Biodiesel Technical Overview. Presented by: Steve Howell M4 Consulting, Inc. ASTM Fellow AOCS Fellow

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1 Biodiesel Technical Overview Presented by: Steve Howell M4 Consulting, Inc. ASTM Fellow AOCS Fellow

2 Biodiesel Defined Biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, meeting ASTM D 6751, designated B100. Biodiesel Blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel. This tightly specified definition was instrumental in achieving OEM support 2

3 What s NOT Biodiesel? Raw vegetable oil/svo Recycled cooking oil Ethanol Ethanol, methanol, or water blended with diesel and an emulsifier Other Renewable Fuels

4 Transesterification The Biodiesel Reaction Methanol Biodiesel Triglyceride Catalyst Fatty Acid Chain Glycerol

5 ASTM Role in the United States ASTM standards meet the needs of Government Over 3,300 ASTM standards are cited in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (number one cited Standards Development Organization) ASTM standards are specified in a variety of state and federal laws, tax regulations, product listings (tanks, pumps, dispensers, etc.), safety and OSHA regulations, EPA regulations, insurance listings, and other approvals ASTM has a rigorous consensus balloting system where one negative vote can fail a standard Top folks from petroleum and engine companies all vote on the ASTM standards It is the most rigorous fuel standard in the world The United States will continue to use ASTM standards for fuels

6 ASTM Standards for Biodiesel ASTM D6751 is the approved standard for B100 for blending up to B20, in effect since 2001 Performance-based standard: Feedstock and Process Neutral 48 states have now legislatively adopted the ASTM D6751 specifications for biodiesel D975 Covers petrodiesel and blends up to 5% biodiesel maximum for on/off road engines since 2008 D7467 Covers blends containing 6% to 20% biodiesel for on/off road engines since 2008 D396 - Covers heating oil and blends up to 5% biodiesel for boilers and home heating oil units since 2008 New B6-B20 grade in D396: Passed Dec

7 Recent Improvements in D6751 D6751 changes to secure D975, D396, D7467 Lowed acid number to 0.5 mg KOH/g max. (from 0.8) Added stability spec of 3 hour min. induction period Added cold soak filtration test (CSFT), 360 second max, 200 second max if using below -12C This is to further control minor components causing filter clogging above the cloud point in some blends in the field Phenomenon not really observed before ULSD Passed a new No. 1-B grade of B100: Added controls for monoglycerides (0.4% maximum) 200 second year around cold soak filtration test value

8 Biodiesel Improves Diesel Properties Blends with petrodiesel in any percentage Higher Cetane Over 50 vs. average petrodiesel around 44 Smoother, more complete burn Higher Lubricity 2% biodiesel fixes even bad diesel Virtually Zero Sulfur Meets ULSD limits of 15 ppm or less Zero Aromatics Reduces Toxicity and Burns Cleaner 11% Oxygen Provides Superior Lubricity and Reduces Black Smoke (Particulates) High Flash Point Makes it Safer Non hazardous shipping (over 200 F)

9 What is BQ-9000? Biodiesel Industry s equivalent to an ISO 9000 program for biodiesel production & distribution companies as well as testing labs NBB implemented BQ-9000 as a means to help instill confidence in biodiesel with users and equipment companies There are three key BQ-9000 designations: Producer (make it to spec) Marketer (buy spec, keep it in spec, blend it right) Certified Laboratories (test the fuel, run the tests right)

10 Out of Spec: High Raw Oil

11 Biodiesel s Low Carbon Footprint 80% Overall Reduction in Carbon Emissions Meets EPA RFS Advanced Fuel Definition Better than Natural Gas, Propane, Gas or Diesel Energy Balance 5.4 to 1 Over 5 times as much energy out as it took to make the biodiesel Compression Ignition Platform (i.e. diesel) 30% More Efficient Than Spark Ignition (i.e. gasoline, CNG, propane)

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13 Food AND Fuel A gallon of biodiesel cannot be produced without co-producing 30 lbs. of protein and 22 lbs. of carbs and dietary fiber. 13

14 Enhanced Lubricity Performance HFRR WSD (micron) Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel Biodiesel Blend (%) Equipment benefits Superior lubricity B2 has up to 66% more lubricity than #2 Diesel EPA required sulfur reduction in diesel requires the use of lubricity additives to avoid excess fuel pump wear If at least 2% biodiesel is used, no lubricity additive is needed THIS SAVES MONEY! There are no overdosing concerns with biodiesel it s a fuel and brings power Overdosing other lubricity additives can cause problems

15 Cold-Weather Performance B20 has been used successfully in climates below -20ºF The last two years have been the highest volume of biodiesel being used on record: Tax incentives and RFS2 RIN values made B20 up to 20 cents cheaper Cold flow problems with B20 and lower blends were at the same level if not lower than petrodiesel New specs, emphasis on meeting the specs, is paying off! Similar precautions employed for petrodiesel are needed for B20 and lower blends: Blending with #1 diesel / #1 biodiesel Using fuel heaters and parking indoors Using a cold-flow additive 15

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18 Cold Flow Improvement Options The properties of the base biodiesel and petrodiesel are important factors The same means for improving cold flow properties of No. 2 petrodiesel work for biodiesel and biodiesel blends: Blend with lower cloud base fuel (i.e. No. 1) Utilize cold flow improving additives Use fuel filter or engine block heaters Recirculate warm fuel back into the fuel tank Store vehicle indoors 18

19 Biodiesel Initial Cleaning Effect B5 and Under Same as petrodiesel, no special precautions needed B20 Mild cleaning effect can happen upon first usage Monitor filters, less than 2% need to be changed Then go back to normal fuel filter interval changes Housekeeping protocols for generic diesel equally important prior to blending

20 Changing Diesel Fuel & Emissions Standards Introduction of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel in October 2006 EPA emissions standards ~ 2007: Diesel particle filters (DPF) combined with Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC) Increased levels of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and higher fuel injection pressures EPA emissions standards ~ 2010: DOC/DPF Heavy EGR High pressure common rail Today s Standard: Catalysts for NOx reduction NOx adsorber catalysts, unburned diesel fuel for operation (not preferred) Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)--preferred Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) needed for SCR operation

21 Conventional Architectures for HD and LD Diesel HD Diesel Exhaust gas DOC DPF SCR NH 3 (urea) tank LD Diesel Exhaust gas DOC SCR DPF NH 3 (urea) tank DOC=Diesel oxidation catalyst DPF=Diesel particulate filter SCR = Selective Catalytic Reduction

22 Diesel Particle Filters Exhaust flows through porous wall-flow elements PM is trapped on the walls of the filter When exhaust temperature is high enough, PM is burned off In most cases, unburned diesel fuel is injected to accomplish this Precious metal is loaded onto filter walls to lower the temperature required for regeneration (i.e. burning trapped carbon to C02). Issues the PM system must overcome : Regeneration at low temperatures/duty cycles Plugging with incombustible materials like lube oil ash

23 DPF: Balance Point Temp Regeneration Rate ResuSuperb Results lts BPT is 40ºC lower for B20 Soot is more easily burned off of filter B20: lower temperature duty cycle is OK Regeneration rate increases with increasing biodiesel content Even at 5%, biodiesel PM measurably oxidizes more quickly BPT ULSD 360ºC B20 320ºC B ºC

24 ULSD vs B20 SCR No statistical difference in NOx Conversion with B20

25 OEM Support for Biodiesel 25

26 OEM Biodiesel Support In the GVW Class 5-8 vehicles that account for 92% of on-road diesel fuel use, nearly 90 percent of the medium- and heavy-duty truck OEMs support B20 For a complete listing of OEM position statements on biodiesel, as well as the current U.S. Diesel Vehicles List, visit: New updates for 2016 coming soon! 26

27 OEMs Supporting B20 27

28 OEMs Supporting B20 * * *Models equipped with Cummins engines are B20 approved. See NBB website for details. 28

29 New in 2016: Full B20 approval in new and legacy model PACCAR MX-11 and MX-13 engines for Heavy Duty trucks, as well as in PX-7 and PX-9 Engines for Medium Duty trucks. Now the entire diesel fleet of Peterbilt and Kenworth Medium and Heavy Duty trucks are approved for use with B20 Biodiesel Blends 29

30 New for 2016: B20 Approved B20 Approved 30

31 All 2011 MY and beyond GM Heavy Duty Products continue to be approved for B20, and Chevrolet Silverado GMC Sierra Chevrolet Express GMC Savana 31

32 Fiat Chrysler: B20 Approved Fiat Chrysler supports the use of B20 in the 6.7L Ram 2500/3500 pickup and in its new 2016 Ram 1500 light duty diesel pickup 2016 Ram ProMaster with 3.0L EcoDiesel 14 Engine Approved for B20 New 2016 diesel Jeep Grand Cherokee Approved for B20 32

33 Ford: B20 Approved Ford approves B20 in all its 2011 MY and beyond Class 2-5 Super Duty & Class 6,7 Medium Duty Trucks And in the Ford Transit Van 33

34 Ford: Mike Rowe Video Play Video: NBB Website 34

35 Why Biodiesel Matters to Fleets 1. Least cost option to green your fleet Utilizes existing equipment and infrastructure 2. High quality fuel that has been working for fleets nationwide for 20+ years 3. OEM Support = Confidence

36 Thank You! Questions? Steve Howell M4 Consulting Office

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