss, mg/cm² Change in acid value of fluid, Total acid value of water, ASTM-D2619 A procedure for estimating the stability of a lubricant when heated to 93 for 48 hours in the presence of water and a solid copper catalyst. The oil, water (25% wt) and copper specimen are sealed in a specific soft-drink bottle and the whole rotated end-over-end in an 93. The layers at end of test are separated and the insolubles measured. Viscosity and acid number changes of the test fluid and acidity of the water layer are determined. IP Penetration Unworked IP Penetration Worked ISO Oil Type Kinematic Viscosity cst Ubbelohde U Tube Hoeppler Kugelfall Vogel Ossag Load Carrying Capacity FZG Gear Machine A/8.3/90, Pass stage Neutralisation Number Colour-indicator titration, ASTM-D217 IP 50 ASTM-D217 IP 50 ASTM-D445 DIN IP 71 ISO 3104 DIN DIN DIN DIN 51561/69 IP 334 DIN ASTM-D974 DIN T1 IP 139 The method to determine the penetration of a grease after it has been brought to 25. The penetration is determined after minimal disturbance The method to determine the penetration of a grease after it has been brought to 25 and worked in a standard grease worker device. (60 strokes) The penetration is then determined without delay. Also an extended test using similar procedure. The difference in penetration before and after 100,000 strokes in the grease worker is reported. Classification for performance of certain lubricants, e.g. Type HM for hydraulic oils. Measurement of the resistance to flow of a liquid under gravity. The test measures the load carrying capability of an oil in a rig which employs two steel spur gears. The gears are lubricated by dipping into the oil. The loading on the gear teeth is raised in stages. Most relevant to industrial EP gear oils. A method for determining strong acidity or basicity in an oil using a colour indicator. Can only be used on oils that are pale in colour. Neutralisation Number Potentiometric titration, NLGI Consistency ASTM-D664 DIN T2 IP 177 A method for determining total acidity, strong acidity, total basicity and strong basicity in an oil using an electrometric technique. Can be used for dark coloured oils. A classification for greases according to their consistency as measured by worked penetration.

4 Oxidation Characteristics (TOST) Change in acidity after 1,000 hrs, Volatile Acidity, Total Sludge, wt g Soluble Acidity of oil, TOP, total sludge, % mass TOP, nearest 0.01% Ratio of sludge/top, % TOP, % TOP, uncatalysed, % TOP, catalysed, % Ratio of sludge/top, % (Conradson Carbon Residue) (Ramsbottom Carbon Residue) ph Pour Point Rust Preventing Characteristics Distilled water procedure Wirkstoffhalt Seal Compatibility Index Shear Stability (After 50 cycles through Kurt-Orbahn rig) Loss in viscosity after 250 passes, Specific Heat Capacity KJ/kg. Sulphated Ash Asche (Sulphat) % wt Surface Tension dynes/cm² Thermal Conductivity kj/hr/m/ Total Base Number (Potentiometric perchloric acid titration) ASTM-D943 IP 157 IP 280 IP 306 ASTM-D189 DIN IP 13 ASTM-D524 IP 14 ISO 4262 ASTM-D97 DIN EN 6 IP 15 ISO 3106 ASTM-D665A DIN IP 135A ASTM-D3604 IP 278 ASTM-D3945 DIN IP 294 ASTM-D874 DIN EN 11 IP 163 ISO 3987 ASTM-D2896 EN 55 IP 276 ISO 3771 A severe oxidation stability test relevant to fully formulated turbine and hydraulic oils. The test employs oxygen, metal catalysts and water at elevated temperature. The acidity developed in the oil is used as a measure of oxidation life. A severe, short-term oxidation stability test to assess resistance of turbine and other inhibited oils such as hydraulic oils. The oil sample is heated to 120 for 164 hours and oxygen is passed through; the test employs soluble metal catalysts. Volatile acid products, oil acidity and sludge formed are used to assess the extent of oxidation. Similar procedure to IP 280 but, 1) the test time is 48 hours 2) catalyst conditions differ 3) the method of reporting the deterioration is different. The test can be applied to uninhibited mineral oils Test procedure involving a high temperature catalysed oxidation of the test sample followed by determination of Conradson Carbon Residue on the oxidation residue. The test gives an indication of the oxidation stability of the bulk of an oil but does not correlate reliably with air compressor service (for which the test was designed to predict). Test procedure for determining the amount of carbon residue left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil. It is intended to provide some indication of relative cokeforming propensity An index for the hydrogen ion concentration in aqueous solutions. It is used as a measure of the acidity of solutions. A ph below 7 indicates acidity and one above 7 alkalinity The lowest temperature at which oil is observed to flow under special cooling conditions. Not a reliable measure of lowest operating temperature of a lubricant. Indication of the ability of an oil (particularly turbine and hydraulic) to prevent rusting in the presence of distilled water. Test duration usually 24 hours. Measurement of the % swell (by volume) of a standard nitrile rubber ring when immersed in oil for A test to determine the resistance to shear of polymer containing oils by passing the sample through a diesel fuel injector. The permanent loss of viscosity is measured. The quantity of heat which unit mass of a substance requires to raise its temperature by one degree. The residue remaining after an oil has been carbonised and the residue treated with sulphuric acid and heated to constant weight. Relevant to engine oils, it is used to indicate the concentration of metal containing additives. A property possessed by liquid surfaces whereby they appear to be covered by a thin elastic membrane in a state of tension. A measure of the rate at which heat flows through a material. The quantity of a strong acid required to neutralise basic constituents in an engine oil. It is a measurement of the alkalinity reserve of an oil.

5 Unsulphonated Mineral Residue (UMR) Viscosity Brookfield ASTM-D483 ASTM-D2983 DIN IP 267 A method devised to assess the extent of refining of plant spray oils. The sample is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid and the volume not absorbed by the acid is a measure of the unsulphonated residue in the sample. Measures the apparent viscosity of a non-newtonian fluid as determined by the Brookfield viscometer at a controlled temperature and shear-rate Viscosity Gravity Constant VDK ASTM-D2501 A complex mathematical formula involving density and viscosity at reference temperatures, gives a constant value. Results, which depend on the structure of the oil, range from 0.2 for paraffinic oils to over 1 for oils with a high aromatic content. Viscosity Classification Viscosity Index M-Wert Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) Water hazard classification Water Content % (volume or wt) Water Separability Minutes to ( t 54 or 82 Test also referred to as Emulsion Characteristics ASTM-D2422 DIN ISO 3448 ASTM-D2270 DIN IP 226 ISO 2909 DIN UBA/KBwS ASTM-D95 DIN IP 74 ISO 3733 ASTM-D1401 DIN Classification for viscosity grades of industrial liquid lubricants. An empirical number indicating the degree of change in viscosity of an oil within a given temperature range. A high VI signifies a relatively small change in viscosity with temperature, whereas a low VI reflects a large viscosity change with temperature A model that requires mammalian, fish and bacterial toxicity to be determined. The data obtained is then combined to estimate the material s Water Endangering Number and hence the appropriate WGK number. Used to assess the effects of materials such as lubricants on aquatic environments. Measurement of water content of an oil by a distillation technique. Evaluates the ability of lubricating oils to separate from water. Specifically developed for steam turbine oils of the ISO type. Equal volumes (40 ml) of water and oil are stirred together 54 (82 for the more viscous oils) in a cylinder. The time required for the separation of the emulsion is measured. Examples: (20) Complete separation occurred in 20 mins (20) Complete separation had not occurred in 20 mins, but the emulsion was reduced to 3 ml, so the test was ended (60) More than 3 ml of emulsion remained after 60 mins - 39 ml oil, 35 ml water and 6 ml emulsion.

6 SUMMARY OF SOME COMMONLY USED DIN SPECIFICATIONS DIN This standard describes straight mineral oils intended for total loss lubrication systems and other non-critical applications. The range covers 11 oils with viscosities from 5 to 680 mm²/s at 40ºC. The oils meeting this standard are classified L-AN. DIN DIN sets out requirements for refrigerator oils in refrigerator compressors that use ammonia or halogenated hydrocarbons e.g. R12, R22 and R14 as the refrigerant. Oils referred to in this standard are used for cooling and lubricating refrigerator compressors and are exposed to liquid and gaseous refrigerants. The oils are classified into 2 groups depending on the refrigerants. KA oils are used for compressors with ammonia and are oils with viscosities from 15 to 68 mm²/s at 40ºC. For compressors using halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant oils are classified KC and have a viscosity range from 22 to 100 mm²/s at 40ºC. DIN This standard covers a range of 5 classes of straight mineral and oxidation inhibited additive type oils for use in reciprocating air compressors operating at different air discharge temperatures. The oils are classified VC and VB-L (maximum compression temperatures up to 140ºC). VC and VC-L (maximum compression temperatures up to 220ºC or 160ºC in systems including a reservoir) and VD-L (maximum compression temperature up to 220ºC). DIN Part 1 Lubricating oils for which this standard sets minimum requirements are used in steam turbines, gas turbines, electrical machines and in steam turbine driven machines such as generators, compressors and pumps. Oils in this standard are classified TD and range in viscosity from 32 to 100mm²/s at 40ºC. DIN Part 1 This standard sets minimum requirements for lubricating oils which are oxidation stable mineral oils without additives, utilized as machine and bearing oils and as gear lubricants. These oils are given the designation C and the viscosity range is from 7 to 680mm²/s at 40ºC. DIN Part 2 DIN Part 2 sets minimum requirements for lubricating oils utilized as machine and bearing oils and as gear lubricants, which contain additives for improving corrosion protection and resistance to oxidation. These oils are given the classification CL and the viscosities encompassed by this standard range from 5 to 460mm²/s at 40ºC. DIN Part 3 The DIN Part 3 type CLP classification covers a range of 8 high performance extreme-pressure (EP) gear oils having an FZG performance level of 12 stages passed in the DIN Part 2 method. The viscosities encompassed by this standard range from 46 to 680 mm²/s at 40ºC. DIN This standard lays down requirements and testing procedures for unused mineral oils and related hydrocarbon based heat transfer oils used as heat transfer media. These oils are given the designation Q. DIN Part 1 DIN Part 1 is a standard that lays down minimum requirements for hydraulic oils that are able to withstand high thermal stress and contain ingredients that improve corrosion protection and resistance to oxidation. Oils described by this standard have a viscosity range from 10 to 100mm²/s at 40ºC and are given the designation HL. DIN Part 2 Minimum requirements are laid down in this standard for hydraulic oils that meet all the requirements of DIN Part 1 and in addition contain additives to meet a high level of anti-wear performance in specified tests. These oils are given the designation HLP and have a viscosity range from 10 to 100mm²/s at 40ºC. DIN Part 3 Minimum requirements are laid down in this standard for hydraulic oils that meet all the requirements of DIN Part 2, and in addition has improved temperature-viscosity properties (VI>140) and lower pour point. These oils are given the designation HVLP and have a viscosity range from 15 to 100mm²/s at 40ºC. DIN This standard describes a test method for determining the stability of refrigerator oils in the presence of refrigerants. Refrigerants such as halogenated hydrocarbons and sulphur dioxide may react with oil and this can lead to the formation of acid reaction products. Using this standard to determine the refrigerant resistance sets criteria for judging the chemical behaviour of oils in refrigerators. The refrigerant resistance of an oil is measured as the time elapsing under the test conditions before the formation of the first reaction products. This test is also known as the Philips Test. DIN Part 2 This method is intended to assess the relative load carrying abilities of oils used to lubricate gear sets with steel-on-steel contact. The FZG gear test rig is used, in which special gear wheels are lubricated by the oil under test at a constant speed for a predetermined period in a dip lubrication system. The initial oil temperature is controlled and the loading of the gear teeth increased in stages. During the running time of each load stage, the gear teeth flanks are inspected for damage and compared against standard ratings.