LCA of a palm oil system producing both biodiesel and cooking oil: a Cameroon case

Transcription

1 IPLC October 2009 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia LCA of a palm oil system producing both biodiesel and cooking oil: a Cameroon case WMJ Achten, P Vandenbempt, E Mathijs, B Muys

2 Introduction Big interest in Biofuels Climate change Geopolitical reasons ÎBiofuel directives, targets, missions, But, increasing criticism as well Land use conflicts (natural systems, food production) Environmental impacts (greenhouse gas, biodiversity loss, water footprint) Oil palm biodiesel has been criticized in this debate Conflict with nature and food 2

3 Objective Evaluating the environmental performance of an Oil palm production system producing both cooking oil and biodiesel ÎLife Cycle Assessment approach is best available tool (Frederiksson et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2004; 2002; Zemanek et al., 1999) Specific objectives Assessing environmental impacts of case study Suggesting optimization options (waste water treatments) Modelling present scenario and compare it with a fossil diesel system and optimized bio-diesel systems. 3

4 Material & Method Goal and Scope Functional unit (FU) Fruit production 100 km driven fueled with biodiesel Impact categories Fossil energy use (MJ/FU) Global warming potential (kg CO2-eq) Acidification (kg SO2-eq) Eutrophication (kg O2-eq) Land use (%PNV) System boundaries Planting Î Vehicle engine Transportation and infra-structure and maintenance at all process steps Reference and Allocation Oil extraction Press Cake Palm kernel Waste water Refinery Oleine Transesterification Glycerin Vehicle 4

5 Material & Method Goal and Scope Oil palm system Cultivation System boundary expansion By-products Substitution Reference system Extraction FFB Extraction PKO PKO + AE Crude oil CPO POME PKM PKM + local animal feed Processing Refinery Stearin Transesterification Olein FFA CPO Diesel Distribution and storage Diesel Glycerine Glycerine Engine combustion X 100 km Engine combustion 5

6 Material & Method - Inventory First hand factory and plantation data 3 locations: Dibombari SPFS Eséka Expert interviews Literature data Mean values + standard deviation Cameroon 6

7 Material & Method Impact assessment Fossil energy use Impact calculation Sum of fossil energy use through life cycle Unit MJ FU -1 Global warming potential Acidification potential Eutrophication potential Sum of GHG emissions (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O) through life cycle Sum of NH 3, NO x and SO x emissions through life cycle Sum of N & P emissions and flows to water ways and/or groundwater Kg CO 2 -eq FU -1 Kg SO 2 -eq FU -1 Kg O 2 -eq FU -1 Calculations: Monte Carlo protocol in MatLab ( runs) 7

8 Material & Method LUIA 8

9 Material & Method LUIA Soil fertility (Sf) Soil structure (Ss) Biomass production (Bp) Vegetation structure (Vs) On-site water balance (Wb) Biodiversity ( -Bd) Cation Exchange Capacity Base Saturation Soil Organic Matter Infiltration Rate Total Aboveground Biomass Free Net Primary Production Leaf Area Index Vertical Space Distribution Evapotranspiration Soil cover Species diversity 9

10 Material & Method LUIA [ Value Value ] A i ref proj, i IS = * * 100 i At ValuePVN LU LU Occ Ch ref = PNV ref = LU former 10

11 Results Fossil energy use Reduction: 45% 11

12 Results Global warming potential Reduction: 77% 12

13 Results Acidification potential Reduction: 13% 13

14 Results Eutrophication potential Increase: 35% NOx from Biodiesel Combustion 14

15 Results Eutrophication potential Increase: 35% 15

16 Waste Water scenarios Fruit production Oil extraction 1. Dumped (case study) (M.I) Press Cake Palm kernel Waste water 2. In ponds without CH4 recovery (M.II) Refinery Oleine Transesterification 3. In ponds with CH4 recovery (biogas) (M.III) Glycerin Vehicle 16

17 Waste Water scenarios Oil palm system Cultivation System boundary expansion By-products Substitution Reference system Extraction FFB Extraction CPO POME Refinery Stearin Transesterification PKO PKO PKM PKM M.I I I : biogas from POME Olein FFA PKO + AE PKO PKM + AE local animal PKM + feed local FRef animal I I feed : natural gas CPO Processing Crude oil Diesel Distribution and storage Diesel Glycerine Glycerine Engine combustion Engine combustion 17

18 Results Fossil energy use 18

19 Results Global warming potential 19

20 Results Acidification potential 20

21 Results Eutrophication potential 21

22 Results Land use occupation impact Land use occupation mid point indicator scores LU Occ = PNV LU PNV Pr oject LU Ch = LU Occ, Pr oject LU Occ, Former 22

23 Results Land use change impact Land use change mid point indicator scores I ESQ = IS Sf + IS α Bd 3 + IS Bp I EFQ = IS Ss + IS Vs 3 + IS Wb 23

24 Results Land use impact Impact of direct land use change and land use occupation Agriculture Î Oil palm Forest Î Oil palm Impact for 95m²yr/FU 24

25 Carbon debt Vandenbempt,

26 Carbon debt - Deforestation Vandenbempt,

27 Conclusions Biodiesel system as such: Promising reduction in energy use and global warming potential is possible compared to reference system Î Combined production of biodiesel and cooking oil is an interesting pathway Fertilizers are among the biggest contributors for all impact categories Î optimization option Waste water treatment with biogas production brings eutrophication to acceptable levels Î optimization option 27

28 Conclusions However Land use is very important, but is still difficult in LCA Carbon debt/deforestation per functional unit? Biodiversity debt per functional unit? Regional water balance Indirect land use LCA complete sustainability evaluation No socio-economic impact 28

29 Thank you for your kind attention Wouter Achten (wouter.achten [at] ees.kuleuven.be) Bart Muys (bart.muys [at] ees.kuleuven.be) Acknowledgments: *VLIR-UOS 29