NBB Technical Update: Iowa Biodiesel Board Steve Howell, Senior Technical Advisor ASTM Fellow, AOCS Fellow

Transcription

1 September 14, 2017 NBB Technical Update: Iowa Biodiesel Board Steve Howell, Senior Technical Advisor ASTM Fellow, AOCS Fellow 1

2 NBB Technical Program Keep Biodiesel Legal Emissions ASTM Standards New Engines Eliminate Technical Barriers Quantify Technical Benefits Industry Wide Efforts Benefiting Everyone Do projects one entity couldn t do on their own Do projects for whole industry so they don t need to be repeated by each company Key Advantage to the Biodiesel Industry 2

3 FY18: Overall Technical Priorities Outside Over-arching Number 1 priority is B20 OEM approval Funding Item 1b - Biodiesel Stability 2 - Implement B20 in Heating Oil 3 - B21-B100 in heating oil - Develop Fuel Standards for On/Off Road for B21-B100 - Quality Enforcement 4 - Biodiesel Impact on NEW After Treatment Options - Feedstock Development - Quality Surveys - Impact of Free and M-D-T Glycerides on Filtration - Secure Acceptance of B20 in Locomotives - Biodiesel in Multi-Product Pipelines 1a - Biodiesel Impacts on Existing Exhaust After Treatment - Tank, Piping, and Dispensers over B20 - Fuel Cleanliness - Biodiesel in Marine Applications over B7 - Biodiesel in Electricity Generation - Economic Production Technology - Miscellaneous 3

4 OEM & Fleet Support for Biodiesel 4

5 OEM Biodiesel Support All major OEMs producing diesel vehicles for the U.S. market support at least B5 biodiesel blends Over 90% now support B20 in all the production coming off production lines Note: OEMs still cover their parts and workmanship warranty for higher blends than recommended, fuel related problems are not covered with biodiesel or petrodiesel 5

6 OEMs Supporting B20 6

7 OEMs Supporting B20 * * *Models equipped with Cummins engines are B20 approved. See NBB website for details. 7

8 New in 2016: Full B20 approval in new and legacy model PACCAR MX-11 and MX-13 engines for Heavy Duty trucks, as well as in PX-7 and PX-9 Engines for Medium Duty trucks. Now the entire diesel fleet of Peterbilt and Kenworth Medium and Heavy Duty trucks are approved for use with B20 Biodiesel Blends 8

9 NBB is Monitoring Diesel Lawsuits New Technology Diesel Engines (2010) produce ultra-low NOx Engine/After-Treatment Calibrated: Reduce NOx Most NOx Reduction from the NOx Aftertreatment VW altered NOx calibration to improve fuel economy NOx is still substantially lower than older vehicles even with altered calibration Average gram of NOx per mile NREL Bus Testing Using Chassis Dynamometer SAE paper

10 NBB Monitoring Diesel Lawsuits Volkswagen and Audi: Passenger cars Dept of Justice Lawsuit: Admitted guilt, large fines, vehicle buy-back Fiat Chrysler (FCA): (MY) Jeep Grand Cherokee and Ram 1500 diesel vehicles Dept of Justice has filed lawsuit, resolution pending FCA vigorously defending itself, especially against claims of installing defeat devices to cheat U.S. emissions tests; Had been working w/ CARB/EPA General Motors: Duramax Diesel Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra Class Action Lawsuit: Law firm doing VW Case, no Federal Charges These claims are baseless and we will vigorously defend ourselves. The Duramax Diesel Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra comply with all U.S. EPA and CARB emissions regulations. Daimler/Mercedes: Daimler HQ Raided by German Government Recently Mercedes has withdrawn its plans to sell 2017 model year diesels and is weighing the future viability of passenger diesels in North America 10

11 Diesel Lawsuit Talking Points Diesel is Not Dead!!!! Lawsuits: Related to light duty diesels, only 1-2% of fuel sales Diesel powertrains: Still preferred for medium/heavy duty Most diesel fuel is used in medium/heavy duty applications New diesel technology working properly is as clean as gasoline or natural gas, much cleaner than years ago Using biodiesel in a new diesel engine reduces carbon Better than gasoline, propane or natural gas even electricity made from coal 11

12 Diesel Lawsuit Talking Points Diesel is Not Dead!!!! According to a Diesel Technology Forum analysis of the latest Vehicles in Operation (VIO) data compiled by IHS Automotive, the number of diesel car, SUV, full-size pickup trucks and vans in operation reached 8 million in 2016 An increase of 280,000 vehicles over 2015! Market grew despite the absence of diesel models from VW, Audi and Porsche Growth was aided by the expanding popularity and increasing number of choices in the light duty pickup market, and even more diesel vehicle models are coming in

13 New for 2017: General Motors has announced it will have 20 different diesel vehicle model options available in the U.S. market in all of which are approved for use with B20 Chevrolet Express full-size vans (Cargo, Passenger, Cutaway) Chevrolet Low Cab Forward commercial truck Chevrolet Colorado mid-size pickup Chevrolet Silverado (2500HD, 3500HD, Chassis Cab) full-size pickups Chevrolet Equinox CUV Chevrolet Cruze (Sedan, Hatchback) GMC Savana (Cargo, Passenger, Cutaway) full-size vans GMC Sierra (2500HD, 3500HD, Chassis Cab) full-size pickups GMC Canyon mid-size pickup GMC Terrain CUV Class 4/5 conventional cab truck being developed jointly with Navistar. 13

14 Ford: B20 Approved Ford approves B20 in all its 2011 MY and beyond Class 2-5 Super Duty & Class 6,7 Medium Duty Trucks And in the Ford Transit Van New Ford F-150 Diesel coming in 2018! 14

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16 Helping The B20 OEM Effort Encourage big fleets and users (including your own purchases!) to put B20 in their bid specs as a requirement when they purchase new equipment Help us build the business case for an OEM for B20! 16

17 Impact of a Diesel High Pressure Common Rail Fuel System on B20 Biodiesel Blend Stability On Board a Vehicle Earl Christensen, Robert L. McCormick (NREL) Jenny Sigelko, Stuart Johnson, Stefan Zickmann (VW) Shailesh Lopes (GM) Roger Gault (EMA) Dave Slade (REG) June 27, 2016 ASTM D02.E0.02, Bellevue, WA NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

18 SAE 2016 World Congress Paper # SAE Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 9(1): ,

19 Proposed Interpretation of Results The results will show if a B20 meeting the 6 hr minimum stability requirement can retain oxidation reserve throughout the vehicle operation and soak protocol Acceptable End of Test Parameters: o No fuel-related OBD codes o Rancimat IP: Above 3 hr o Acid Number: Less than 0.3 mg KOH/g o Peroxides: Measured but value not established as pass/fail criterion Monitor for exponential growth and high values indicative of oxidative degradation (i.e. > 500ppm) o No significant difference in change of viscosity vs change for B0 o No significant difference in change of polymer content vs change for B0 19

20 B20 Long-term Storage; Effects of Re-additization: Preliminary Data Earl Christensen, Robert L. McCormick ASTM Biodiesel Task Force June 26, 2017 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

21 21 B20 Storage and Re-Additization Study B20s acquired from fleets and retail from different states ovariety of biodiesel and diesel sources One B20 prepared with distilled B100 and B0 to control antioxidant content and fuel properties Accelerated aging ASTM D4625 (110 F/43 C) o~4x acceleration; 1 week 1 month Aged to IP (oxidative reserve) thresholds, then re-additized with BHT to 6 hr IP ore-additization with BHT at < 4, 2, and 0.5 hr Continued aging after re-additization

22 22 D4625 Storage Evaluation Induction Period, Hours hr 3 hr Weeks at 43 C

23 Sample H Just on Spec Induction Period, Hours Treated Base B20 Re-add < 4hr Re-add < 2hr Acid Number, mg KOH/g Base B20 Re-add < 4hr Re-add < 2hr 10 mg/100ml <4 mg/ 100mL <4 mg/ 100mL Peroxide Number, ppm Weeks Base B20 Re-add < 4hr Re-add < 2hr Weeks ~16 month storage time without re-add Re-add at 4 > 40 months Re-add at 2 ~ 35 months Weeks 23

24 Sample B Three Re-adds Induction Period, Hours Peroxide Number, ppm Treated Weeks Base B20 Re-add < 4hr Re-add < 2hr Re-add < 0.5hr Base B20 Re-add < 4hr Re-add < 2hr Re-add < 0.5hr Weeks Acid Number, mg KOH/g Base B20 Re-add < 4hr Re-add < 2 hr Re-add < 0.5 hr Weeks 10 mg/ 100mL ~30 month storage time without re-add With re-add at 4 > 48 months Re-add at < 0.5 hr oxidative reserve out of spec quickly for TAN, but constant IP Re-additization at low oxidative reserve may not provide anticipated benefits 24 <4 mg/ 100mL <4 mg/ 100mL

25 Stability Re-additization Preliminary Conclusions All on-spec B20 had simulated shelf life over 1 year! All B20 with Oxidative Reserve of 20 hours had simulated shelf life of over 3 years! Re-additizing B20 can extend shelf life to over 3 years This data indicates properly made and monitored B20 could be used successfully in long term storage applications such as generator sets, etc.

26 Changes With Diesel Fuel and Diesel Engines Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel High Pressure Common Rail Fuel Systems Engine Exhaust After- Treatment Systems: Diesel Oxidation Catalysts Particulate Matter Traps SCR systems for Nox WHATS NEXT????

27 Fuel Combustion Controls MECA Portfolio Covers Criteria and GHG Emission Control Technologies Air Handling Filters & Substrates Exhaust System Integration Evaporative Controls Powertrain Electrification 27 Waste Heat Recovery OBD Sensors

28 Early systems Evolution of NOx Control Technology Repackaged 2010 A natural optimization has resulted in 2017 systems being 60% smaller, 40% lighter, and 30% cheaper than 5 years ago. Most of these improvements are already commercialized on light-duty vehicles in Europe

29 Future Emission Requirements On-highway EPA Phase 2 GHG Emission Standards (2021/2024/2027) Final Rule published in FR On-highway ultra-low NOx standard requirements CARB has suggested 0.02 g/bhp-hr NOx CARB Innovative Technology Rule: 0.1, or 0.05, or 0.02 NOx Tier V Nonroad Standards - Aligned with EU Stage V; e.g. particle number standard requirements New/additional emission test cycles (e.g. low load/low exhaust temperature influence) Longer full useful life periods (on-highway only?) Certification test fuel changes that will include renewable fuels in the marketplace as a result of EPA RFS and CARB LCFS 29

30 Evaluation and Demonstration of Ultra Low NO X Technologies for an On- Highway Diesel Engine ARB Low NO X Demonstration Stage 1 Christopher A. Sharp, SwRI Cynthia C. Webb, Low Emission Technology Solutions Dr. Cary Henry, Gary Neely, Jayant Sarlashkar, Sankar Rengarajan, SwRI Dr. Seungju Yoon, California Air Resources Board <Forum> <Date> Advance Science. Applied Technology 30

31 Program Objectives Development target is to demonstrate 90% reduction from current HD NO X standards 0.02 g/bhp-hr Aged parts Solution must be technically feasible for production Solution must be consistent with path toward meeting future GHG standards CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O Diesel engine and CNG engine This presentation focuses only on the Diesel engine 31

32 Screening Test Results for Diesel Aftertreatment System Configurations Multiple potential pathways to achieve NO X emissions below 0.02 g/bhp-hr 32

33 Final ARB Low NO X Configuration PNA = Passive NOX Adsorber SCRF = SCR-on-Filter MB = Mini-burner All catalysts are coated on 13 diameter substrates SCRF is 13 X 12 on high porosity filter substrate Remaining catalysts are 13 X 6 on thin wall, low thermal mass substrates All sensors shown are production-type Multi-bed SCRF-SCR Doser/Mixer MB PNA NO X Levels with Development Aged Parts, g/hp-hr Cold-FTP Hot-FTP Composite RMC-SET Engine-Out Tailpipe

34 Other NBB Technical Efforts 34

35 California and Biodiesel California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) 700MM gal/yr potential short term market for biodiesel that provides great carbon reduction EPA 49 state petrodiesel can t be used in CA Has to be emissions equivalent to 48 cetane, 10% aromatic CARB Diesel : Significant cost increase vs. EPA diesel B5/B10 tested with CARB diesel: NOx neutral; PM, HC, CO down After 2018, to sell over B5/B10, blend needs to be mitigated for small NOx increase seen in some CARB testing (~1-5%) B20 is NOx neutral compared to 49 state EPA diesel VESTA 1000 was certified by CARB to provide a small NOx reduction w/b20 (1.9% reduction) vs. CARB 48/10 petrodiesel as part of CARB s LCFS Alternative Diesel Fuel Regulation. There is interest in using blends over B20 due to the added carbon reduction those blends can provide 35

36 ASTM Biodiesel Standards 1993: ASTM Biodiesel Task Force began Initial Focus: On/Off-road diesel applications 2001: 2008: ASTM D6751, B100 Blend Stock ASTM D975: On/Off Road up to B5 ASTM 7467: On/Off Road B6-B20 ASTM D396: Heating Oil up to B5 2015: ASTM D396, Heating Oil B6-B20

37 ASTM Heating Oil Standards D396 S15 sulfur grades passed D2 main Fall 2016 D396 D2 ballots received no negatives: 1% additive limitation Alternative blendstock definition Issues associated with raw vegetable oils as additives are causing market problems Problems being falsely blamed biodiesel (D975 and D396 applications), raising questions about ASTM biodiesel specs Heightened concern as EPA recently proposed new RFS category of Viscous Renewable Diesel in recent REGs rule (essentially raw vegetable oil)

38 Modify % Biodiesel Test to Differentiate Raw Oils/Fats D7371: Interface Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) method for Percent Biodiesel in Diesel Picks up C=O band in ester (but also in raw oils/fats) Modify method calibration to differentiate between biodiesel and raw oils/fats in Bxx blends Includes additional calibration and quantitation to determine if more than 1 vol% vegetable oil present

39 NORA/NBB Bioheat Technical Collaboration Troubleshooting issues in the field: pump varnish Flame sensor testing with today s biodiesel B0 to B100 Combustion testing with blends over B20 Long term durability of pump piston seals Flexible high blend burner with Babbington Development of guidelines for using blends over B20 Attended Eastern Energy Expo in Hershey, PA in May Follow-up on RW Beckett presentation Stainless Steel, Telflon/Viton B20 burner system coming Biodiesel implicated in field problems

40 ASTM Biodiesel Pipeline Progress B5 currently being pipelined in non-jet lines Fungible, D975/D396 fuel 2015: ASTM increased biodiesel in jet D1655 jet fuel spec from 5 ppm max to 50 ppm

41 ASTM Biodiesel Pipeline Progress B5 Currently balloting up to 100 ppm in D1655 Additional data needed to address OEM questions Conduct additional testing: Fall ppm could be approved 2018, currently being pipelined in non-jet lines Fungible, D975/D396 fuel

42 More New Frontiers at ASTM Low Carbon Electrical Generation, CA Low Carbon Fuel Standard Higher Blends in Heating Oil, On/Off Road Potential Long Term Storage Applications

43 Biodiesel Technical Workshop November 7-8, 2017; Kansas City Invitation only Best and brightest brainstorm/prioritize: Petroleum/Additive Companies Academia/Government Labs OEMs Biodiesel Producers and Test Labs Producers meet Thursday to give direction Road map: NBB technical efforts for members Ameristar Kansas City 43

44 Thank You! Questions? 44